Religion of Mauritania
Almost all Mauritanians are Sunni Muslim. The declaration of the country as an Islamic republic at independence marked a political aspiration that religion might unite very diverse populations under that common confession. Two of the major Sufi (mystical) brotherhoods—the Qādiriyyah and Tijāniyyah orders—have numerous adherents throughout the country, but there is little distinct pattern in the distribution of these groups. Urban religious associations based on place of worship, common hometowns or regions, and ethnicity have flourished throughout the country, and most urban dwellers identify first with their rural origins rather than with the new towns and cities.
Settlement patterns
Of Mauritania’s total population, about half live in and around urban centres. The Sahara region to the north, where habitation is generally limited to oases, stands in contrast to the Sahelian steppelands to the south, where regular precipitation permits extensive stock raising and some agriculture.
The heartland of Mauritania consists of the vast Adrar and Tagant plateaus, known as the Trab el-Hajra (Arabic: “Country of Stone”). There, at the foot of cliffs, are found several oases, among which some—such as Chingueṭṭi, Ouadâne, Tîchît, Tidjikdja, and Atar—were the sites of well-known urban trading centres in the Middle Ages. To the north and the east extend the vast desert peneplains identified as the “Empty Quarter.” The exploitation of iron ore at the Zouérate mines from the mid-20th century and the development of the port at Nouâdhibou have transformed this region of Mauritania into a major focus of the country’s economy.
Coastal and southwestern Mauritania are corrugated with regular northeast–southwest-aligned dunes and were important in times past for livestock husbandry, which supported the most densely populated area of the country. Adjacent to the Sénégal River in southwestern Mauritania, Moors and Fulani compete for agricultural and grazing resources, and further east Soninke populations compete with Moors for similar resources. Large-scale irrigation projects along the Sénégal River that date from the 1980s have greatly heightened competition for agricultural lands in that region, known as the Chemama. In the extreme south, large villages surrounded by fields of millet constitute the first sign of the Sudanese landscape.
In the southeast the vast Hodh Basin, with its dunes, sandstone plateaus, and immense regs, is a major livestock-raising region, the economy of which has many links with neighbouring Mali.
Until the 1980s nomadic life was prevalent in Mauritania, and among the Moorish population the nomadic lifestyle is still idealized. Livestock supplied the nomads with milk and meat, and transport was provided by riding camels and pack camels and, in the south, by pack oxen and donkeys. The women dyed sheep’s wool, with which they then braided long brown bands that were sewn together to make tents; they also tanned goats’ skins to make guerbas (waterskins). Population movement was determined by the search for water and pasturage. In the Sahara nomadic movements were irregular because of the extreme variability of precipitation, but in the Sahel, a pattern of seasonal rains led herds to the south in the dry season and back to the north in the spring where the Mediterranean climate produced a wet season. Sizes of nomadic encampments also varied from south to north. In the coastal southwest, encampments of up to 300 tents were found, whereas in northern Mauritania only groups of a few tents generally moved together.
Today the rigours of nomadic life are largely a thing of the past. Changes in agricultural patterns, drought, transportation infrastructure, and the distribution of government services have combined to undermine the nomadic economy. Dams to conserve floodwaters have been built in the wadis, and palm tree culture has been considerably extended. Severe drought in the 1970s led to a rapid, seemingly irreversible urbanization of the population. The cumulative result of these developments has been a near-elimination of the nomadic lifestyle and economy that thrived as recently as the mid-20th century.
Prior to independence Nouakchott—now the capital and primary urban centre—was a small village; at the beginning of the 21st century, however, some one-fourth of the population of the country resided there. Similar population movements during the last quarter of the 20th century increased the size of towns across the country, but mainly at points along the paved transportation arteries that fan east, north, and south from Nouakchott and along the Sénégal River.
The exploitation of the iron ore reserves of Mount Ijill also contributed to a transformation of settlement patterns and the urban geography of Mauritania as migrant labourers from across the country and beyond were drawn to the mining economy. The ancient northern cities that were sustained by caravan traffic and trade with southern Morocco and West Africa have since grown idle beneath their palm trees; four of these cities—Tîchît, Chingueṭṭi, Ouadâne, and Oualâta—were collectively designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996 for their historic significance. Fdérik (formerly Fort-Gouraud), situated about 15 miles (25 km) from the mining town of Zouérate, and Nouâdhibou, now the centre of the country’s fishing industry and a site for iron ore exports, have taken their place as administrative and economic centres in the north. Among the pre-20th-century cities, only Tidjikdja and Atar have maintained a certain activity. By contrast, most of the towns along the Sénégal River, including Kaédi, Bogué, and Rosso, have become thriving urban centres.
Demographic trends
Mauritania’s population is growing at a rate that exceeds the average for sub-Saharan Africa; the birth rate is quite high, due to improved health care services. Because of the country’s large desert area, however, the average population density is one of the lowest in Africa. More than nine-tenths of the population lives in the country’s southernmost quarter. On the whole, the population is very young: about two-fifths of Mauritanians are under age 15, and about two-thirds of the population is 29 years of age or younger. Although life expectancy is greater than the average for sub-Saharan Africa, it remains well below the global average. Economists estimate that some one-third of the population lives below the poverty line.