renal system: Quantitative tests: …is not the same as excretion rate. The clearance of inulin and some other compounds is not altered by raising its plasma concentration, because the amount of urine completely cleared of the agent remains the same. But the excretion rate equals total quantity excreted per millilitre of filtrate per minute,…

tree: The anatomy and organization of wood: …with smaller lateral branches (excurrent branching). Many angiosperms show for some part of their development a well-defined central axis, which then divides continually to form a crown of branches of similar dimensions (deliquescent branching). This can be found in many oaks, the honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), the silver linden…

Hermann Sudermann: …girl, and Litauische Geschichten (1917; The Excursion to Tilsit), a collection of stories dealing with the simple villagers of his native region, are notable. Das Bilderbuch meiner Jugend (1922; The Book of My Youth) is a vivid account of his early years in East Prussia.

William Wordsworth: The Recluse and The Prelude: …was published in 1814 as The Excursion and consisted of nine long philosophical monologues spoken by pastoral characters. The first monologue (Book I) contained a version of one of Wordsworth’s greatest poems, “The Ruined Cottage,” composed in superb blank verse in 1797. This bleak narrative records the slow, pitiful decline…

Red Skelton: …Fuller Brush Man (1948), and Excuse My Dust (1951).

River Exe, river in southwest England, rising from its source on Exmoor in Somerset, only 5 mi (8 km) from the Bristol Channel, and flowing southward 60 mi across Devon to its estuary beginning at Exeter and into the English Channel at Exmouth. The Exe is an important river for angling (salmon and

Exekias was a Greek potter and painter who, with the Amasis Painter, is considered the finest and most original of black-figure masters of the mid-6th century bc and is one of the major figures in the history of the art. He signed 13 vases (2 as painter and potter and 11 as potter). The commonest

Palestine: Middle Bronze Age: …region, and the 20th–19th-century “Execration Texts,” inscriptions of Egypt’s enemies’ names on pottery, which was ceremonially broken to invoke a curse.) The culture introduced at this stage was essentially the same as the culture found by the Israelites who moved into Palestine in the 14th and 13th centuries bce.

license: …may be called an “executed parol license,” though it is more accurately called a servitude created by estoppel, a term that better describes both the process used to create the right and the resulting right itself. An executed parol license creates a right that runs with the land indefinitely,…

capital punishment, execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense. Capital punishment should be distinguished from extrajudicial executions carried out without due process of law. The term death penalty is sometimes used interchangeably with

Chinese literature: Literature in Taiwan after 1949: …of stories Yin hsien-chang (1976; The Execution of Mayor Yin) by Ch’en Jo-hsi, are given broad exposure.

American literature: New fictional modes: …Pulitzer Prize-winning “true life novel” The Executioner’s Song (1979). When he returned to fiction, his most effective work was Harlot’s Ghost (1991), about the Central Intelligence Agency. His final novels took Jesus Christ (The Gospel According to the Son [1997]) and Adolf Hitler (The Castle in the Forest [2007]) as…

Tommy Lee Jones: …of Norman Mailer’s biographical novel The Executioner’s Song. He was also acclaimed for his convincing depiction of a former Texas Ranger in the much-watched television miniseries Lonesome Dove (1989), adapted from Larry McMurtry’s western novel of the same name. Jones then played Clay Shaw, a Louisiana businessman suspected of conspiring…

Bernard Hopkins is an American boxer who dominated the middleweight division in the early 2000s with a combination of speed and precision that earned him the nickname “The Executioner.” (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Hopkins was involved in street crime as a teenager, and at

executive, In politics, a person or persons constituting the branch of government charged with executing or carrying out the laws and appointing officials, formulating and instituting foreign policy, and providing diplomatic representation. In the U.S., a system of checks and balances keeps the

business organization: Executive management: The markets that corporations serve reflect the great variety of humanity and human wants; accordingly, firms that serve different markets exhibit great differences in technology, structure, beliefs, and practice. Because the essence of competition and innovation lies in differentiation and change, corporations are…

