kava, nonalcoholic euphoria-producing beverage made from the root of the pepper plant, principally Piper methysticum, in most of the South Pacific islands. It is yellow-green in colour and somewhat bitter. The primary active ingredients of kava are known as kavalactones; other substances, including

Wa, peoples of the upland areas of eastern Myanmar (Burma) and southwestern Yunnan province of China. They speak a variety of Austroasiatic languages related to those spoken by upland-dwelling groups in northern Thailand and Laos. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Wa numbered approximately

Kawabata Yasunari was a Japanese novelist who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968. His melancholic lyricism echoes an ancient Japanese literary tradition in the modern idiom. The sense of loneliness and preoccupation with death that permeates much of Kawabata’s mature writing possibly

World War II: The Burmese frontier and China, November 1943–summer 1944: …the Japanese side, Lieutenant General Kawabe Masakazu planned a major Japanese advance across the Chindwin River, on the central front, in order to occupy the plain of Imphāl and to establish a firm defensive line in eastern Assam. The Allies, for their part, planned a number of thrusts into Burma:…

Kawabuchi Saburō is a Japanese businessman who played a significant role in the launch of Japan’s first professional football (soccer) league. Kawabuchi began playing football in high school because he wanted the chance to visit the city of Takamatsu on the island of Shikoku, where his team was

Kawagoe, city, south-central Saitama ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. It is situated on the northern Musashino plateau, on the Shingashi River. The Ara River borders the city to the northeast and east. Kawagoe developed around a castle built by the Ōta family in the 15th century and

Kawaguchi, city, southwestern Saitama ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. It lies on the alluvial plain of the Ara River, just north of Tokyo, and is a major component of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867) it was a post town and marketplace,

Mount Fuji: Tourism and religious significance: …east to west, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Sai, Lake Shōji, and Lake Motosu, all formed by the damming effects of lava flows. The lowest, Lake Kawaguchi, at 2,726 feet (831 metres), is noted for the inverted reflection of Mount Fuji on its still waters. Tourism in the area is…

Kawahigashi Hekigotō was a Japanese poet who was a pioneer of modern haiku. Kawahigashi and his friend Takahama Kyoshi were the leading disciples of Masaoka Shiki, a leader of the modern haiku movement. Kawahigashi became haiku editor of the magazines Hototogisu (“Cuckoo”; in 1897) and Nippon

Kawahigashi Hekigotō was a Japanese poet who was a pioneer of modern haiku. Kawahigashi and his friend Takahama Kyoshi were the leading disciples of Masaoka Shiki, a leader of the modern haiku movement. Kawahigashi became haiku editor of the magazines Hototogisu (“Cuckoo”; in 1897) and Nippon

Kawai Gyokudō was an artist who contributed to the rejuvenation of traditional Japanese painting. He went to Kyōto in 1887 to study painting under Kōno Bairyū (1844–95), a master of the Shijō school of painting (known for its realism based on sketching). On his teacher’s death he proceeded to Tokyo

Kawai Kanjirō was a potter who sought to combine modern methods of manufacture with traditional Japanese and English designs. Kanjirō graduated from the Tokyo Higher Polytechnical School in 1914 and worked briefly at the Kyōto Research Institute for Ceramics. In 1920 he built his own kiln in Kyōto

Kawai Gyokudō was an artist who contributed to the rejuvenation of traditional Japanese painting. He went to Kyōto in 1887 to study painting under Kōno Bairyū (1844–95), a master of the Shijō school of painting (known for its realism based on sketching). On his teacher’s death he proceeded to Tokyo

Kawaíb, South American Indian peoples of the Brazilian Mato Grosso. In the 18th and early 19th centuries they were driven out of their original home along the upper Tapajós River by the warlike Mundurukú and split into six isolated groups between the Teles Pires and the Madeira rivers. The

Kawaihae, deepwater port lying along Kawaihae Bay, on the northwestern coast of Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S. It marks the northernmost point of a 40-mile (65-km) stretch known as the “Gold Coast,” a resort-beach development area that follows the Queen Kaahumanu Highway around Anaehoomalu and Kiholo

Kawakami Hajime was a journalist, poet, and university professor who was one of Japan’s first Marxist theoreticians. While working as a journalist after his graduation from Tokyo University in 1902, Kawakami translated from the English E.R.A. Seligman’s Economic Interpretation of History, the first

