Justinian I was a Byzantine emperor (527–565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Code of Justinian (Codex Justinianus; 534). Justinian was a Latin-speaking Illyrian and was born of peasant stock.

Anazarbus, former city of the ancient province of Cilicia in Anatolia that was important in the Roman and Byzantine periods. It was located in what is now south-central Turkey. The original native settlement was refounded by the Romans in 19 bc, following a visit by Augustus. It rivaled Tarsus, the

Justin was a Roman historian who was the author of Epitome, an abridgment of the Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situs (Philippic Histories) by Pompeius Trogus, whose work is lost. Most of the abridgement is not so much a summary as passages quoted from Trogus, connected by

Sweden: Justice: The chancellor of justice (justitiekansler) is a government appointee who supervises courts and administrative organs with particular concern for safeguarding the state’s interests.

Erik Robert Lindahl: …Die Gerechtigkeit der Besteuerung (1919; “The Justness of Taxation”). That principle holds that each person’s share of taxes paid for government-provided goods and services should equal the share of benefits each person receives. Lindahl argued that not only would such a payment scale be just and fair, but it would…

Agustín Pedro Justo was an army officer and president (1932–38) of Argentina. After studying at military academies, he spent the years from 1903 until 1930 teaching military science, mathematics, and civil engineering at civilian and military colleges in or near Buenos Aires. He rose to the rank of

printing: Cold type: In the Justowriter, the keyboard on which the uncoded, unjustified proofing copy is typed simultaneously perforates a paper tape with the code for the letters, as well as, for each line, the code for the amount of space between the words as indicated by a calculator. The…

the Monkees: …sporadic TV ventures, and a 1996 reunion album, with predictably negligible if also irrelevant artistic results. A series of tour dates in 2011 commemorated the 45th anniversary of the group’s inception. Following Jones’s death in 2012, the surviving Monkees (including Nesmith) went on tour, and they celebrated their 50th anniversary…

Justus of Ghent was a Netherlandish painter who has been identified with Joos van Wassenhove, a master of the painters’ guild at Antwerp in 1460 and at Ghent in 1464. In Justus’s earliest known painting, the Crucifixion triptych (c. 1465), the attenuated, angular figures and the barren landscape

Gotha: …institute and publishing house of Justus Perthes in 1785, and the Almanach is still published in Gotha by a successor firm. One of the first German life insurance offices was founded in Gotha in 1827, and the city was the headquarters of many insurance companies until after World War II,…

Pescennius Niger was a rival Roman emperor from 193 to 194. An equestrian army officer from Italy, Niger was promoted to senatorial rank about 180. Most of his earlier service had been in the eastern provinces, but in 185–186 he commanded an expeditionary force against deserters who had seized

Saint Justus ; feast day November 10) was the first bishop of Rochester and fourth archbishop of Canterbury, under whose archiepiscopacy Northumbria was converted to Christianity. In 601 he was sent by Pope St. Gregory I the Great to assist Archbishop St. Augustine of Canterbury in the conversion

Jute, member of a Germanic people who, with the Angles and Saxons, invaded Britain in the 5th century ad. The Jutes have no recorded history on the European continent, but there is considerable evidence that their home was in the Scandinavian area (probably Jutland) and that those who did not

jute, either of two species of Corchorus plants—C. capsularis, or white jute, and C. olitorius, including both tossa and daisee varieties—belonging to the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae), and their fibre. The latter is a bast fibre; i.e., it is obtained from the inner bast tissue of the

tossa jute, (Corchorus olitorius), annual herbaceous plant in the mallow family (Malvaceae), cultivated as a source of jute fibre and for its edible leaves. Tossa jute is grown throughout tropical Asia and Africa, and its mucilaginous leaves and young stems are commonly eaten as a vegetable similar

Jute, member of a Germanic people who, with the Angles and Saxons, invaded Britain in the 5th century ad. The Jutes have no recorded history on the European continent, but there is considerable evidence that their home was in the Scandinavian area (probably Jutland) and that those who did not

dietary law: Hinduism: …is defined as garbage (jutha) because it has been polluted by the eater’s saliva. It may be handled in the family by a person whose status is lower than the eater’s or fed to members of the lowest castes, domestic animals, or livestock. The highest Brahmans accept neither cooked…

