History of Massachusetts
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Although the landing of the Pilgrims on Nov. 21, 1620, was important, Native American peoples had arrived in this corner of North America perhaps some 10,000 years before that, and Leif Eriksson and his Norsemen may have landed somewhere in the Cape Cod region about 1003. European seafarers tapped the fertile fishing areas throughout the 1500s; the French explorer Samuel de Champlain mapped the area in 1605; and in 1614 Capt. John Smith of the Virginia colony drafted a detailed map of the New England coast from Penobscot Bay in Maine to Cape Cod.
European settlement
Prior to 1685 there were two separate colonies within the boundaries of present-day Massachusetts. The area around Plymouth and Cape Cod, settled by the Pilgrims, was known as Plymouth colony, or the Old Colony. By the mid-1640s its population numbered about 3,000 people. The colonists who traveled to the New World on the Mayflower were a small group of Separatists who had fled to Holland from England to practice their religion without official interference. Economic hardship and a desire to establish an identity free of Dutch influence prompted them to seek out America. The Pilgrims were never granted a royal charter; their government was based on the Mayflower Compact, a document signed by 41 male passengers on the Mayflower five weeks before their arrival in the New World. The compact was hardly democratic, since it called for rule by the elite, but it established an elective system and a basis for limited consent of the governed as the source of authority. The Old Colony was rapidly overshadowed by its Puritan neighbour to the north, the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Puritanism was persecuted in England because it sought ecclesiastical reform within the Church of England structure (rather than the Separatists’ dissociation from it). They were not advocates of religious tolerance, as other Protestant groups and radical thinkers discovered. Many with differing religious views—including Roger Williams of Salem and Anne Hutchinson of Boston, as well as unrepentant Quakers and Anabaptists—were banished, and a few were executed. The Massachusetts Bay Colony expanded rapidly. By the mid-1640s it numbered more than 20,000 people, and it began absorbing settlements in Maine and New Hampshire. The government of the colony was based on a providential interpretation of the royal charter granted by King Charles I, which was transferred to the new settlement by its governor, John Winthrop. The exhortation by Winthrop, “For wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty uppon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us,” underlines the strength of conviction of the Puritan mission.
The Puritans essentially established a theocracy, with close ties between the government and the clergy. The leaders felt comfortable not only in establishing patterns of government by interpreting the colony charter but also in interpreting the will of God for the people. However, the arrangement fell short of its purpose. When in 1634 Winthrop refused to call a meeting of the General Court, the freemen demanded to see the charter. He acceded, divulging his infringement on the rights of the legislature, and a bill was quickly passed that vested governmental power in the freemen.
The Puritan government often operated as an independent state, to the point of minting its own money and even conducting its own foreign affairs. Great Britain, after neglecting the colony for many years, revoked the company charter and in 1691 set up a royal colony that united Massachusetts with the former colonies of Plymouth and Maine and the islands of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard. In this new Massachusetts, the franchise was given only to those who owned property or paid taxes. Continued lack of interference from Great Britain allowed the colonists to gain a tradition of self-reliance and self-government. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until 1820, when it was established as a separate state.
Settlers feared the reputedly hostile Native Americans of Massachusetts, but until 1675 relative peace prevailed because of a pact with Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoag people. This accord was ended by Metacom (known to the English as King Philip), Massasoit’s son. His open warfare, King Philip’s War (1675–76), ended with his own death, but only after hundreds of settlers had been killed and some 50 towns raided in southeastern and central Massachusetts. Repeated expeditions against the Native Americans were common in the 18th century, as Massachusetts men joined with British troops to fight the French and their Indian allies.
Commercial and industrial expansion marked 18th-century Massachusetts and resulted in the rapid settlement of new communities, many spurred by speculation. Between 1692 and 1765, 111 new towns and districts were incorporated, while the population increased to 222,563.