Government and society
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Constitutional framework
Scotland is represented at Westminster in London by 59 members of Parliament in the House of Commons who are elected by plurality votes from single-member constituencies, and all Scottish appointive (life) peers are entitled to sit in the House of Lords. Scotland’s head of government is the British prime minister, and the head of state is the British monarch. The country remains subject to the British Parliament in the areas of foreign affairs, foreign trade, defense, the national civil service, economic and monetary policy, social security, employment, energy regulation, most aspects of taxation, and some aspects of transport. The secretary of state for Scotland represents Scotland in the British government’s cabinet.
Historically, the British government and its Scottish Office, headed by Scotland’s secretary of state, were the sole legislative and executive authorities for Scotland. In a 1997 referendum put forward by the government of Tony Blair, nearly three-fourths of the Scottish electorate favoured the establishment of a Scottish Parliament, which formally began sitting in 1999. The Scottish Parliament, located in Edinburgh, has wide powers over such matters as health, education, housing, regional transport, the environment, and agriculture. It also has the power to increase or decrease the British income tax rate by 3 percent within Scotland. The leading parliamentary party or coalition appoints the Scottish Executive, the administrative arm of the government, which is headed by a first minister.
Local government
Local authorities in Scotland are administrative bodies that must act within the framework of laws passed by the European, United Kingdom, and Scottish parliaments. They are responsible for a range of community services, including environmental matters, urban planning, education, roadways and traffic, firefighting, sanitation, housing, parks and recreation, and elections.
Scotland is divided into 32 council areas, each administered by a local council. The council areas vary considerably in both geographic extent and population. Highland is the largest council area, encompassing 10,091 square miles (26,136 square km), and, at 25 square miles (65 square km), Dundee is the smallest. With a population of roughly 600,000 people, Glasgow is the most populous council area, whereas the least populous is the Orkney Islands, which has about 20,000 residents.
Within the local council areas are hundreds of communities, including towns, villages, and city neighbourhoods. Communities may elect community councils to serve on a voluntary basis and perform a mainly consultative role. Their concerns include environmental and planning matters affecting their communities.
Justice
Scotland has a distinct legal and judicial system that is based on Roman law. The country is divided into six sheriffdoms (Glasgow; Grampian Highland and Islands; Lothian and Borders; North Strathclyde; South Strathclyde, Dumfries, and Galloway; and Tayside, Central, and Fife), each with a sheriff principal (chief judge) and a varying number of sheriffs. There are 49 sheriff courts divided among the sheriffdoms. The most serious offenses triable by jury are reserved for the High Court of Justiciary, the supreme court for criminal cases. The judges are the same as those of the Court of Session, the supreme court for civil cases. An appeal may be directed to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from the Court of Session but not from the High Court of Justiciary. The Court of Session, consisting of the lord president, the lord justice clerk, and 22 other judges, sits in Edinburgh and is divided into an Outer House, which hears cases at first instance, and an Inner House, which hears appeals from the Outer House and from lower courts. The Inner House has two divisions, each with six judges. The sheriff courts have a wide jurisdiction in civil cases, but certain actions, such as challenging governmental decisions, are reserved for the Court of Session. They also deal with most criminal offenses, with serious cases tried by jury. The decision whether to prosecute is made by the lord advocate in the High Court and by procurators fiscal in the sheriff courts. District courts, presided over by lay judges, deal with minor criminal offenses. There is also a system for hearing cases involving children.
The lord advocate and the solicitor general for Scotland are the Scottish Executive’s law officers, charged with representing the Scottish government in court cases. The lord advocate also serves as Scotland’s public prosecutor. Both are appointed by the British monarch on the recommendation of the first minister and with the approval of the Scottish Parliament. The advocate general for Scotland, who is the law officer of the United Kingdom responsible for Scottish matters, acts as an adviser to the British government and to the Scottish lord advocate and solicitor general.
Political process
All citizens at least 18 years of age are eligible to vote. Voters in Scotland elect representatives to local councils, the Scottish Parliament, the British House of Commons, and the European Parliament. Terms of office vary for elected officials. Local councillors serve three-year terms, and members of the House of Commons and European Parliament serve five-year terms. Historically, members of the Scottish Parliament have served four-year terms, but that term was extended to five years in 2016 so that the Scottish parliamentary election originally scheduled for May 2020 would not conflict with the similarly scheduled election for the House of Commons. (Whether the term would continue to be five years after the 2021 election for the Scottish Parliament remained to be determined.) Although local, Scottish, and European elections take place at regular intervals, elections to the House of Commons occur at least once every five years, with the date set by the British government. Non-British European Union citizens are eligible to participate in local and European Parliament elections.
There are 129 members of the Scottish Parliament; 73 are chosen from single-member constituencies and 56 by proportional representation from regional party lists. Coalition governments between the Scottish Labour Party and the Scottish Liberal Democrats were necessary in the initial sittings of the Parliament, as no single party was able to win a majority in the Scottish Parliament. In 2007, however, the Scottish National Party (SNP) formed a minority administration.
Until the middle of the 20th century, Scottish voters split their loyalties about evenly between the Conservative (traditionally known in Scotland as the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party) and Labour parties, but thereafter into the early 21st century the Labour Party dominated Scottish politics. Indeed, at the 1997 national election the Conservative Party returned no members to the House of Commons. From Keir Hardie, who cofounded the Independent Labour Party in the 1890s, to Ramsay MacDonald, Labour’s first prime minister, in the 1920s, to Prime Minister Tony Blair and his successor,Gordon Brown, in the 1990s and early 21st century, many of the most influential Labour Party politicians have either been Scottish-born or resided in Scotland. The Liberal Democrats have maintained fairly strong support in the Celtic fringes of Scotland, and the SNP, which advocates Scotland’s independence from the United Kingdom, has captured a significant share of support since the 1970s. In the 2007 elections the SNP narrowly won the most seats in the Scottish Parliament, but it secured a clear majority in 2011 as Labour continued to rebuild and support for the Liberal Democrats virtually collapsed.
Security
Military planning in Scotland is the responsibility of the British government. Scotland is the site of a number of key military installations, including several belonging to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Royal Navy has a base at Rosyth on the Firth of Forth, and the Royal Air Force has stations at Lossiemouth and Leuchars. Scottish infantry regiments are still distinguished by their tartans: kilts for the Highland regiments and trousers for those of the Lowlands. The oldest infantry regiment in the British army is the Royal Scots.
The Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Executive have a general responsibility for law and order. In 2013 Scotland’s eight local police forces were merged into a single national force. As in England and Wales, the police do not normally carry firearms, although special units carry guns when dealing with armed or particularly dangerous criminals.
Health and welfare
Health care in Scotland is provided mostly free of charge through the National Health Service. The Scottish Parliament is responsible for health, welfare services, and housing. Scotland’s 14 health boards are accountable to the Scottish Executive through the minister for health. The country has some of the highest incidences in Europe of heart disease and lung cancer, which are among the leading causes of death in Scotland, along with other types of cancer and diseases of the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems.
Housing
Home ownership in Scotland generally has lagged behind that of the rest of the United Kingdom. Because of policies implemented by the government of Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s that encouraged home ownership, owner-occupied units increased from barely two-fifths of total housing in the mid-1980s to two-thirds in the early 21st century. Local housing authorities provide about one-fifth of the housing units in Scotland. The housing stock in Scotland varies considerably in size and type. In the latter part of the 20th century, several government-subsidized housing complexes were built on the outskirts of urban areas; however, many of those properties have since become owner-occupied or have been taken over by housing trusts.