Jutiapa, city, north-central El Salvador, at the foot of Mt. Platinar (1,200 ft [370 m]). The original name, Tepeahua, was derived from a Nahuatl expression meaning “mountain of the oak trees.” A short distance away is a 130-ft (40-m) waterfall on the Río Cristóbal, and there are traces of an

Jutiapa, city, southeastern Guatemala. It lies on the southern flanks of the central highlands at an elevation of 2,926 feet (892 metres) above sea level. Jutiapa is a commercial and manufacturing centre for the agricultural and pastoral hinterland. Its principal agricultural products are corn

Juticalpa, city, eastern Honduras. It lies at 2,700 feet (823 metres) above sea level along the Juticalpa River, which is a tributary of the Guayape. Founded about 1620 and given city status in 1835, it was a prosperous commercial centre during the colonial era, trading with Caribbean ports and

Jutland, projection of northern Europe forming the continental portion of Denmark. The peninsula is bounded to the west and north by the North Sea and the Skagerrak and to the east by the Kattegat and the Little Belt. The Chersonesus Cimbrica, or Cimbric Chersonese, of ancient geography, it was

Battle of Jutland, (May 31–June 1, 1916), the only major encounter between the main British and German battle fleets in World War I, fought near the Skagerrak, an arm of the North Sea, about 60 miles (97 km) off the west coast of Jutland (Denmark). In late spring 1916, after months of calm in the

Scandinavian law: Historical development of Scandinavian law: …the 11th century, Norwegian); the law of Jutland (1241, Danish); and the laws of Uppland (1296) and Götaland (early 13th century), both Swedish. Other Scandinavian communities and states followed suit.

Claude Jutra was a Canadian film director. He worked as a television writer before joining the National Film Board in 1954. After making a feature-length documentary, he directed the acclaimed Take It All (1964, Canadian Film Award). His next film, Mon oncle Antoine (1971, Canadian Film Award), was

Rome: The fountains of Rome: …really a spring, the ancient Lacus Juturnae (“Pool of Juturna”) in the Forum, restored in 1952 to the appearance it had in the time of the emperor Augustus. A much newer fountain in the old city is one of the most admired. Inaugurated as simple jets of water in the…

Dzungar, people of Central Asia, so called because they formed the left wing (dson, “left”; gar, “hand”) of the Mongol army. A western Mongol people whose home was the Ili River valley and Chinese Turkistan, they adopted Buddhism in the 17th century. They are for all practical purposes identical

Filippo Juvarra was an architect and stage designer who attained fame throughout Europe during the early part of the 18th century. Juvarra studied in Rome (1703–14) under the architect Carlo Fontana and was commissioned to design scenes for Cardinal Ottoboni’s theatre in the Cancelleria Palace. He

Filippo Juvarra was an architect and stage designer who attained fame throughout Europe during the early part of the 18th century. Juvarra studied in Rome (1703–14) under the architect Carlo Fontana and was commissioned to design scenes for Cardinal Ottoboni’s theatre in the Cancelleria Palace. He

Juventus, Italian professional football (soccer) team based in Turin. Juventus is one of Italy’s oldest and most successful clubs, with more Italian league championships than any other team. Juventus was founded in 1897 by a group of grammar school students. The team, which did not play an official

Juvenal was the most powerful of all Roman satiric poets. Many of his phrases and epigrams have entered common parlance—for example, “bread and circuses” and “Who will guard the guards themselves?” The one contemporary who ever mentions Juvenal is Martial, who claims to be his friend, calls him

mammal: Skin and hair: …is referred to as the juvenal pelage, which typically is of fine texture like the underfur of adults and is replaced by a postjuvenile molt. Juvenal pelage is succeeded either directly by adult pelage or by the subadult pelage, which in some species is not markedly distinct from that of…

anseriform: Life history: In most large species the juvenal plumage is retained through much of the first year of life. Ducks, however, begin to lose the juvenal body feathers almost at once. Some replace the juvenal plumage with an immature nonbreeding (or “basic”) plumage, acquiring the first nuptial (or “alternate”) plumage in the…