executive order, principal mode of administrative action on the part of the president of the United States. The executive order came into use before 1850, but the current numbering system goes back only to the administration of Pres. Abraham Lincoln. One of the earliest executive orders still in

executive agreement, an agreement between the United States and a foreign government that is less formal than a treaty and is not subject to the constitutional requirement for ratification by two-thirds of the U.S. Senate. The Constitution of the United States does not specifically give a president

memory: Executive attention: In its role of managing information in short-term memory, executive attention is highly effective in blocking potentially distracting information from the focus of attention. This is one way in which the brain is able to keep information active and in focus. Yet there…

executive, In politics, a person or persons constituting the branch of government charged with executing or carrying out the laws and appointing officials, formulating and instituting foreign policy, and providing diplomatic representation. In the U.S., a system of checks and balances keeps the

Philippines: World War II: An Executive Commission made up of more than 30 members of the old Filipino political elite had been cooperating with Japanese military authorities in Manila since January.

Adolf Fischhof: …1848) elected president of the Executive Committee of Security, the ruling force in the Austrian capital through the summer of 1848. A leading member of the short-lived parliaments at Vienna and Kremsier (now Kroměříž, Czech Republic), he played a major role in the drafting of the ill-fated Kremsier constitution. With…

Victoria: Constitutional framework: …ministers become members of the Executive Council, which advises the governor, who is regarded as the trustee of the constitution and stands above party politics. The governor summons and prorogues Parliament, outlines the government’s legislative program at the beginning of each session, and gives assent to bills that do not…

William Barr: Attorney general for the Trump administration: …a “facially-lawful” exercise of “Executive discretion” and that obstruction would not apply unless Trump had already been found guilty of an underlying crime. Such arguments were advanced by many Trump supporters as well as by advocates of increased presidential authority.

construction: Use of reinforced concrete: …walls to build the 39-story Executive House in Chicago to a height of 111 metres (371 feet).

information system: Executive information systems: Executive information systems make a variety of critical information readily available in a highly summarized and convenient form, typically via a graphical digital dashboard. Senior managers characteristically employ many informal sources of information, however, so that formal, computerized information systems are only…

White House, the official office and residence of the president of the United States at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. in Washington, D.C. It is perhaps the most famous and easily recognizable house in the world, serving as both the home and workplace of the president and the headquarters of the

executive order, principal mode of administrative action on the part of the president of the United States. The executive order came into use before 1850, but the current numbering system goes back only to the administration of Pres. Abraham Lincoln. One of the earliest executive orders still in

executive order: Eisenhower’s Executive Order 10730, which dispatched federal troops to protect the civil rights of the Little Rock Nine during the integration of Little Rock’s Central High School.

Executive Order 11905, executive order issued February 19, 1976, by U.S. President Gerald Ford, which prohibited any member of the U.S. government from engaging or conspiring to engage in any political assassination anywhere in the world. Promulgated in the wake of revelations that the Central

Executive Order 11905: It was successively superseded by Executive Order 12036 (issued by President Jimmy Carter on January 26, 1978) and Executive Order 12333 (issued by President Ronald Reagan on December 4, 1981), both of which affirmed the ban in the same language, which differed only slightly from that of Ford’s order.

Executive Order 11905: …on January 26, 1978) and Executive Order 12333 (issued by President Ronald Reagan on December 4, 1981), both of which affirmed the ban in the same language, which differed only slightly from that of Ford’s order.

MS St. Louis: Donald Trump signed an executive order that suspended immigration from certain Muslim countries. The following year Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau formally apologized for his country’s failure to grant asylum to the Jews on board the St. Louis.