Japanese performing arts: Meiji period: …arranged and acted in by Kawakami Otojirō. Kawakami’s first plays were political and nationalistic in intent. After he and his wife Sada Yakko had performed in Europe and America (1899 and 1902), they introduced to Japan adaptations of Shakespeare, Maurice Maeterlinck, and Victorien Sardou. These shimpa, or “new school,” plays,…

kava, nonalcoholic euphoria-producing beverage made from the root of the pepper plant, principally Piper methysticum, in most of the South Pacific islands. It is yellow-green in colour and somewhat bitter. The primary active ingredients of kava are known as kavalactones; other substances, including

Rei Kawakubo is a self-taught Japanese fashion designer known for her avant-garde clothing designs and her high-fashion label, Comme des Garçons (CDG), founded in 1969. Kawakubo’s iconoclastic vision made her one of the most influential designers of the late 20th century. Kawakubo studied fine arts

Kawamoto Nobuhiko is a Japanese business executive who, as president of Honda Motor Company, Ltd. (1990–98), oversaw that company’s spectacular growth during the 1990s. Kawamoto developed a passion for cars early in life, and as an engineering student at Tōhoku University in Sendai he organized a

Kawanabe Kyōsai was a Japanese painter and caricaturist. After working briefly with Utagawa Kuniyoshi, the last great master of the Japanese colour print, Kyōsai received most of his artistic training in the studio of Kanō Tōhaku. He soon abandoned the formal traditions of this master for the

Kawanabe Kyōsai was a Japanese painter and caricaturist. After working briefly with Utagawa Kuniyoshi, the last great master of the Japanese colour print, Kyōsai received most of his artistic training in the studio of Kanō Tōhaku. He soon abandoned the formal traditions of this master for the

Kawanishi, city, southeastern Hyōgo ken (prefecture), west-central Honshu, Japan. It lies on the west bank of the Ina River and is bordered by Ikeda (southeast), Itami (south), and Takarazuka (west). Factories in the city use the river water to produce dyed cloth and bleached and tanned leather.

On Kawara was a Japanese conceptual artist noted for several series of works that test concepts of time and diaristic revelation. After graduating from high school in 1951, Kawara moved to Tokyo. In 1953 his dispassionate paintings of dismembered bodies were exhibited at the Tokyo Metropolitan

On Kawara was a Japanese conceptual artist noted for several series of works that test concepts of time and diaristic revelation. After graduating from high school in 1951, Kawara moved to Tokyo. In 1953 his dispassionate paintings of dismembered bodies were exhibited at the Tokyo Metropolitan

history of publishing: Early newspapers in Japan: …by reading them aloud) or kawara-ban (“tile-block printing,” the method of production). The kawara-ban broadsheets appeared continuously throughout the Tokugawa period (1603–1867), reporting popular festivals, natural disasters, important events such as the siege of Osaka Castle in 1615, and personal scandals—notably the double suicides fashionable during the Genroku period (1688–1704).…

Kawartha Lakes, city, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It was formed in 2001 by the merger of the former town of Lindsay and the other communities constituting what until the amalgamation had been Victoria county. It was named for the Kawartha Lakes, a chain of lakes in the region. It lies along the

Kawartha Lakes, chain of 14 lakes in southeastern Ontario, Canada. They stretch across Peterborough and Victoria counties, just north and west of Peterborough and 30–70 miles (50–115 km) northeast of Toronto. Ranging in size from 2 to 18 square miles (5 to 47 square km), the lakes form a major link

Kawasaki, city and port, northwestern Kanagawa ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. It lies on the western shore of Tokyo Bay, between Tokyo (north) and Yokohama (south). Its population is the third largest in the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area. During the Edo (Tokugawa) period

Kawasaki syndrome, rare, acute inflammatory disease of unknown origin that is one of the leading causes of acquired heart disease in children. Kawasaki syndrome, which usually occurs in children of less than 5 years of age, was first described in Japan in 1967. It is characterized by prolonged

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., major Japanese manufacturer of transportation equipment and machinery and an important member of the Kawasaki group of industries. The company maintains head offices in both Kōbe and Tokyo. The original enterprise was a shipyard established by Kawasaki Shōzō in

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., major Japanese manufacturer of transportation equipment and machinery and an important member of the Kawasaki group of industries. The company maintains head offices in both Kōbe and Tokyo. The original enterprise was a shipyard established by Kawasaki Shōzō in

Kawasaki Steel Corporation, major Japanese steel manufacturer and leading member of the Kawasaki group of industries. Headquarters are in Kōbe. The company, originally a subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., was incorporated in 1950 as a separate company. Its new post-World War II plant