Saint Juvenal ; feast day July 2) was the bishop of Jerusalem from 422 to 458 who elevated the see of Jerusalem—previously under the rule of Caesarea—to a patriarchate. At the Council of Ephesus (431) he attempted to sever Palestine and Arabia from the patriarchate of Caesarea but failed. The

Juvenalian satire, in literature, any bitter and ironic criticism of contemporary persons and institutions that is filled with personal invective, angry moral indignation, and pessimism. The name alludes to the Latin satirist Juvenal, who, in the 1st century ad, brilliantly denounced Roman society,

Juvenal was the most powerful of all Roman satiric poets. Many of his phrases and epigrams have entered common parlance—for example, “bread and circuses” and “Who will guard the guards themselves?” The one contemporary who ever mentions Juvenal is Martial, who claims to be his friend, calls him

Batten disease, rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease that begins in childhood. The disease is named for British physician Frederick Batten, who in 1903 described the cerebral degeneration and macular changes characteristic of the condition. Batten disease is among the most commonly occurring of

juvenile court, special court handling problems of delinquent, neglected, or abused children. The juvenile court fulfills the government’s role as substitute parent, and, where no juvenile court exists, other courts must assume the function. Two types of cases are processed by a juvenile court:

Frederick Wiseman: … [1971]), a juvenile court (Juvenile Court [1973]), animal experimentation (Primate [1974]), a city welfare office (Welfare [1975]), an exclusive department store (The Store [1983]), an intensive-care hospital ward (Near Death [1989]), and a public park (Central Park

delinquency, criminal behaviour, especially that carried out by a juvenile. Depending on the nation of origin, a juvenile becomes an adult anywhere between the ages of 15 to 18, although the age is sometimes lowered for murder and other serious crimes. Delinquency implies conduct that does not

Gresham M. Sykes: The authors’ second article, “Juvenile Delinquency and Subterranean Values” (1961), argued that the values behind deviant behaviour, such as excitement and thrill seeking, are actually “subterranean values” that exist within the dominant culture but are suppressed except in certain appropriate, legal settings. Thus, delinquent behaviour is viewed as an…

juvenile delinquent, any young person whose conduct is characterized by antisocial behaviour that is beyond parental control and subject to legal action. See

toy theatre, popular 19th-century English children’s toy that provides modern theatre historians with a valuable record of the plays and playhouses of its day. Most scholars believe the juvenile drama to have originated with the engraved sheets that began to be printed in London around 1810 as

hemochromatosis: Type 2, also called juvenile hemochromatosis, is divided into types 2A and 2B based on different genetic mutations and is characterized by the onset of symptoms in childhood that often lead to delayed puberty or sex hormone deficiencies. Type 3 is characterized by the onset…

juvenile hormone, a hormone in insects, secreted by glands near the brain, that controls the retention of juvenile characters in larval stages. The hormone affects the process of molting, the periodic shedding of the outer skeleton during development, and in adults it is necessary for normal egg

juvenile justice, system of laws, policies, and procedures intended to regulate the processing and treatment of nonadult offenders for violations of law and to provide legal remedies that protect their interests in situations of conflict or neglect. Punishable offenses that are classified as

children’s literature, the body of written works and accompanying illustrations produced in order to entertain or instruct young people. The genre encompasses a wide range of works, including acknowledged classics of world literature, picture books and easy-to-read stories written exclusively for

mammal: Skin and hair: …is referred to as the juvenal pelage, which typically is of fine texture like the underfur of adults and is replaced by a postjuvenile molt. Juvenal pelage is succeeded either directly by adult pelage or by the subadult pelage, which in some species is not markedly distinct from that of…

immune system disorder: Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: Type I diabetes mellitus is the autoimmune form of diabetes and often arises in childhood. It is caused by the destruction of cells of the pancreatic tissue called the islets of Langerhans. Those cells normally produce insulin, the hormone that…

