Portuguese language: …or Beira, (2) Southern (Estremenho), including Lisbon, Alentejo, and Algarve, (3) Insular, including the dialects of Madeira and the Azores, and (4) Brazilian. Standard Portuguese was developed in the 16th century, basically from the dialects spoken from Lisbon to Coimbra

Estremoz, city and concelho (municipality), eastern Portugal. It is an ancient gated city and is overlooked by a 13th-century castle, in which St. Elizabeth (Isabel) of Portugal, widow of King Dinis, died in 1336. The castle is now a government-operated inn. Estremoz was an important base for the

waxbill, any of several Old World tropical birds named for the prominent red (the colour of sealing wax) of their conical bills. The name is used generally for birds of the family Estrildidae (order Passeriformes); less broadly for those of the tribe Estrildini of that family; and particularly for

avadavat, (species Amandava, or Estrilda, amandava), plump, 8-centimetre- (3-inch-) long bird of the waxbill (q.v.) group (order Passeriformes), a popular cage bird. The avadavat is abundant in marshes and meadows of southern Asia (introduced in Hawaii). The male, in breeding plumage, is bright red

Estrildidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of approximately 140 species of waxbills and other small finchlike birds of the Old World, many of which are favourite cage birds. Members range in size from 7.5 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) long. They have short, stout bills and short legs

Estrildidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of approximately 140 species of waxbills and other small finchlike birds of the Old World, many of which are favourite cage birds. Members range in size from 7.5 to 15 cm (3 to 6 inches) long. They have short, stout bills and short legs

hormone: Estrogens: …and other mammals, estrone and estriol, are much less active than estradiol, estriol being the weakest. Estrone can be converted to estradiol and vice versa in the ovary and in other tissues; e.g., estradiol is converted, particularly in the liver, to estriol, which is an excretory product. The metabolism of…

Antonio Vivaldi: Life: …and string orchestra (Opus 3, L’estro armonico) was published by the Amsterdam music-publishing firm of Estienne Roger. In the years up to 1719, Roger published three more collections of his concerti (opuses 4, 6, and 7) and one collection of sonatas (Opus 5).

Benedetto Marcello: …teatro alla moda (1720); and Estro poeticoarmonico (1724–26), a setting for voices and instruments of the first 50 psalms in an Italian paraphrase by G. Giustiniani. Il teatro alla moda is an amusing pamphlet in which Marcello vented his opinions on the state of musical drama at the time. The…

estrogen, any of a group of hormones that primarily influence the female reproductive tract in its development, maturation, and function. There are three major hormones—estradiol, estrone, and estriol—among the estrogens, and estradiol is the predominant one. The major sources of estrogens are the

menopause: Estrogen therapy: The administration of estrogen is effective for treating many problems associated with menopause, including hot flashes, breast atrophy, vaginal dryness, and psychological symptoms. Estrogen is also effective for increasing libido. In addition, estrogen increases bone density, thereby decreasing the risk of fracture. Although estrogen…

menopause: Estrogen therapy: The administration of estrogen is effective for treating many problems associated with menopause, including hot flashes, breast atrophy, vaginal dryness, and psychological symptoms. Estrogen is also effective for increasing libido. In addition, estrogen increases bone density, thereby decreasing the risk of fracture. Although estrogen…

breast cancer: Types of breast cancer: ER positive cancers are responsible for roughly 60 to 70 percent of breast cancer cases in women.

hormone: Estrogens: …in humans and other mammals, estrone and estriol, are much less active than estradiol, estriol being the weakest. Estrone can be converted to estradiol and vice versa in the ovary and in other tissues; e.g., estradiol is converted, particularly in the liver, to estriol, which is an excretory product. The…

dog: Reproductive cycle: The heat cycle of the female lasts from 18 to 21 days. The first stage is called proestrus. It begins with mild swelling of the vulva and a bloody discharge. This lasts for about 9 days, although it may vary by 2 or…

Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup was a statesman and conservative prime minister of Denmark from 1875 to 1894. In 1864 Estrup entered the Landsting (upper chamber) as a member of the National Landowners’ Party. As minister of the interior from 1865, he made major improvements in the railways and in

estrus, the period in the sexual cycle of female mammals, except the higher primates, during which they are in heat—i.e., ready to accept a male and to mate. One or more periods of estrus may occur during the breeding season of a species. Prior to ovulation the endometrium (uterine lining)

estuarine crocodile, (Crocodylus porosus), crocodile species inhabiting brackish waters of wetlands and marine intertidal environments from Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar east to the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and south to Australia’s northern coast. The estuarine crocodile is the