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., major Japanese manufacturer of transportation equipment and machinery and an important member of the Kawasaki group of industries. The company maintains head offices in both Kōbe and Tokyo. The original enterprise was a shipyard established by Kawasaki Shōzō in

Kawasaki Steel Corporation, major Japanese steel manufacturer and leading member of the Kawasaki group of industries. Headquarters are in Kōbe. The company, originally a subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., was incorporated in 1950 as a separate company. Its new post-World War II plant

Kawasaki syndrome, rare, acute inflammatory disease of unknown origin that is one of the leading causes of acquired heart disease in children. Kawasaki syndrome, which usually occurs in children of less than 5 years of age, was first described in Japan in 1967. It is characterized by prolonged

Naomi Kawase is a Japanese film director who was the youngest person to win the Caméra d’Or (for best debut feature film) at the Cannes film festival, for Moe no suzaku (1997). After Kawase graduated (1989) from the Osaka School of Photography, she lectured there for four years. She began her

Kawatake Mokuami was a versatile and prolific Japanese dramatist, the last great Kabuki playwright of the Tokugawa period (1603–1867). Growing up in Edo, Kawatake became a pupil of the Kabuki playwright Tsuruya Namboku V and wrote many kinds of plays during a long apprenticeship. He became the

Kawatake Mokuami was a versatile and prolific Japanese dramatist, the last great Kabuki playwright of the Tokugawa period (1603–1867). Growing up in Edo, Kawatake became a pupil of the Kabuki playwright Tsuruya Namboku V and wrote many kinds of plays during a long apprenticeship. He became the

Shintō: Formation of Sect Shintō: …means, literally, “golden light”) by Kawate Bunjirō (1814–83); and Tenri-kyō (tenri means “divine reason or wisdom”) by Nakayama Miki (1798–1887)—were based mostly on individual religious experiences and aimed at healing diseases or spiritual salvation. These sectarian Shintō groups, numbering 13 during the Meiji period (1868–1912), were stimulated and influenced by…

Hare, group of Athabaskan-speaking North American Indians originally living northwest of what is now Great Bear Lake in far northwestern Canada. Their name for themselves, Kawchottine, means “People of Great Hares”; it was used because Arctic hares were an important source of food in traditional

Umm Kulthūm was an Egyptian singer who mesmerized Arab audiences from the Persian Gulf to Morocco for half a century. She was one of the most famous Arab singers and public personalities of the 20th century. Umm Kulthūm’s father was a village imam who sang traditional religious songs at weddings

Gao, town, eastern Mali, western Africa. It is situated on the Niger River at the southern edge of the Sahara, about 200 miles (320 km) east-southeast of Timbuktu. The population consists chiefly of Songhai people. Gao, founded by fishermen in the 7th century, is one of the oldest trading centres

Hierakonpolis, prehistoric royal residence of the kings of Upper Egypt and the most important site of the beginning of Egypt’s historical period. Evidence indicates a royal presence at Hierakonpolis, then called Nekhen, which enjoyed its period of greatest importance from about 3400 bce to the

Kawm Umbū, town and valley of Upper Egypt, situated about 30 miles (48 km) north of the Aswan High Dam in Aswān muḥāfaẓah (governorate). The town, an agricultural marketplace and a sugarcane-processing and cotton-ginning centre, lies on the east bank of the Nile River between the main valley

Egyptian art and architecture: Greco-Roman Egypt: At Dandarah, Esna, Idfū, Kawm Umbū (Kôm Ombo), and Philae the Egyptian cult temple can be studied better than at almost any earlier temple. Though erected by the Macedonian rulers of Egypt, these late temples employ purely Egyptian architectural conventions but include flourishes that appear only in the Ptolemaic…

ancient Middle East: Evolution of Middle Eastern civilizations: , at Al-Kawm on the upper Euphrates). Small-scale irrigation was practiced in Palestine (e.g., at Jericho) in the 7th millennium bce.