Executive Order 8802, executive order enacted on June 25, 1941, by U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt that helped to eliminate racial discrimination in the U.S. defense industry and was an important step toward ending it in federal government employment practices overall. Even before the Japanese

Executive Order 9066, (February 19, 1942), executive order issued by U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, which granted the secretary of war and his commanders the power “to prescribe military areas in such places and of such extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which

Executive Order 9066: Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9102 on March 18, 1942, creating the War Relocation Authority, a civilian agency tasked with speeding the process along. A few days later the first wave of “evacuees” arrived at Manzanar War Relocation Center, a collection of tar-paper barracks in the California desert,…

Executive Order 9981, executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by U.S. Pres. Harry S. Truman that abolished racial segregation in the U.S. armed forces. Beginning with the initial skirmishes of the American Revolution, African Americans had played an important role in the armed forces of the United

executive privilege, principle in the United States, derived from common law, that provides immunity from subpoena to executive branch officials in the conduct of their governmental duties. Although the term executive privilege was coined by the administration of Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower in the

Robert Wise: Films of the 1950s: …films of the decade was Executive Suite (1954), the chronicle of a cutthroat power struggle at a furniture company. It featured a large distinguished cast (including William Holden, Fredric March, Barbara Stanwyck, Walter Pidgeon, June Allyson, and Shelley Winters ) and several subplots, the various strands of which were shrewdly…

philosophy of mind: Executives, buffers, and HOTs: Executive theories, such as the theory proposed by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980), stress the role of conscious states in deliberation and planning. Many philosophers, however, doubt that all such executive activities are conscious; they suspect instead that conscious states play a more tangential…

executor, in law, person designated by a testator—i.e., a person making a will—to direct the distribution of his estate after his death. The system is found only in countries using Anglo-American law; in civil-law countries the estate goes directly to the heir or heirs. The executor is usually a

exedra, in architecture, semicircular or rectangular niche with a raised seat; more loosely applied, the term also refers to the apse (q.v.) of a church or to a niche therein. In ancient Greece exedrae were commonly found in the parts of major cities that had been reserved for worship, such as the

exegesis, the critical interpretation of the biblical text to discover its intended meaning. Both Jews and Christians have used various exegetical methods throughout their history, and doctrinal and polemical intentions have often influenced interpretive results; a given text may yield a number of

Exekias was a Greek potter and painter who, with the Amasis Painter, is considered the finest and most original of black-figure masters of the mid-6th century bc and is one of the major figures in the history of the art. He signed 13 vases (2 as painter and potter and 11 as potter). The commonest

Cornelius Nepos: …invention, the universal comparative chronology; Exempla (in at least 5 books), which consisted of anecdotes; possibly a universal geography to match the Chronica; and biographies of the elder Cato and Cicero. There survive only one complete and one partial book from the De viris illustribus; the biographies in these extant…

exemplum, short tale originally incorporated by a medieval preacher into his sermon to emphasize a moral or illustrate a point of doctrine. Fables, folktales, and legends were gathered into collections, such as Exempla (c. 1200) by Jacques de Vitry, for the use of preachers. Such exempla often

Uriel Acosta: …after writing a short autobiography, Exemplar Humanae Vitae (1687; “Example of a Human Life”), he shot himself. Acosta’s Exemplar depicted revealed religion as disruptive of natural law and a source of hatred and superstition. In contrast, he advocated a faith based on natural law and reason.

Western philosophy: Bonaventure: …result, Aristotle was ignorant of exemplarism (God’s creation of the world according to ideas in his mind) and also of divine providence and government of the world. This involved Aristotle in a threefold blindness: he taught that the world is eternal, that all men share one agent intellect (the active…

punitive damages, legal damages a judge or a jury may grant a plaintiff to punish and make an example of the defendant. Punitive damages are generally meted out in only the most extreme circumstances, usually in breaches of obligation with significant evidence of oppression, fraud, gross

Miguel de Cervantes: Publication of Don Quixote: The next year, the 12 Exemplary Stories were published. The prologue contains the only known verbal portrait of the author:

exemplum, short tale originally incorporated by a medieval preacher into his sermon to emphasize a moral or illustrate a point of doctrine. Fables, folktales, and legends were gathered into collections, such as Exempla (c. 1200) by Jacques de Vitry, for the use of preachers. Such exempla often

property tax: Theory of property taxation: …weakened by a variety of exemptions. In the United States, for example, exemptions apply to about one-third of the land area in the average locality. Most of the land exempted from a property tax comprises streets, schools, parks, and other property of local government, meaning that the application of the…

antidiabetic drug: Pramlintide, exenatide, and sitagliptin: Other antidiabetic drugs include pramlintide and exenatide. Pramlintide is an injectable synthetic hormone (based on the human hormone amylin) that regulates blood glucose levels by slowing the absorption of food in the stomach and by inhibiting glucagon, which normally stimulates liver glucose production.…