Oceanic art and architecture: Australia: It is followed by the Estuarine style, which developed during a period when saltwater conditions prevailed: a situation reflected in the use of crocodiles as subjects in paintings in the X-ray style (in which the internal organs are shown). A subsequent Freshwater phase is characterized by representations of ceremonial fans…

estuary, partly enclosed coastal body of water in which river water is mixed with seawater. In a general sense, the estuarine environment is defined by salinity boundaries rather than by geographic boundaries. The term estuary is derived from the Latin words aestus (“the tide”) and aestuo (“boil”),

José de Espronceda y Delgado: El estudiante de Salamanca (1839; “The Student of Salamanca”), a milestone of Iberian Romanticism, is a variant of the Don Juan legend that carries to extremes the antisocial and antireligious attitudes of its protagonist. Espronceda was most admired for his lyric poetry, and his Poesías…

Coulomb force: …charge is one electrostatic unit, esu, or statcoulomb. In the metre–kilogram–second and the SI systems, the unit of force (newton), the unit of charge (coulomb), and the unit of distance (metre), are all defined independently of Coulomb’s law, so the proportionality factor k is constrained to take a value consistent…

Esus, (Celtic: “Lord,” or “Master”), powerful Celtic deity, one of three mentioned by the Roman poet Lucan in the 1st century ad; the other two were Taranis (“Thunderer”) and Teutates (“God of the People”). Esus’ victims, according to later commentators, were sacrificed by being ritually stabbed

Yoruba: …association of farmers; and the esusu, whose members contribute a fixed amount of money and from which they can receive loans. Political authority is vested in the oba and a council of chiefs; constituent towns each have their own ruler, who is subordinate to the oba. The oba is also…

Eswatini, landlocked country in the eastern flank of South Africa, where it adjoins Mozambique. It extends about 110 miles (175 km) from north to south and about 80 miles (130 km) from west to east at its largest dimensions. In the colonial era, as a protectorate, and later as an independent

national flag consisting of horizontal stripes of blue, yellow, crimson, yellow, and blue, with a Swazi shield and weapons in the centre. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.The Swazi, famed as warriors, have a traditional shield that is made of black-and-white ox hide stretched over a

history of Eswatini, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Eswatini from prehistoric times to the present day. The country’s official name is the Kingdom of Eswatini (siSwati: Umbuso weSwatini). In the colonial era, as a protectorate, and later as an independent country,

Eswatini, landlocked country in the eastern flank of South Africa, where it adjoins Mozambique. It extends about 110 miles (175 km) from north to south and about 80 miles (130 km) from west to east at its largest dimensions. In the colonial era, as a protectorate, and later as an independent

therapeutics: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: The use of focused shock waves to pulverize stones in the urinary tract, usually the kidney (i.e., kidney stones) or upper ureter, is called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). The resultant stone fragments or dust particles are passed through the ureter

Osijek, industrial town and agricultural centre in eastern Croatia. It lies on the Drava River, about 10 miles (16 km) west of the border with Serbia. In Roman times the city site was known as Mursa. Its present name was first recorded in 1196. An important trade and transportation centre from

Esztergom, town, Komárom-Esztergom megye (county), northwestern Hungary. It is a river port on the Danube River (which at that point forms the frontier with Slovakia) and lies 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Budapest. The various forms of its name all refer to its importance as a grain market. It is

Fertőd, town, Győr-Moson-Sopron megye (county), western Hungary. It lies near the south end of Fertő (German: Neusiedler) Lake on the Austrian frontier. It was a seat of the Esterházy princes, who were among the leading landed gentry of Hungary. At Fertőd they built the great Esterháza, or

Esterházy Family, aristocratic Magyar family that produced numerous Hungarian diplomats, army officers, and patrons of the arts. By the 18th century the Esterházys had become the largest landowners in Hungary, and they came to possess a private fortune even larger than that of the Habsburg emperors

Eger: The roots of Eger’s Eszterházy Károly University extend to the 18th century. Rising above the university’s Lyceum building is the Magic Tower, which houses the Center for Scientific Guidance and Methodology, a planetarium, an astronomy museum, and a camera obscura. Similarly eclectic is István Dobó Castle Museum, which includes…