Lomblen Island, largest of the Solor Islands, in the Lesser Sundas, Nusa Tenggara Timur provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. Lomblen lies between the Flores Sea (north) and the Savu Sea (south), about 25 miles (40 km) east of Flores and just east of Adonara Island. The island is irregular in shape,

Lomblen Island, largest of the Solor Islands, in the Lesser Sundas, Nusa Tenggara Timur provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. Lomblen lies between the Flores Sea (north) and the Savu Sea (south), about 25 miles (40 km) east of Flores and just east of Adonara Island. The island is irregular in shape,

kavvanah, in Judaism, the attitude or frame of mind that is appropriate when one performs religious duties, especially prayer. The 12th-century philosopher Moses Maimonides recommended that to attain kavvanah when praying, a person should mentally place himself in the presence of God and totally

kavvanah, in Judaism, the attitude or frame of mind that is appropriate when one performs religious duties, especially prayer. The 12th-century philosopher Moses Maimonides recommended that to attain kavvanah when praying, a person should mentally place himself in the presence of God and totally

kavvanah, in Judaism, the attitude or frame of mind that is appropriate when one performs religious duties, especially prayer. The 12th-century philosopher Moses Maimonides recommended that to attain kavvanah when praying, a person should mentally place himself in the presence of God and totally

Kashgar, oasis city, western Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, far western China. Kashgar lies at the western end of the Tarim Basin, in a fertile oasis of loess (silt deposited by the wind) and alluvial soils watered by the Kaxgar (Kashgar) River and by a series of wells. The climate of the

Tarim River: …by the confluence of the Kaxgar (Kashgar) and Yarkand (Yarkant) rivers in the far west; flowing northeastward from this confluence, the river is then joined some 230 miles (370 km) downstream by the Aksu and the Hotan (Khotan) rivers. Only the Aksu River flows for the entire year. It is…

Patricia Cornwell: …develop the fictional character of Kay Scarpetta, who had appeared in minor roles in the early attempts. Scarpetta—much like Cornwell in appearance and ideology and seemingly a self-portrait—was featured as a medical examiner in Postmortem (1990), and with this book Cornwell’s writing career was launched. The series continued with such…

primate: Diet: …point of 500 grams (Kay’s threshold, after the primatologist Richard Kay, who first drew attention to it) has been proposed as an upper limit for species subsisting mainly on insects and a lower limit for those relying on leaves. The reason is that insects are small and hard to…

Alan Kay is an American computer scientist and winner of the 2003 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for his contributions to object-oriented programming languages, including Smalltalk, and to personal computing. Kay received a bachelor’s degree in mathematics and molecular

Alan Kay is an American computer scientist and winner of the 2003 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for his contributions to object-oriented programming languages, including Smalltalk, and to personal computing. Kay received a bachelor’s degree in mathematics and molecular

Modern Jazz Quartet: …Southampton, New York), bass; and Connie Kay (original name Conrad Henry Kirnon; April 27, 1927, Tuckahoe, New York, U.S.—d. November 30, 1994, New York), drums.

Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baronet was a physician, public-health reformer, and chief founder of the English system of publicly financed elementary education. Kay studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and obtained his medical degree there in 1827. His subsequent work as a physician

John Caius was a prominent humanist and physician whose classic account of the English sweating sickness is considered one of the earliest histories of an epidemic. Caius attended Gonville Hall (now Gonville and Caius College) in Cambridge, Eng., where he is believed to have studied the humanities

John Kay was an English machinist and engineer, inventor of the flying shuttle, which was an important step toward automatic weaving. The son of a woolen manufacturer, Kay was placed in charge of his father’s mill while still a youth. He made many improvements in dressing, batting, and carding

language: General and specific designations: …research by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay in the 1960s sought to show that “there exist universally for humans eleven basic perceptual color categories” that serve as reference points for the colour words of a language, whatever number may be regularly employed at any time. The claim remains controversial.

Ulysses Kay was an American composer, a prominent representative of the neoclassical school. A nephew of the New Orleans jazz trumpeter King Oliver, Kay played jazz saxophone as a boy and later turned to piano, violin, and composition. After receiving his B.A. at the University of Arizona (1938),

Ulysses Kay was an American composer, a prominent representative of the neoclassical school. A nephew of the New Orleans jazz trumpeter King Oliver, Kay played jazz saxophone as a boy and later turned to piano, violin, and composition. After receiving his B.A. at the University of Arizona (1938),

Anatolia: Division and decline: The eldest, ʿIzz al-Dīn Kay-Kāʾūs II (ruled 1246–60), assumed the rule in the area west of the Kızıl River with the support of local Byzantine lords and the Turkmen borderland chieftains. Backed by Mongol generals and Iranian bureaucrats, his younger brothers Rukn al-Dīn Qïlïch Arslān IV (1248–65) and ʿAlāʾ…

Theodore I Lascaris: …the Seljuq sultan of Rūm, Kay-Khusraw, who had given asylum to the emperor Alexius, failed to persuade Theodore to abdicate, he invaded Theodore’s territory in the spring of 1211. Theodore, however, defeated and killed Kay-Khusraw in battle and also captured and imprisoned Alexius.