Spain: Castile: …Ferdinand claimed the right of exequatur, according to which all papal bulls and breves (authorizing letters) could be published only with his permission. A letter from Ferdinand to his viceroy in Naples, written in 1510, upbraids the viceroy for permitting the pope to publish a brief in Naples, threatens that…

Juan Pablo Forner: …two most important works are Exequias de la lengua castellana (1795; “Exequies of the Castilian Language”), a defense of Castilian literature; and Oración apologética por la España y su mérito literario (1786; “Arguments on Behalf of Spain and Her Literary Merits”), in which he refuted the idea that Spanish literature…

exercise, the training of the body to improve its function and enhance its fitness. The terms exercise and physical activity are often used interchangeably, but this article will distinguish between them. Physical activity is an inclusive term that refers to any expenditure of energy brought about

bicycle: Basic types: …front rider steering; and stationary exercise bicycles.

bicycle: Basic types: …front rider steering; and stationary exercise bicycles.

Edward L. Thorndike: The law of exercise stated that behaviour is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response. In 1932 Thorndike determined that the second of his laws was not entirely valid in all cases. He also modified the law of effect to state that rewards…

Edward L. Thorndike: The law of exercise stated that behaviour is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response. In 1932 Thorndike determined that the second of his laws was not entirely valid in all cases. He also modified the law of effect to state that rewards…

exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, disease condition in horses in which blood appears in the airways during and after strenuous exercise. More than 80 percent of racehorses, including Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, and American Quarter Horses, are affected to varying degrees. The condition can

Daniel Lieberman: His other books included Exercised: Why Something We Never Evolved to Do Is Healthy and Rewarding (2020). He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Anthropological Association.

Italy: Lombard Italy: …people in arms—the exercitales, or arimanni, who formed the basis of the Lombard army. This concept did not leave much room for Romans, who indeed largely disappear from the evidence, even when documents increase again in the 8th century; it is likely that any Romans who wished to remain politically…

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): …engraved metal plates was the Exercitatio alphabetica (1569; “Alphabet Practice”) by the 17-year-old Clément Perret. Perret’s book contains examples in many different hands chosen to match the language of the text. The beautifully ornate writing in Exercitatio is somewhat overshadowed by the finely drawn cartouches that surround the examples, and…

blood group: Historical background: …et Sanguinis in Animalibus (The Anatomical Exercises Concerning the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals) in 1628. His discovery, that blood circulates around the body in a closed system, was an essential prerequisite of the concept of transfusing blood from one animal to another of the same…

Lorenzo Bellini: In Exercitatio anatomica de structura et usu renum (1662; “Anatomical Exercise on the Structure and Function of the Kidney”), published when he was a 19-year-old student at the University of Pisa, Bellini showed for the first time that the kidney consists of an immense number of…

Johann Clauberg: In Exercitationes Centum de Cognitione Dei et Nostri (1656; “One Hundred Exercises on the Knowledge of God and Ourselves”), he proceeded from his proof for the existence of God based on a concept of the infinite to an account of knowledge and being in general. The…

William Harvey: Later life: …Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium (Exercises on the Generation of Animals), it is believed that Harvey attempted to take his own life with laudanum (an alcoholic tincture of opium). However, this attempt failed. On June 3, 1657, at the age of 79, he died of a stroke.

Bonaventura Cavalieri: …to this criticism, Cavalieri wrote Exercitationes Geometricae Sex (1647; “Six Geometrical Exercises”), stating the principle in the more satisfactory form that was widely employed by mathematicians during the 17th century.

