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Ottawa’s metropolitan area spans the Ottawa River, including Ottawa on the Ontario side and Gatineau on the Quebec side of the river. The climate is continental, with warm, humid summers and cold, usually snowy winters. Temperatures average in the mid-teens F (about 10 °C) in January and in the low 70s F (about 21 °C) in July.
Ottawa was divided by Lieut. Col. John By in 1827 into two main sections—the Upper Town and the Lower Town—although these are further subdivided into neighbourhoods. The best-known of these in the Upper Town is Parliament Hill, the seat of the Canadian federal government; overlooking the Ottawa River and the canal, the Parliament Buildings comprise three blocks of turreted Gothic Revival granite structures. The most iconic of these, the Centre Block, is home to the House of Commons and features the 300-foot (90-metre) Peace Tower. (The East and West blocks are administrative buildings.) Across the canal from the Parliament is the Château Laurier, a landmark hotel (1912) built in the French Renaissance style. The Lower Town, located east of the Rideau Canal, historically the working-class district, is an ethnically diverse region that includes ByWard Market—the site of the country’s oldest open-air market as well as boutiques, restaurants, art galleries, and pubs—and the Glebe, an upscale neighbourhood popular with diners and shoppers.
The federal government is Ottawa’s major employer. A large number of jobs are also provided by the technology sector; a number of telecommunications, software, defense and security, biotechnology, and wireless companies are located in the capital region. Many commercial and financial associations as well as embassies and trade groups have their headquarters or offices in the city. As the national capital, it is also the site of federal government institutions such as the Bank of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mint, the Supreme Court of Canada, and the Queen’s Printer.
Ottawa is well served by transportation systems, including railroads that provide frequent passenger service, a good network of expressways, and major roads in and around the metropolitan area. There are also an international airport and two regional airports. Regional mass transit is centred on a system of dedicated bus rapid-transit lines (i.e., lines that run on their own roadways) and a light-rail line (O-Train). The Capital Pathway, a network of more than 130 miles (220 km) of recreational paths throughout the metropolitan area, serves bicyclists and pedestrians.
Ottawa has many public and private universities, colleges, and professional schools. The leading universities are the University of Ottawa (1848), a bilingual institution, and Carleton University (1942), where instruction is conducted entirely in English. The Ottawa campus of Algonquin College (1967) grants degrees and certificates in technical and applied subjects. Cultural institutions include the National Gallery of Canada (a multidisciplinary, bilingual arts centre that includes an opera house and two theatres), the Canada Science and Technology Museum, the Canadian War Museum, the Diefenbunker (a Cold War museum), the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, and the Bytown Museum. The Canadian Museum of History is across the river in Gatineau. Other attractions include Library and Archives Canada (the national archives), the Parliament Buildings, and Parliament Hill, along with nearby Sparks Street, a designated historic street that was the first outdoor pedestrian mall in Canada.
The Rideau Canal remains a functional canal, though it is used mainly by pleasure craft. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2007 in recognition of its unique design and historical significance. In winter the canal freezes and becomes the Rideau Canal Skateway, the world’s longest skating rink. Skating on the canal is a highlight of Ottawa’s Winterlude (each February), a winter-themed celebration presented annually since 1979. Featuring winter sports, music, and snow sculpting, it attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year. Other popular annual festivals are Canada Day (July 1) and the Canadian Tulip Festival (May), a celebration originated by the royal family of the Netherlands, who took refuge in Ottawa during World War II and afterward presented the city with a gift of 100,000 tulip bulbs.
Ottawa has many opportunities for outdoor activities in its large tracts of parkland and green spaces as well as in nearby Gatineau Park, an extensive public park on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River. At the professional sports level, Ottawa is home to the Senators of the National Hockey League and the Redblacks of the Canadian Football League. Among famous Canadians born in Ottawa are singer Alanis Morissette, actor Dan Aykroyd, and author Margaret Atwood. Photographer Yousuf Karsh did much of his best-known work while based in Ottawa.
Brett McGillivray