Theodore Beza: …in Paris, where he published Juvenilia (1548), a volume of amorous verse that earned him a reputation as a leading Latin poet. On recovering from a serious illness, he underwent a conversion experience and in 1548 traveled to Geneva to join Calvin, then deeply involved with his reforms of Swiss…

Sylvanus Olympio: …the more radical members of Juvento (once the party’s youth wing) wanted Olympio to be less dependent on French aid. By early 1963 some Juvento leaders were in detention and other opposition figures had left the country. In January 1963 Olympio was assassinated in the first successful army coup in…

Isla de la Juventud, island and municipio especial (special municipality) of Cuba, in the Caribbean Sea. It is bounded to the northwest by the Canal de los Indios and on the north and northeast by the Gulf of Batabanó, which separate it from the mainland of western Cuba. A 1904 treaty recognizing

Isla de la Juventud, island and municipio especial (special municipality) of Cuba, in the Caribbean Sea. It is bounded to the northwest by the Canal de los Indios and on the north and northeast by the Gulf of Batabanó, which separate it from the mainland of western Cuba. A 1904 treaty recognizing

Juventus, Italian professional football (soccer) team based in Turin. Juventus is one of Italy’s oldest and most successful clubs, with more Italian league championships than any other team. Juventus was founded in 1897 by a group of grammar school students. The team, which did not play an official

Juventus, Italian professional football (soccer) team based in Turin. Juventus is one of Italy’s oldest and most successful clubs, with more Italian league championships than any other team. Juventus was founded in 1897 by a group of grammar school students. The team, which did not play an official

Olav Duun: …novels, collectively entitled Juvikfolke (1918–23; The People of Juvik), describing the development of a peasant family through several generations (from 1814 to 1920) and symbolically tracing the development of the Norwegian people from a state of unself-conscious primitivism to one of civilized humanism complicated by throwbacks to their earlier violent…

ʿAṭā Malek Joveynī was a Persian historian. Joveynī was the first of several brilliant representatives of Persian historiography who flourished during the period of Mongol domination in Iran (1220–1336). Born into a well-known and highly respected family of governors and civil servants, Joveynī

William Juxon was the archbishop of Canterbury and minister to King Charles I on the scaffold. As lord high treasurer, Juxon was the last English clergyman to hold both secular and clerical offices in the medieval tradition of clerical state service. A student of law at St. John’s College, Oxford,

Sierra Leone: Independence: Andrew Juxon-Smith. After a year the privates and noncommissioned officers mutinied, imprisoned their officers, and restored parliamentary rule under Stevens and the APC.

renal system disease: Vascular disease: …in healthy individuals involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the secretion of renin. Occasionally, following trauma or arising spontaneously as a result of vascular disease, one or the other of the main renal arteries becomes constricted (renal artery stenosis). The fall in blood pressure beyond the constriction leads to increased…

renal system disease: Vascular disease: …in healthy individuals involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the secretion of renin. Occasionally, following trauma or arising spontaneously as a result of vascular disease, one or the other of the main renal arteries becomes constricted (renal artery stenosis). The fall in blood pressure beyond the constriction leads to increased…

Beijing: City site: …the ranges—the most important being Juyong (northwest of Beijing), Gubei (northeast), and Shanhai (east in Hebei, on the Bo Hai)—and are so situated that all roads leading from Mongolia and the Northeast to the North China Plain are bound to converge on Beijing. For centuries, therefore, Beijing was an important…

Islamic arts: Architecture: …these commemorative buildings is the Juyūshī Mosque (1085) overlooking the city of Cairo. Properly speaking, it is not a mausoleum but a monument celebrating the reestablishment of Fatimid order after a series of popular revolts.