Pierre Gassendi: Early life and career: Gassendi’s work Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (“Paradoxical Exercises Against the Aristotelians”), the first part of which was published in 1624, contains an attack on Aristotelianism and an early version of his mitigated skepticism. Gassendi thereafter engaged in many scientific studies with his patron, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc,…

Exeter, city (district), administrative and historic county of Devon, southwestern England. It is located on the River Exe, just above the head of the river’s estuary and about 10 miles (16 km) from the estuary’s entry into the English Channel. Exeter is the county town (seat) of Devon. The

Phillips Exeter Academy, private, coeducational, college-preparatory school (grades 9–12) in Exeter, N.H., U.S. It was founded as a boys’ school in 1781 by John Phillips, a local merchant and uncle of Samuel Phillips, the founder three years earlier of Phillips Academy in Andover, Mass. Exeter’s

Exeter, town (township), seat of Rockingham county, southeastern New Hampshire, U.S., on the Exeter River at the falls of the Squamscott River (tidal), southwest of Portsmouth. The town was founded in 1638 by John Wheelwright and a group of religious exiles from the Massachusetts Bay colony. During

Graf Spee: …group consisting of the cruisers Exeter, Ajax, and Achilles, commanded by Commodore H. Harwood. At 6:14 am Harwood’s three ships attacked, but in a little more than an hour the Graf Spee had damaged the Exeter and driven off the other two cruisers. The Graf Spee then made off in…

Exeter Book, the largest extant collection of Old English poetry. Copied c. 975, the manuscript was given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (died 1072). It begins with some long religious poems: the Christ, in three parts; two poems on St. Guthlac; the fragmentary “Azarius”; and the allegorical

exfoliation, separation of successive thin shells, or spalls, from massive rock such as granite or basalt; it is common in regions that have moderate rainfall. The thickness of individual sheet or plate may be from a few millimetres to a few metres. Some geologists believe that exfoliation results

biopsy: In exfoliative cytology, cells shed from body surfaces, such as the inside of the mouth, are collected and examined. This technique is useful only for the examination of surface cells and often requires additional cytological analysis to confirm the results.

exfoliative dermatitis, generalized redness and scaling of the skin that usually arises as a complication of a preexisting skin disease or of an allergy. More rarely, it may be indicative of a systemic disease, such as cancer of the lymphoid tissue. The onset of exfoliative dermatitis is gradual;

bivalve: Internal features: …pores also open into the exhalant chamber so that all waste products exit the animal in the exhalant stream. The paired labial palps in the mantle cavity are used in feeding. The outer palp on each side bears a long, extensible proboscis with a ciliated groove that collects organic material,…

speech: Respiratory mechanisms: …inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration). Inspiration and expiration are equally long, equally deep, and transport the same amount of air during the same period of time, approximately half a litre (one pint) of air per breath at rest in most adults. Recordings (made with a device called a pneumograph)…

muffler: exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine are passed to attenuate (reduce) the airborne noise of the engine. To be efficient as a sound reducer, a muffler must decrease the velocity of the exhaust gases and either absorb sound waves or cancel them by interference with…

emission control system: The exhaust pipe discharges burned and unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, and traces of various acids, alcohols, and phenols. The crankcase is a secondary source of unburned hydrocarbons and, to a lesser extent, carbon

avionics: …craft), torquemeter (in turboprops), and exhaust pressure ratio indicator (in turbojets). Performance instruments include the altimeter, Machmeter, turn and slip indicator, and varied devices that show airspeed, vertical velocity, and angle of attack. Communications instruments include two-way radios allowing direct voice communication between the aircraft and the ground as well…

diesel engine: Fuel-injection technology: …to be solved: the engine exhaust contained an excessive amount of smoke, even at outputs well within the horsepower rating of the engine and even though there was enough air in the cylinder to burn the fuel charge without leaving a discoloured exhaust that normally indicated overload. Engineers finally realized…

diesel engine: Two-stroke and four-stroke engines: …four-stroke-cycle engine, the intake and exhaust valves and the fuel-injection nozzle are located in the cylinder head (see figure). Often, dual valve arrangements—two intake and two exhaust valves—are employed.

