Industry

Marseille itself has never been a major industrial center; historically, its importance has been much more in trade and commerce. Nevertheless, certain industries did develop in Marseille. The oldest, founded in the 15th century, was the manufacture of soap from olive oil produced in the surrounding district. Other activities included food processing (linked to both imported agricultural products and those originating from the surrounding region), shipbuilding and ship repair, metallurgy, clothing, chemicals, and precision engineering. Many of these industries have either disappeared (as in the case of shipbuilding) or been reduced in importance through loss of markets or transfer to the city’s periphery. Heavy industry (oil refining and petrochemicals) grew up around the Berre Lagoon in the 1950s following the building of an outport at Lavéra capable of receiving large oil tankers. This trend was accelerated from the late 1960s with the opening of the Fos port-industrial complex and with the addition of more petrochemical plants as well as steelworks. The majority of these installations use raw materials that enter through the port of Fos, and some of their finished products also leave by sea. The industrial zone is also directly linked to the national rail and highway networks, to the South European Pipeline, and to the Rhône inland waterway.

Lighter industrial development, warehousing, and transport-related activities have also greatly expanded north to the outlying districts of Marignane (site of Marseille’s international airport) and Vitrolles. A similar trend is evident to the east along the Huveaune valley in the direction of Aubagne. Within Marseille itself a number of new industrial and related service activities have become established in fields such as electronics, data processing, telecommunications, and biomedicine. New sites have also been developed, including the Château-Gombert science park in the city’s northeastern suburbs. The city’s maritime location and traditions have also led to the growth of industries and services in offshore exploration and engineering.

The port complex of Marseille–Fos is the largest in France and among the largest in Europe. It is administered by the Port Autonome de Marseille (“Autonomous Port of Marseille”), a financially autonomous state enterprise that is responsible for the construction, administration, and maintenance of the industrial zones at Fos and Lavéra and the port facilities at Marseille, Lavéra, Caronte, Fos, and Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône. In addition to administering Marseille–Fos, the Port Autonome de Marseille also provides advice, information, and planning services for port authorities around the world. It is financed by rents, taxes, and fees for services, with state aid for investment in construction of harbors and quays.

In recent years the commercial traffic of the port complex has exceeded 90 million tons annually. The majority of this total is imports, mostly crude oil. Other imports include refined oil products, liquified natural gas, chemical products, and raw materials for the steel and aluminum industries. Exports consist mostly of refined oil products, chemicals, and steel. Containerized traffic of general merchandise is rising.

The different port zones have become increasingly specialized. Marseille itself handles roll-on/roll-off traffic(of both passengers and freight, principally to Corsica and North Africa), visits of cruise liners, and some bulk food products. Lavéra specializes in petroleum and chemical products, and Fos handles oil, other dry and liquid bulk cargoes, and containers. At Marseille there are also large ship repair yards, though their importance has greatly diminished.

Commerce and finance

Because of its geographic position and its commercial importance, Marseille has long been able to attract foreign capital. In the mid-19th century two major banks were established: the Société de Crédit Foncier de Marseille in 1852 and the Société Marseillaise de Crédit Industriel et Commercial et de Dépôts in 1865. Local money was directed both into industrial projects in the region and into foreign ventures such as the Suez Canal Company. But the disintegration of the French empire during the 20th century helped to accelerate the decline of Marseille as a financial center. In this respect the relative lack of regional headquarters of large multinational firms represents another weakness in the city’s economy.

Nonetheless, as capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur région, Marseille has considerable financial influence in the public sector. The Centre Méditerranéen de Commerce International (Mediterranean Center for International Trade) was opened in 1983 to reassert the position of Marseille as a commercial and financial center. It is anticipated that the Euroméditerranée complex will further enhance the city’s role as a business capital.

Transportation

Marseille has good external connections. Two highways provide access to the north, and another highway reaches the city from the east. The high-speed train (TGV; Train à Grande Vitesse), running on purpose-built track, makes it possible to reach Lyon in one hour and Paris in three. To the north of the city, the Marseille-Provence Airport (France’s third-ranking airport for passenger traffic, after Paris and Nice) provides links to several destinations in France, Europe, and North Africa.

Within the city, movement is more problematic. Road congestion is severe, despite a tunnel under the center linking the northern and eastern highways. Public transportation has been improved with the introduction of two underground metro lines and a surface tramway serving part of the eastern suburbs.