Ephemeris Time, (ET), the first dynamical time scale in history; it was defined by the International Astronomical Union in the 1950s and was superseded by Barycentric Dynamical Time in 1984. (See dynamical time.) Ephemeris Time could be obtained by observing the orbital position of any planet or

tundra climate, major climate type of the Köppen classification characterized by sub-freezing mean annual temperatures, large annual temperature ranges (but not as large as in the adjacent continental subarctic climate), and moderately low precipitation. The tundra climate region occurs between 60°

Brigitte Bardot: …Dieu créa la femme (1956; And God Created Woman) and Les Bijoutiers du claire de lune (1958; “The Jewelers of Moonlight”; Eng. title The Night Heaven Fell)—Bardot broke contemporary film taboos against nudity and set box office records in Europe and the United States. (Bardot was married to Vadim from…

Anders Sørensen Vedel: In 1591 he published his Et hundrede udvalde danske viser, a collection of 100 medieval Danish folk songs and ballads. Based on oral and manuscript sources, it was the earliest printed collection and remains a principal source of Danish ballads. It was enlarged and republished in 1695 by Peder Syv.

Fernando Arrabal: …des menottes aux fleurs (1969; And They Put Handcuffs on the Flowers), more overtly political than his previous plays; its theme of freedom from oppression was inspired by the author’s imprisonment while on a journey to Spain in 1967.

David Kimhi: Another work, ʿEṭ sofer (“Pen of the Scribe”), was a manual covering the rules of punctuation and accent for biblical manuscripts.

ETA, Basque separatist organization in Spain that used terrorism in its campaign for an independent Basque state. ETA grew out of the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco; PNV), which was founded in 1894 and which managed to survive, though illegally, under the fascist regime of

burakumin, (“pollution abundant”), outcaste, or “untouchable,” Japanese minority, occupying the lowest level of the traditional Japanese social system. The Japanese term eta is highly pejorative, but prejudice has tended even to tarnish the otherwise neutral term burakumin itself. Although the

Halley’s Comet: …responsible for the Orionid and Eta Aquarid meteor showers in October and May, respectively.

Eta Carinae, peculiar red star and nebula about 7,500 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation Carina and now known to be a binary star system. It is one of a small class of stars called luminous blue variables. The English astronomer Sir Edmond Halley noted it in 1677 as a star of

Pisces: …striking grouping; the brightest star, Eta Piscium, has a magnitude of 3.6.

meson: …and subsequent discovery of the eta-meson (1962). Some years later the decay rate of the pi-meson into two photons was used to support the hypothesis that quarks can take on one of three “colours.” Studies of the competing decay modes of K-mesons, which occur via the weak force, have led…

ETA: …autonomy, and the “ideologists,” or ETA-VI, who favoured a Marxist-Leninist brand of Basque independence and engaged in sabotage and, from 1968, assassination. The Franco regime’s attempts to crush ETA in the Basque provinces were severe, involving arbitrary arrest, beatings, and torture. By 1969–70 the principal leaders had been rounded up…

Tunisia: Media and publishing: …viewpoints appeared, and the state-run Etablissement de la Radiodiffusion Télévision Tunisienne (ERTT) began to include open political debate in its television and radio programming.

Rhône-Poulenc SA: In 1928 it merged with Établissements Poulenc Frères (“Poulenc Brothers”), the pharmaceutical house established by Camille Poulenc (1864–1942), the founder of the French pharmaceutical industry and a collaborator of Pierre and Marie Curie. The new Société des Usines Chimiques Rhône-Poulenc immediately founded subsidiaries to develop pharmaceutical specialties and new techniques…

whatnot, series of open shelves supported by two or four upright posts. The passion for collecting and displaying ornamental objects that began in the 18th century and was widespread in the 19th stimulated the production in England and the United States of this whimsically named piece of furniture.

