Free College
Free college programs come in different forms but generally involve the government picking up the tab for tuition costs, while students pay for other expenses, such as for room and board. [50]
Free college programs exist in some form in 32 states and D.C. Statewide programs with “few eligibility limits” exist in 9 states. “State sponsored free college tuition programs with income, merit, geographical or programmatic limitations” exist in 23 states. And there are no free college programs in 18 states. [51][52]
Tuition at public four-year institutions rose more than 31% between 2010 and 2020. When adjusted for inflation, college tuition has risen 747.8% since 1963. The average student loan debt more than doubled from the 1990s to the 2010s, according to the U.S. Department of Education. About 16.8 million undergraduate students were projected to be enrolled in college in 2022, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. [29][53][54]
College tuition is set by state policy or by each institution. Some colleges, especially federal land-grant schools, had free tuition, beginning in the 1860s. And some states had tuition-free policies at state colleges and universities for in-state students well into the 20th century. According to Ronald Gordon Ehrenberg, professor at Cornell University, “Public colleges and universities were often free at their founding in the United States, but over time, as public support was reduced or not increased sufficiently to compensate for their growth in students and costs (faculty and staff salaries, utilities etc.), they moved first to a low tuition and eventually higher tuition policy.” About 2.9% of American 18- to 24-year-olds went to college for the 1909–10 school year, compared with 40% in 2020. [37][38][39][55]
At the national level, free college programs have been in effect for military personnel since the 1944 G.I. Bill. At least 26 other countries have free or nearly free college tuition: Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Kenya, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Norway, Panama, Poland, Scotland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and Uruguay. [7][8][9][42][43][44]
According to the 2022 Education Next Survey of Public Opinion, 63% of Americans supported free four-year college and 66% supported free two-year college. [56]
(This article first appeared on ProCon.org and was last updated on Aug. 24, 2022.)
| PROS | CONS |
|---|---|
| Pro 1: Tuition-free college would help decrease student debt. Read More. | Con 1: Tuition-free college is not free, and students would still have large debts. Read More. |
| Pro 2: The U.S. economy and society have benefited from tuition-free college in the past. Read More. | Con 2: Taxpayers would spend billions to subsidize tuition, while other college costs would remain high. Read More. |
| Pro 3: Everyone deserves the opportunity to get a college education. Read More. | Con 3: Tuition-free college would decrease completion rates, leaving students without the benefits of a full college education and degree. Read More. |
Pro Arguments
(Go to Con Arguments)Pro 1: Tuition-free college would help decrease student debt.
If tuition were free, students would take on significantly fewer student loans. Student loan debt in the United States is almost $1.75 trillion. In all, 45 million Americans have student loan debt, and 7.5 million of those borrowers are in default. The average 2019 graduate owed $28,950 in college loans. Approximately 92% of American student loans are owned by the U.S. Department of Education. [57]
Student loan debt rose 317% between 1970 and 2021, and public college costs rose 180% between 1980 and 2019. Students are coming out of college already buried under a mountain of debt before they have a chance to start their careers. [58][59]
Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT), an advocate for free college, has stated, “It is insane and counter-productive to the best interests of our country and our future, that hundreds of thousands of bright young people cannot afford to go to college, and that millions of others leave school with a mountain of debt that burdens them for decades. That shortsighted path to the future must end.” [6]
Pro 2: The U.S. economy and society have benefited from tuition-free college in the past.
Nearly half of all college students in 1947 were military veterans, thanks to President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s signing of the G.I. Bill in 1944 to ensure that military service members, veterans, and their dependents could attend college tuition-free. The G.I. Bill allowed 2.2 million veterans to earn a college education and another 5.6 million to receive vocational training, all of which helped expand the middle class. An estimated 40% of those veterans would not have been able to attend college otherwise. Recipients of G.I. Bill benefits generated an extra $35.6 billion over 35 years and an extra $12.8 billion in tax revenue, resulting in a return of $6.90 for every dollar spent. [7][8][9][10]
The beneficiaries of the free tuition contributed to the economy by buying cars and homes, and by getting jobs after college, while not being burdened by college debt. They contributed to society with higher levels of volunteering, voting, and charitable giving. [11]
The 1944 G.I. Bill paid for the educations of 22,000 dentists, 67,000 doctors, 91,000 scientists, 238,000 teachers, 240,000 accountants, 450,000 engineers, three Supreme Court justices (William Rehnquist, John Paul Stevens, and Byron R. White), three presidents (Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and George H.W. Bush), many members of Congress, at least one secretary of state, 14 Nobel Prize winners, at least 24 Pulitzer Prize winners, many entertainers (including Johnny Cash, Paul Newman, and Clint Eastwood), and many more. [8][12][13]
During the post-World War II era, the United States ranked first in the world for college graduates, compared with tenth today.[14]
Pro 3: Everyone deserves the opportunity to get a college education.