automobile: Emission controls: Exhaust-gas recirculation is a technique to control oxides of nitrogen, which are formed by the chemical reaction of nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures during combustion. Either reducing the concentrations of these elements or lowering peak cycle temperatures will reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides…

food preservation: Presterilization procedures: …lids by a process called exhausting. Exhausting is accomplished using steam exhaust hoods or by creation of a vacuum.

fatigue, specific form of human inadequacy in which the individual experiences an aversion to exertion and feels unable to carry on. Such feelings may be generated by muscular effort; exhaustion of the energy supply to the muscles of the body, however, is not an invariable precursor. Feelings of

method of exhaustion, in mathematics, technique invented by the classical Greeks to prove propositions regarding the areas and volumes of geometric figures. Although it was a forerunner of the integral calculus, the method of exhaustion used neither limits nor arguments about infinitesimal

strategy: Medieval strategy: …both types of strategy—overthrow and exhaustion. The Crusader states of the Middle East were gradually exhausted and overwhelmed by constant raiding warfare and the weight of numbers. On the other hand, one or two decisive battles, most notably the ruinous disaster at the Battle of Ḥaṭṭīn (1187), doomed the Crusader…

exedra, in architecture, semicircular or rectangular niche with a raised seat; more loosely applied, the term also refers to the apse (q.v.) of a church or to a niche therein. In ancient Greece exedrae were commonly found in the parts of major cities that had been reserved for worship, such as the

museum: Exhibition: Many museums have abandoned the traditional view of exhibition, by which storage and display are ends in themselves, in favour of an approach that enhances the setting of the object or collection. To this end museums use the expertise of a number of specialists—designers,…

Pietro Longhi: , The Dancing Master and Exhibition of a Rhinoceros at Venice. Popular for their charm and seeming naivete, his paintings have a Rococo sense of the intimate and manifest the interest in social observation characteristic of the Enlightenment. His works, like those of Antoine Watteau, were based on carefully observed…

world’s fair: The Great Exhibition and its legacy: the golden age of fairs: The Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, more commonly known as the New York Crystal Palace Exhibition, was held in 1853–54 in an iron-and-glass structure in Bryant Park. It showcased the same types of displays as its London counterpart but also included an especially impressive…

Canadian National Exhibition: The fair is staged at Exhibition Place, a venue that covers about 200 acres (80 hectares) west of downtown Toronto, on the shore of Lake Ontario. One of the largest fairs in North America, it features concerts, ice and stunt shows, parades, shopping, carnival attractions, agricultural displays, talent competitions, a…

exhibitionism, derivation of sexual gratification through compulsive display of one’s genitals. Like voyeurism (q.v.), sexual display is almost universal as a prelude to sexual activity in animals, including humans; it is regarded as deviant behaviour when it takes place outside the context of

Christianity: Characteristics of Christian myth and legend: , in his Protreptikos [“Exhortation”]) and other Church Fathers roundly condemned the belief that Greek myths might be autonomous sources of truth. In spite of its ambiguous use of mythic symbols and themes, the history of Christian doctrine, from its origins to the present day, testifies to the…

Origen: Life: …he addressed to Ambrose his Exhortation to Martyrdom. During this period falls the “Discussion with Heracleides,” a papyrus partially transcribing a debate at a church council (probably in Arabia) where a local bishop was suspected of denying the preexistence of the divine Word and where obscure controversies raged over Christological…

Sophist: Writings: …discussion of law in the Protrepticus, or “Exhortation to Philosophy,” by the 3rd-century-ce Syrian Neoplatonist Iamblichus, and the so-called Dissoi logoi found in the manuscripts of Sextus Empiricus (3rd century ce). This evidence suggests that while most later writers took their

Qu Qiubai: …Soviet life were published as Exiang jicheng (1921;“Journey to the Land of Hunger”). That book made a considerable impression on Chinese intellectuals, as did his second book, Chidu xinshi (1924; “Impressions of the Red Capital”).