Etah, city, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is situated about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of the Ganges (Ganga) River and 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Agra. Etah is a marketplace for agricultural products. Several colleges affiliated with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University (formerly Agra

Pierre Deligne: …new theory of cohomology called étale cohomology, drawing on ideas originally developed by Alexandre Grothendieck some 15 years earlier, and applied them to solve the deepest of the Weil conjectures. Deligne’s work provided important insights into the relationship between algebraic geometry and algebraic number theory. He also developed an area…

optical interferometer: …strictly parallel plates called an etalon. Because of the high reflectivity of the plates of the etalon, the successive multiple reflections of light waves diminish very slowly in intensity and form very narrow, sharp fringes. These may be used to reveal hyperfine structures in line spectra, to evaluate the widths…

Étampes, town, Essonne département, Île-de-France région, northern France. It lies along the Juine River, about 28 miles (45 km) south of Paris. The town in medieval times was a stronghold and preserves several architectural remnants of those times, including a 12th-century donjon, the tower of

Anne de Pisseleu, duchess d’Étampes was the mistress of King Francis I of France and the major supporter of the party of the Duke d’Orléans in opposition to that of the dauphin (the future Henry II). The daughter of a nobleman of Picardy, she came to court before 1522 as maid of honour to Louise of

Gabrielle d’Estrées, duchess de Beaufort was the mistress of King Henry IV of France and, with him, founder of the Vendôme branch of the House of Bourbon. The daughter of the Marquis de Coeuvres, Gabrielle met Roger de Saint-Lary, later Duke de Bellegarde, at the court of Henry III and became his

East Timor and Indonesia Action Network (ETAN), American grassroots organization founded in 1991 that committed itself to “supporting rights, justice, and democracy in both East Timor and Indonesia.” After the UN-supervised vote for independence in 1999 and the establishment of the Democratic

Etana Epic: …find one and apparently chose Etana, who proved to be an able ruler until he discovered that his wife, though pregnant, was unable to give birth, and thus he had no heir to the throne. The one known remedy was the birth plant, which Etana was required to bring down…

Etana Epic, ancient Mesopotamian tale concerned with the question of dynastic succession. In the beginning, according to the epic, there was no king on the earth; the gods thus set out to find one and apparently chose Etana, who proved to be an able ruler until he discovered that his wife, though

psoriasis: …for psoriasis, including infliximab (Remicade), etanercept (Enbrel), and guselkumab (Tremfya).

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Years of seclusion and exile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Baron d’Étange, Julie’s father, has indeed promised her to a fellow nobleman named Wolmar. As a dutiful daughter, Julie marries Wolmar and Saint-Preux goes off on a voyage around the world with an English aristocrat, Bomston, from whom he acquires a certain stoicism. Julie succeeds…

Marcel Duchamp: Farewell to art: …on a major piece called Étant donnés: 1. la chute d’eau, 2. le gaz d’éclairage (Given: 1. The Waterfall, 2. The Illuminating Gas). It is now at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and offers through two small holes in a heavy wooden door a glimpse of Duchamp’s enigma.

Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples was an outstanding French humanist, theologian, and translator whose scholarship stimulated scriptural studies during the Protestant Reformation. Ordained a priest, Lefèvre taught philosophy in Paris from about 1490 to 1507. During visits to Italy in 1492 and 1500, he

Charles VIII: …he also agreed in the Treaty of Étaples (1492) to pay heavy compensation to King Henry VII of England for the abandonment of English interests in Brittany. Furthermore, in 1493, by the Treaty of Barcelona, he ceded Roussillon and Cerdagne back to Aragon.

logistics: Staged resupply: The Etappen system of the Prussian army in 1866 resembled the Napoleonic train service of 1807. Behind each army corps trailed a lengthening series of shuttling wagon trains moving up supplies through a chain of magazines extending back to a railhead. A small train accompanied the…

Henri de Boulainvilliers, count de Saint-Saire: …(all published posthumously), among which État de la France, 3 vol. (1727–28; “The State of France”) traced the history of the French monarchy to the end of Louis XIV’s reign. In this work, considered to be his finest, he emphasized a socio-psychological explanation of events and a broad conception of…

France: The development of central government: The State Council for Finances (Conseil d’État et Finances) expedited financial matters of secondary importance, while the Financial Arbitration Court (Grande Direction des Finances) was an administrative tribunal that settled disputes between the state and individuals or corporations. Each of these subdivisions of the king’s council…

Vichy France, (July 1940–September 1944), France under the regime of Marshal Philippe Pétain from the Nazi German defeat of France to the Allied liberation in World War II. The Franco-German Armistice of June 22, 1940, divided France into two zones: one to be under German military occupation and

