Systemic diseases and pregnancy
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Heart disease
Heart disease occurs in approximately 1 to 4 percent of pregnant women. It is first as a cause of maternal deaths among the disorders incidental to pregnancy and is fourth—after hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and infection—as a cause of all maternal deaths. Rheumatic heart disease is the most prevalent type. Congenital heart disease accounts for approximately one-fourth of the cases. Advanced maternal age and factors such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension can also contribute to cardiovascular disease during pregnancy.
A number of factors, including her response to physical activity, a history of heart failure, the type of heart disease that she has, and her age, are used in estimating how a particular woman will fare during pregnancy and labour. A person whose heart disease causes no limitation of normal physical activity will usually go through a normal pregnancy and delivery without notable difficulty, provided that she avoids undue physical activity, has sufficient rest, avoids infections, and is under the care of an obstetrician and a cardiologist who are on the alert for signs of early heart failure. Such a person will not face an appreciably increased risk, and her heart disease will not be affected by the pregnancy.
The woman whose physical activity is limited to some extent because it causes undue fatigue, shortness of breath, heart palpitation, or heart pain, but who has never experienced heart failure, will seldom suffer heart failure if she follows a strict regimen outlined by her physicians throughout the pregnancy, the labour, and the puerperium (the period immediately after childbirth) and if she does not experience a complication of pregnancy or of her heart disease. A diseased heart, although able to carry the load put on it by pregnancy, may not be able to stand up under an additional burden. This is particularly true if the pregnant woman gains an excessive amount of weight; if she develops preeclampsia, kidney disease, pulmonary disease, or an infection; or if she overworks physically, is subjected to sudden severe emotional stress, or becomes anemic. The possibility that a woman with serious heart disease will have heart failure is greater if she is over 35 years of age.
More than half of the women who have suffered from heart failure before they became pregnant do so again during pregnancy, usually between the fifth and the ninth month, when pregnancy throws the greatest workload on the heart. Because so many women with a history of previous heart failure have difficulties during pregnancy, many obstetricians and cardiologists restrict the physical activity of such women and try to keep them in the hospital and under close medical surveillance. Some women with serious heart disease are kept in bed in the hospital throughout the course of the pregnancy and thus avoid heart failure. Cardiac surgery during the first few months of pregnancy, although a hazardous procedure, has lessened the necessity for prolonged bed rest in some cases and materially improved the prognosis in others.
Women with serious heart disease often deliver prematurely, and their labours are often short and their deliveries easy. There is an increase in fetal mortality because many pregnancies are interrupted and because many of the babies of women with heart disease are born prematurely. Babies who are not born prematurely are not notably different from those of normal mothers.
Endocrine diseases
Diabetes
Before insulin was available, most diabetic women were sterile, or, if they became pregnant, aborted. Half of the babies and one-fourth of the mothers died if they went to term. Today, if they are adequately supervised, less than 1 percent of pregnant diabetic women die of diabetes during pregnancy or the puerperium. Diabetic women do suffer from an increased incidence of preeclampsia, infections, and hydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid). Abnormalities of labour are increased because the babies tend to be unusually large, and congenital abnormalities of the fetus are more common, as is hydramnios; hydramnios is a problem in 25 percent or more of diabetic women.
Untreated diabetes is associated with a high incidence of fetal defects, abortion, stillbirths, premature labour, and excessively large babies. Even with diet and insulin, more than 50 percent of the babies delivered by diabetic women weigh over eight pounds at birth. Even though they appear healthy at birth, many of them are not as strong as smaller babies whose mothers are not diabetic. Fetal loss is greater if the mother became diabetic in childhood, if she has been diabetic for a long time, or if she has vascular or kidney disease.
Pregnancy frequently has an adverse effect on diabetes, and diabetes may first become evident during pregnancy. There is a tendency for the carbohydrate metabolism of the diabetic patient to be upset. Most diabetics need more insulin during gestation; a few, for reasons not understood, need less. The changing condition from day to day makes some diabetics, who have no problem maintaining a balance when they are not pregnant, difficult to treat. Even so, adequate medical supervision can bring most diabetics and their babies safely through pregnancy.
Thyroid disease
Simple goitres that are not associated with a change in the amount of thyroid hormone in the mother’s blood do not affect pregnancy, nor does pregnancy affect the thyroid in such a case. An inactive or too active thyroid gland, if not adequately treated during pregnancy, may be associated with an increased incidence of abortion. In the few cases in which persons with untreated myxedema, a severe form of hypothyroidism (deficiency of thyroid hormone), have conceived and gone to term, there has been an increased incidence of congenital anomalies of the fetus. Pregnancy and hyperthyroidism (overabundance of thyroid hormone) seem to have no adverse effects on each other.
Pituitary disorders
Most persons with pituitary hypofunction fail to ovulate because their pituitary glands do not produce the gonadotropic hormones necessary for stimulation of the ovaries. Most of these persons also suffer from a lack of hormones from their other endocrine glands because these, too, lack stimulation by the pituitary. A few persons with hypopituitarism have, nevertheless, become pregnant. Their condition is better when they are pregnant because their placentas produce many of the hormones that their endocrine glands, lacking pituitary stimulation, do not ordinarily secrete.