Economy of Algeria
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Algeria’s economy is dominated by its export trade in petroleum and natural gas, commodities that, despite fluctuations in world prices, annually contribute roughly one-third of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Until 1962 the economy was based largely on agriculture and complemented France’s economy. Since then the extraction and production of hydrocarbons have been the most important activity and have facilitated rapid industrialization. The Algerian government instituted a centrally planned economy within a state socialist system in the first two decades after independence, nationalizing major industries and implementing multiyear economic plans. However, since the early 1980s the focus has shifted toward privatization, and Algeria’s socialist direction has been modified somewhat. Standards of living have risen to those of an intermediately developed country, but food production has fallen well below the level of self-sufficiency.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
Cultivated land is largely restricted to the coastal plains and valleys. These areas were colonized by French settlers, who established vineyards, orchards, citrus groves, and market gardens. The best farms were located in the well-watered fertile plains around Bejaïa and Annaba in the east, in the Mitidja Plain south of Algiers, and beyond Oran from Sidi Bel Abbès to Tlemcen. Rich vineyard areas were also maintained on the Médéa and Mascara plateaus.
The country’s aridity, however, renders more than four-fifths of the land uncultivable, and most of the remaining agricultural land is suitable only for pasture. The rest is tilled or devoted to vineyards and orchards. Winter grains—wheat, barley, and oats—are grown on the largest area of arable land in the drier High Plateau, notably around Constantine, and in the Sersou Plateau to the west. Also in the west, esparto grass grows naturally on the region’s steppe plains. Tobacco, olives, and dates are important crops, as are sorghum, millet, corn (maize), rye, and rice. The climate is not well suited to extensive stock raising, but there are many scattered herds of cattle, goats, and sheep, and stock raising contributes significantly to the traditional sector of agriculture.
Irregular precipitation has long been a threat to agriculture, but dam construction and irrigation projects have added some stability to crop production. At independence Algeria possessed some 20 sizable dams. An active and ongoing construction program nearly doubled that number by the late 1980s, adding substantially to the country’s total irrigated acreage. Despite such efforts, the nation’s meagre water resources are under increasing pressure to meet its urban-industrial demands as well.
Since independence agriculture has been the neglected sector of Algeria’s economy, suffering from underinvestment, poor organization, and successive restructuring; it now contributes less than one-tenth of GDP annually. As a result, cereal production has undergone large annual fluctuations, orchard and industrial crops have largely stagnated, and viticulture has declined markedly. Wine production, once the mainstay of colonial agriculture and exports, is now at only about one-tenth of its 1950s levels; because of Islam’s ban on alcohol consumption, viticulture is increasingly deemed culturally inappropriate. Wine exports to France have substantially declined, and most vineyards have been uprooted, with considerable loss of employment. Only market gardening and livestock production have shown significant growth. As a result, Algeria changed from a food-exporting nation in the 1950s to one that by the late 20th century had to import about three-fourths of its food needs.
In addition, the program to privatize former state farms since the 1980s caused legal wrangling over landownership. A substantial area of fertile agricultural land in and around Algiers and Oran has gone out of production because of the civil strife in the country that began in the early 1990s.
Algeria’s scant forests have relegated only minor importance to timber production in the country’s economy, although some cork from the cork oak forests in the higher elevations of the Tell Atlas is processed domestically. Forest area has decreased rapidly since the 1950s through logging operations, forest fires, and urban encroachment, adding to the country’s serious problem of soil erosion. However, the Algerian government aims at preserving and expanding the remaining woodlands.
Even with the country’s long coastline, the fishing industry is underdeveloped and lands only a portion of its estimated potential catch. Refrigeration and canning facilities, necessary for transporting the catch inland, are limited. The government, however, has taken steps to develop the industry by constructing additional fishing ports.
Resources and power
Hydrocarbons
Extensive deposits of sulfur-free light crude oil were discovered in the Algerian Sahara in the mid-1950s. Production began in 1958, concentrated in three main fields: Hassi Messaoud, in the northeastern part of the Sahara; Zarzaïtine-Edjeleh, along the Libyan border; and El-Borma, on the Tunisian border. Deposits of natural gas were first discovered at Hassi R’Mel in 1956, and since then discoveries have also been made at several other fields. Algeria ranks among the top countries in the world in terms of total gas reserves and gas exports. The gas has a methane content of more than 80 percent and also contains ethane, propane, and helium.
The main petroleum prospectors and producers following the discovery of oil were two French groups, Compagnie Française des Pétroles-Algérie and Entreprise de Recherches et d’Activités Pétrolières. Other international oil companies soon followed. Algeria nationalized all international oil companies operating in the country in 1971 and gave control of their assets to the state-owned Algerian oil concern, Société Nationale de Transport et de Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures (Sonatrach), which had been set up in 1963–64. Sonatrach undertook its own exploitation and production activities, with some success, although much of this was made possible by Soviet assistance and, more recently, by the establishment of joint service companies with help from American specialists. State liberalization during the 1990s permitted North American and European petroleum companies to enter into joint ventures to explore and exploit Algerian reserves. More than a dozen foreign companies were involved in joint ventures in Algeria by the late 1990s, reversing the earlier state monopoly of Sonatrach.
Four pipelines transport petroleum from Algeria’s oil fields to Mediterranean ports for export overseas by ship. Three submarine pipelines transport natural gas across the Mediterranean to Europe. The Trans-Mediterranean natural gas pipeline from Tunisia to Sicily and on to Naples, Italy, was completed in 1981, substantially boosting the sales of Algerian natural gas to Europe. In 1996 a second Maghreb-Europe gas pipeline began to supply Spain with Algerian gas through Morocco, and Portugal was linked to the system in 1997; the pipeline was closed in late 2021 when a diplomatic dispute led Algeria to sever ties with Morocco. MEDGAZ, a direct natural gas pipeline from Algeria to Spain, began operating in 2011. With petroleum reserves expected to run out in the first half of the 21st century, exports of natural gas hold the promise of being more important for the economy than sales of oil.