Congo Free State, former state in Africa that occupied almost all of the Congo River basin, coextensive with the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was created in the 1880s as the private holding of a group of European investors headed by Leopold II, king of the Belgians. The king’s

Luxembourg National Museum, national museum of Luxembourg, located in the historic centre of Luxembourg city at the Fish Market (Marché-aux-Poissons). It is housed in an extensive late Gothic and Renaissance mansion. The museum has collections of Gallo-Roman art, coins, medieval sculpture, armour,

Pierre Janet: …L’État mental des hystériques (1892; The Mental State of Hystericals, 1901), in which he attempted to classify forms of hysteria. Charcot, in his introduction to the thesis, concurred with Janet’s plea to unite the efforts of clinical and academic psychology.

Conseil d’État, (French: “Council of State”), highest court in France for issues and cases involving public administration. Its origin dates back to 1302, though it was extensively reorganized under Napoleon and was given further powers in 1872. It has long had the responsibility of deciding or

history of Europe: Sovereigns and estates: …smaller assemblies of provinces (pays d’états) lately incorporated into the realm, such as Languedoc and Brittany. They met regularly and had a permanent staff for raising taxes on property. With respect to the other provinces (pays d’élection), the crown had enjoyed the crucial advantage of an annual tax since…

Estates-General, in France of the pre-Revolution monarchy, the representative assembly of the three “estates,” or orders of the realm: the clergy (First Estate) and nobility (Second Estate)—which were privileged minorities—and the Third Estate, which represented the majority of the people. The

Etawah, city, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies along the Yamuna River, about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Bhind (Maharashtra state) and 65 miles (100 km) southeast of Agra. The city is crossed by numerous ravines, one of which separates the old city (south) from the new city

mitochondrion: …produce various components of the electron transport chain (ETC). In many organisms, the mitochondrial genome is inherited maternally. This is because the mother’s egg cell donates the majority of cytoplasm to the embryo, and mitochondria inherited from the father’s sperm are usually destroyed.

printmaking: Lithography: …it is fixed with an etch to prevent the spreading of the grease. A heavy, syrupy mixture of gum arabic and a small quantity of nitric acid, the etch is used to protect the drawing from water and to further desensitize the undrawn areas to printing ink. The nitric acid…

Slave, group of Athabaskan-speaking Indians of Canada, originally inhabiting the western shores of the Great Slave Lake, the basins of the Mackenzie and Liard rivers, and other neighbouring riverine and forest areas. Their name, Awokanak, or Slave, was given them by the Cree, who plundered and

Pierre Etchebaster was a French real tennis player who dominated the sport as world champion from 1928 to 1954. Etchebaster started as a player of pelota, the game of his native Basque region, before taking up real tennis, the ancestor of lawn tennis known in France as jeu de paume. By 1926 he was

etched glass, type of glassware whose decorative design has been cut into the surface by the corrosive action of an acid. An etched-glass surface may be either rough and frosted or satiny smooth and translucent, depending largely on the composition of the glass and the amount of time the glass is

French literature: Feminist writers: Josyane and the Welfare) and Claire Etcherelli’s Élise; ou, la vraie vie (1967; Elise; or, The Real Life). But an equally significant impact was made by writers looking for ways of transforming masculine language for women-generated versions of feminine subjectivity. The texts of James Joyce and Samuel Beckett lie behind…

etching, a method of making prints from a metal plate, usually copper, into which the design has been incised by acid. The copperplate is first coated with an acid-resistant substance, called the etching ground, through which the design is drawn with a sharp tool. The ground is usually a compound

integrated circuit: Etching: A layer can be removed, in entirety or in part, either by etching away the material with strong chemicals or by reactive ion etching (RIE). RIE is like sputtering in the argon chamber, but the polarity is reversed and different gas mixtures are used.…

printmaking: Printing by intaglio processes: …in intaglio printing is the etching press, a simple machine whose basic principle has not changed for centuries. Motorization and the use of pressure gauges are the only major improvements. The press consists of a solid steel plate, called the bed, that is driven between two rollers; a screw mechanism…

planation surface: Etchplain: Where deep weathering occurs on a landscape, a dichotomy is set up between the thick regolith of weak, weathered rock and the underlying zone of intact rock. If subsequent erosion removes the weathered regolith, then a new planation surface develops through exposure of the…

