Government and society
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Constitutional framework
The governmental structure of Haryana, like that of most Indian states, is defined by the national constitution of 1950. The governor, appointed by the president of India, is the head of the state. The Council of Ministers, which is led by a chief minister and is accountable to the state’s Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), assists and advises the governor. Haryana’s legislature is a unicameral body; members are normally elected to a five-year term. The state has a common High Court with Punjab.
Haryana comprises six divisions, each of which consists of a number of districts. Divisional commissioners oversee the divisions, while each district is headed by a deputy commissioner. The council (panchayat) system of self-government operates at the village level.
Health and welfare
A network of district and subdivisional hospitals and primary health centres provides health and medical services throughout Haryana. Since the early 1990s all villages in the state have had access to safe drinking water. The state government provides loans and grants to members of traditionally disadvantaged communities for agricultural, industrial, and business activities.
Education
Education has been given a high priority in the state’s development program, and both the government and private organizations have made a significant contribution to the promotion of education at all levels. However, while thousands of primary and secondary schools have ensured that basic education is available throughout the state, much of the population—especially rural women—remained unable to read in the early 21st century. In an effort to reverse this tendency, the state has continued to provide assistance to students from socially and economically disadvantaged backgrounds to pursue education of all sorts.
Several universities and hundreds of smaller colleges offer postsecondary education in or near Haryana’s larger towns and cities. Among the state’s most prominent tertiary institutions are the National Dairy Research Institute (1923) at Karnal and Kurukshetra University (1956) and the National Institute of Technology (1963), both at Kurukshetra, in the northeastern region; Maharshi Dayanand University (1976) at Rohtak, in central Haryana; and Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (1970; including a renowned college of veterinary sciences) and Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology (1995), both at Hisar, in the northwest. Of the smaller colleges, most provide general education, and many are exclusively for women.
Cultural life
Haryana’s cultural life reflects both the seasonal rhythm of its agricultural economy and a treasure of traditions and legends with roots in ancient India. The boisterous spring festival of Holi is celebrated by people showering coloured powder (or coloured powder mixed with water) on each other, irrespective of age or social status. Janmasthami, the birthday of Krishna (an incarnation of the god Vishnu), is of special religious importance in Haryana because it was on a battlefield at Kurukshetra that Krishna is said to have delivered to the warrior Arjuna the teachings contained in the Bhagavadgita (a part of the epic known as the Mahabharata). Festivals in honour of other deities and saints are also an important element of the state’s cultural life, as are cattle fairs, which are held at a number of locations.
Many prominent pilgrimage sites are located in Haryana. The solar eclipse bathing festival at Kurukshetra invariably attracts hundreds of thousands of pilgrims from various parts of India. Pehowa, in north-central Haryana, is an important pilgrimage centre as well. Situated on the bank of the sacred Sarasvati River (identified with Sarasvati, a Hindu goddess of learning and the arts), it is considered a premier place for performing propitiatory rites for ancestors (shraddha). Rites to ensure the salvation of the souls of those who died unnatural deaths or who died in bed are also performed at Pehowa.
Haryana’s traditional family homes, called haveli, are known for their unique architectural features, especially their gates and podiums. The elaborate gates of these homes ultimately impart a medieval—and aesthetically pleasing—character to Haryana’s alleys, while the buildings themselves have richly decorated podiums that are used for various social and religious functions. These podiums indicate the social status of the owner of the haveli.
History
The Vedas, the most ancient manuscripts of the Vedic religion, stem from the area that is now known as Haryana. These Sanskrit documents were written by the Aryans, who descended into the region from the north between 2000 and 1500 bce. Haryana is also considered to be the birthplace of Hinduism, which began to take discernible shape by the 2nd century bce and had developed two distinct branches by the 4th century ce.
Lying across the route of overland incursion into India, Haryana has experienced many waves of migration over the millennia; a notable invasion was led by Alexander the Great in 326 bce. The area also has been the site of numerous decisive battles of Indian history. Among the most significant of these conflicts were the Battles of Panipat, which occurred in 1526, when the Mughal leader Bābur defeated Ibrāhīm Lodī and established Mughal rule in India; in 1556, when Afghan forces were defeated by the army of the Mughal emperor Akbar; and in 1761, when Aḥmad Shah ʿAbdāli decisively defeated the Marathas, paving the way for British control in India. Also important was the Battle of Karnal, in 1739, when Nāder Shah of Persia dealt a blow to the crumbling Mughal Empire.
The area included in the present state of Haryana was ceded to the British East India Company in 1803. In 1832 it was transferred to the then North-Western Provinces of British India, and in 1858 Haryana became a part of Punjab. The union between Haryana and Punjab was awkward, however, largely because of religious and linguistic differences between the two regions: Punjabi-speaking Sikhs of Punjab vis-à-vis Hindi-speaking Hindus of Haryana. By the first decades of the 20th century, agitation for a separate state of Haryana was well under way, led most notably by Lala Lajpat Rai and Asaf Ali, both prominent figures in the Indian national movement, as well as by Neki Ram Sharma, who headed a committee to cultivate the concept of an autonomous state.
Haryana remained part of Punjab after the partition of India and Indian independence in 1947, but the demand for separate states—supported by both Hindus and Sikhs—continued, undiminished. Indeed, the movement gained momentum, reaching its fullest intensity in the early 1960s. Finally, with the passage of the Punjab Reorganization Act (and in accordance with the earlier recommendations of the States Reorganization Commission), Haryana was separated from Punjab in 1966 to become the 17th state of India.
Chakravarthi Raghavan Surinder M. Bhardwaj