Jamie Merisotis, president and CEO of the Lumina Foundation, stated, “A dramatic increase in the number of Americans with college credentials is absolutely essential for our economic, social and cultural development as a country.” [15]
The rapid rise of tuition has limited access to higher education, which is essential in today’s workforce. Three-quarters of the fastest-growing occupations now call for education beyond high school, according to the U.S. Department of Education. Each college graduate earns $570,000 more than a high-school graduate over a lifetime, on average, and college graduates have lower unemployment rates. Yet, students from low- and moderate-income families are unable to afford as many as 95% of American colleges. [16][17][29][30]
Max Page, a professor of architecture, and Dan Clawson, a professor of sociology, both at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, have stated, “A century ago high school was becoming a necessity, not a luxury; today the same is happening to college. If college is essential for building a career and being a full participant in our democracy as high school once was, shouldn’t it be free, paid for by public dollars, and treated as a right of all members of our country?” [21]
Con Arguments
(Go to Pro Arguments)Con 1: Tuition-free college is not free, and students would still have large debts.
Tuition is only one expense college students have to pay, and it accounts for anywhere from 28.9% to 73.6% of total average college costs. [60]
On average, 2021–2022 in-state tuition at a four-year public college cost $10,740 per year. Fees and room and board for on-campus housing are another $11,950. Books and supplies are another $1,240, transportation another $1,230, and other expenses another $2,170. Without tuition, college still costs an average of $16,590 per year. [60]
Tuition accounts for just 20% of the average community college student’s budget, which runs $18,830 annually on average. [60]
Sweden has free college, and yet students in that country had an average of $19,000 in student debt for living costs and other expenses in 2013, compared with the $24,800 in debt American college students had the same year. [24][1]
Con 2: Taxpayers would spend billions to subsidize tuition, while other college costs would remain high.
The estimated cost of Bernie Sanders’s free college program was $47 billion per year, and it had states paying 33% of the cost, or $15.5 billion. According to David H. Feldman and Robert B. Archibald, both professors of economics at William & Mary College: “This will require tax increases, or it will force states to move existing resources into higher education and away from other state priorities like health care, prisons, roads and K–12 education.” [50][26]
According to a 2016 Campaign for Free College report, states could lose between $77 million (Wyoming) and $5 billion (California) in tuition revenue from their state colleges and universities, and they could pay an additional $15,000 (Wyoming) to $55 million (New York) to subsidize a tuition-free plan. [27]
Neal McCluskey, director of the Cato Institute’s Center for Educational Freedom, calculated that free college funded by tax dollars would cost every adult taxpayer $1,360 a year, or $77,500 over a lifetime. “Why should people who want to go to college get it paid for in part by people who pursue on-the-job training or other forms of noncollege education?,” he wrote in The Wall Street Journal, adding, “Indeed, why should anyone get a degree to increase their lifetime earnings on the backs of taxpayers?” [28]
College costs have increased for a number of reasons unrelated to tuition, including for fancy dorms, amenities like lazy rivers and climbing walls, student services (such as health care), athletics, increases in administrative personnel, and cuts in state funding. [31][32][33][46]
Con 3: Tuition-free college would decrease completion rates, leaving students without the benefits of a full college education and degree.
Jack A. Chambless, an economics professor at Valencia College, has said that with a free college program, “potentially millions of young people who have no business attending college would waste their time—and taxpayer dollars—seeking degrees they will not obtain.…Free tuition would dupe young people into a sense of belonging, only [for them] to find that their work ethic, intelligence and aptitude are not up to the rigors of advanced education.” [34]
Under California’s community college fee waiver program, more than 50% of the state’s community college students attended for free (before a 2017 program change), but only 6% of all California community college students completed a career technical program, and fewer than 10% completed a two-year degree in six years. [35]
Vince Norton, managing partner at Norton Norris, a campus marketing company, has stated, “Students will enroll at a ‘free college’ and borrow money for the cost of attendance. Then, they will drop out and have a student loan—but no skills. Brilliant.” [36]
Discussion Questions
- Should college tuition be free? For which colleges or universities? Explain your answers.
- Brainstorm potential pros and cons of free college for individual students.
- How would free college benefit (or disadvantage) college communities? Explain your answer.
Take Action
- Analyze the goals of the Campaign for Free College Tuition.
- Explore 17 colleges that do not charge tuition, using U.S. News.
- Consider Michael Poliakoff’s position that free college could raise tuition costs.
- Consider how you felt about the issue before reading this article. After reading the pros and cons on this topic, has your thinking changed? If so, how? List two to three ways. If your thoughts have not changed, list two to three ways your better understanding of the other side of the issue now helps you better argue your position.
- Push for the position and policies you support by writing U.S. senators and representatives.
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