Mohammed Dib: Dib’s later novels, apart from Un Été africain (1959; “An African Summer”), which retains the realistic mode of expression in his description of a people in revolt, are marked by the use of symbol, myth, allegory, and fantasy to portray the French colonial repression of the Algerian people, the search…

Hungarian literature: The period of the Enlightenment: The novel Etelka (1788), by Dugonics, a sentimental love story in a historical setting, was the first Hungarian best seller. Both Gvadányi and Dugonics used the language of the common people, and this was perhaps their greatest merit. Ádám Pálóczi Horváth left a collection of 450 poems,…

Marduk: …were the Esagila and the Etemenanki, a ziggurat with a shrine of Marduk on the top. In the Esagila the poem Enuma elish was recited every year at the New Year festival. The goddess named most often as the consort of Marduk was Zarpanitu.

Mesopotamian religion: Human origin: …Atrahasis story relates that the eṭemmu (ghost) of the slain god was left in human flesh and thus became part of human beings. It is this originally divine part of humanity, the eṭemmu, that was believed to survive at his death and to give him a shadowy afterlife in the…

Japanese music: Tonal system: A few pieces, such as Etenraku, are found in more than one tonality. Although set in two ritsu tonalities (hyōjō and banshiki), it is obvious from that example that the piece, which is a “crossover” (watashimono), is more than merely transposed.

Antigone: …to reconcile their quarreling brothers—Eteocles, who was defending the city and his crown, and Polyneices, who was attacking Thebes. Both brothers, however, were killed, and their uncle Creon became king. After performing an elaborate funeral service for Eteocles, he forbade the removal of the corpse of Polyneices, condemning it…

1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing: …prosecutors showed that the diplomat, Musbah Eter, worked with Yasser Chraidi, a Palestinian employee of the Libyan embassy in East Berlin, to carry out the attack. The men recruited Ali Chanaa, a German man of Lebanese descent, and his German wife, Verena Chanaa, to carry out the bombing.

Sir Barton: 1919 Triple Crown: …Kelly could beat his archrival, Eternal, who had been the winner in an earlier match race between the two horses. When the time came to travel to Kentucky, it was decided at the last moment to send Sir Barton along as a training mate. Shortly thereafter Ross and Bedwell decided…

Genghis Khan: Legacy of Genghis Khan: …he would reverently worship the Eternal Blue Heaven, the supreme deity of the Mongols. So much is true of his early life. The picture becomes less harmonious as he moves out of his familiar sphere and comes into contact with the strange, settled world beyond the steppe. At first he…

Thomas Müntzer: The Peasants’ War of Thomas Müntzer: …organized a group called the Eternal Covenant of God. After another expulsion he went to Nürnberg, where further writings were published. He then went on to Hegau and Klettgau, the area where the Peasants’ War (an abortive revolt in 1524–25 against the nobles over rising taxes, deflation, and other grievances)…

Hungary: War and renewed defeat: …characterized as one of “Eternal Friendship.” On March 26, 1941, that Yugoslav government was overthrown by a pro-Western regime. Hitler prepared to invade Yugoslavia and called on Hungary to help. Caught in an unanticipated situation, Hungary refused to join in the attack but again allowed German troops to cross…

Christianity: Concepts of life after death: …Christian is characterized as “eternal life.” In the Gospels and in the apostolic letters, “eternal” is first of all a temporal designation: in contrast to life of this world, eternal life has a deathless duration. In its essence, however, it is life according to God’s kind of eternity—i.e., perfect,…

John III Sobieski: The siege of Vienna: …Sobieski concluded with them the “Eternal” Peace of 1686 (the Grzymułtowski Peace). In this treaty, Kiev, which had been under temporary Russian rule since 1667, was permanently ceded by Poland. But despite all the failures and disappointments he experienced after 1683, Sobieski was able to deliver southeastern Poland from the…

Justinian I: Foreign policy and wars: …came to terms, and the Treaty of Eternal Peace was ratified in 532. The treaty was on the whole favourable to the Byzantines, who lost no territory and whose suzerainty over the key district of Lazica (Colchis, in Asia Minor) was recognized by Persia. Justinian, however, had to pay the…

Friedrich Nietzsche: Nietzsche’s mature philosophy: The doctrine of eternal recurrence, the basic conception of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, asks the question “How well disposed would a person have to become to himself and to life to crave nothing more fervently than the infinite repetition, without alteration, of each and every moment?” Presumably most people…