Morava River: The South Morava is 198 miles (319 km) long from its source at the union of the Binačka Morava and Moravica rivers. Lake Vlasina on the Vlasina, a tributary, provides water for four hydroelectric stations. The Nišava, another tributary, rises in western Bulgaria; its valley provides…

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, city and administrative centre of Sakhalin oblast (region), far eastern Russia. It lies in the south of Sakhalin Island on the Susuya River, 26 miles (42 km) north of the port of Korsakov. Originally the Japanese settlement of Toyohara, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk passed to the Soviet

surah: …30 equal sections known as ajzāʾ (singular juzʾ; Persian and Urdu sipāra, or pāra). These break up the surahs arbitrarily, without regard to content, into 30 parts in order to facilitate the systematic reading of the entire Qurʾān in 30 days, or one lunar month.

television: Magnetic tape: …Sony and then by the Victor Company of Japan (JVC), both using 12-mm (one-half-inch) tape packaged in a cassette. Two incompatible standards could not coexist for home use, and today the Sony Betamax system is obsolete and only the JVC Video Home System (VHS) has survived. Narrower 8-mm tape is…

Java: …interpreted by software called the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), or the Java virtual machine. The JRE acts as a virtual computer that interprets Bytecode and translates it for the host computer. Because of this, Java code can be written the same way for many platforms (“write once, run anywhere”), which…

Sri Lanka: Independent Ceylon (1948–71): …discontent was mobilized by the People’s Liberation Front (Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna; JVP), a group of revolutionary youth who launched an unsuccessful armed rebellion in 1971.

Juan-juan, Central Asian people of historical importance. Because of the titles of their rulers, khan and khagan, scholars believe that the Juan-juan were Mongols or Mongol-speaking peoples. The empire of the Juan-juan lasted from the beginning of the 5th century ad to the middle of the 6th

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), U.S.–European Space Agency–Canadian satellite observatory designed as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and launched by an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana, on December 25, 2021. The JWST has a mirror 6.5 metres (21.3 feet) in diameter,

query string: …all the data in a JSON Web token (JWT), which is a base-64 representation of the data protected by a signature. When thus encoded, tampering with the query string’s data is impossible; the parameters are tied together and cannot be altered without being detected. The drawback is that this technique…

Jutland, projection of northern Europe forming the continental portion of Denmark. The peninsula is bounded to the west and north by the North Sea and the Skagerrak and to the east by the Kattegat and the Little Belt. The Chersonesus Cimbrica, or Cimbric Chersonese, of ancient geography, it was

wryneck, either of two species of birds that constitute the subfamily Jynginae of the woodpecker family (Picidae) but may be separated as the family Jyngidae. Wrynecks are gray-brown birds of open woods and brushlands, named for their habit of twisting their necks snakily when alarmed. They flick

monkeypox: …be prevented by vaccination with Jynneos (Imvanex, or Imvamune), an attenuated live virus vaccine. The smallpox vaccine also provides some protection against the monkeypox virus; inoculation with smallpox vaccine may help protect individuals likely to be exposed to the monkeypox virus, including veterinarians and other animal handlers.

wryneck: The red-breasted wryneck (J. ruficollis) is African.

wryneck: The Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla), 16 cm (6.25 inches) long, breeds from England to Japan and winters in the tropics. The red-breasted wryneck (J. ruficollis) is African.

Jōetsu, city, southwestern Niigata ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the lower reaches and mouth of the Ara River on the Sea of Japan (East Sea). The city was formed for reasons of industrial planning by the amalgamation of Naoetsu and Takada. Takada was a castle town that prospered as a

Indian mathematics: The role of astronomy and astrology: …astronomy and astrology, known as jyotisa. The intellectual place of ganita, according to the canons of Sanskrit literature, was located within jyotisa, which in turn was identified as one of the six Vedangas (“limbs of the Veda”), whose purpose was to support the proper performance of Vedic rituals. As a…

Jyväskylä, city, south-central Finland. It lies at the north end of Lake Päijänne, southwest of Kuopio. The city, chartered in 1837, has three historic educational institutions: the first Finnish teachers’ training college (founded 1863; replaced in 1934 by a pedagogical institute that in 1966