Anatolia: Seljuq expansion: …his eldest son Ghiyās̄ al-Dīn Kay-Khusraw II (1237–46), who reached the throne by killing his two half brothers and their Ayyūbid mother along with many military commanders and dignitaries. Although he initially obtained some successes in the southeastern part of his realm by annexing Amida (Diyarbakır), thus pushing the boundaries…

Anatolia: Division and decline: …enthroned the child Ghiyās̄ al-Dīn Kay-Khusraw III (1265–84) in his father’s place.

Anatolia: Seljuq expansion: …I (1211–20) and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kay-Qubādh I (1220–37), the Anatolian Seljuqs achieved the zenith of their power. Ghiyās̄ al-Dīn Kay-Khusraw I reunified the Seljuq state and began to expand at the expense of what was left of the Byzantine Empire in the west and north. His most important achievements included…

Anatolia: Division and decline: …IV (1248–65) and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kay-Qubādh II (1249–57) were installed east of the Kızıl. From this point onward the Seljuq sultans were essentially figureheads, while real power remained in the hands of administrators such as Shams al-Dīn Iṣfahānī (1246–49), Jalāl al-Dīn Qaraṭāy (1249–54), and especially Muʿīn al-Dīn Sulaymān Parvāna (1261–77).

Anatolia: Division and decline: …is recorded that ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kay-Qubādh III (1298–1303) was put to death by order of Ghazan, the Mongol khan, the fate of his son Ghiyās̄ al-Dīn Masʿūd III, who assumed the rule in 1307, is obscure. Though some sources mention the existence of Seljuq scions in later years in various…

Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baronet was a physician, public-health reformer, and chief founder of the English system of publicly financed elementary education. Kay studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and obtained his medical degree there in 1827. His subsequent work as a physician

Japanese torreya, (Torreya nucifera), an ornamental evergreen timber tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), native to the southern islands of Japan. Although it is the hardiest species of its genus and may be 10 to 25 metres (about 35 to 80 feet) tall, it assumes a shrubby form in less temperate areas.

Bob Marley: Formation of the Wailers, role of Rastafari, and international fame: (1976), Exodus (1977), Kaya (1978), Uprising (1980), and the posthumous Confrontation (1983). Exploding in Marley’s reedy tenor, his songs were public expressions of personal truths—eloquent in their uncommon mesh of rhythm and blues, rock, and venturesome reggae forms and electrifying in their narrative might. Making music that transcended…

Kaya, tribal league that was formed sometime before the 3rd century ad in the area west of the Naktong River in southern Korea. The traditional date for the founding of the confederation is given as ad 42, but this is considered to be highly unreliable. The confederation was sometimes known as

kayagŭm, Korean board zither with 12 silk strings, 12 movable bridges, and a convex upper surface. Fashioned from paulownia wood, it forms a rectangle about 160 cm (62 inches) long and 30 cm (12 inches) wide. The player, who is seated on the floor, places one end of the instrument on the right knee

Karen: …the White Karen and the Red Karen. The White Karen consist of the Sgaw and Pwo peoples, who typically live in lowland areas along river valleys, where they practice a mix of Christianity and traditional animism. The Red Karen, consisting of groups such as the Bre, Padaung, Yinbaw, and Zayein,…

kayak, one of the two common types of canoe used for recreation and sport. It originated with the Eskimos of Greenland and was later also used by Alaskan Eskimos. It has a pointed bow and stern and no keel and is covered except for a cockpit in which the paddler or paddlers sit, facing forward and

kayagŭm, Korean board zither with 12 silk strings, 12 movable bridges, and a convex upper surface. Fashioned from paulownia wood, it forms a rectangle about 160 cm (62 inches) long and 30 cm (12 inches) wide. The player, who is seated on the floor, places one end of the instrument on the right knee

Gert Fredriksson: …winning seven world championships in kayaking events and eight Olympic medals, including six gold.

kayagŭm, Korean board zither with 12 silk strings, 12 movable bridges, and a convex upper surface. Fashioned from paulownia wood, it forms a rectangle about 160 cm (62 inches) long and 30 cm (12 inches) wide. The player, who is seated on the floor, places one end of the instrument on the right knee

khayal, in Hindustani music, a musical form based on a Hindi song in two parts that recur between expanding cycles of melodic and rhythmic improvisation. In a standard performance a slow (vilambit) khayal is followed by a shorter, fast (drut) khayal in the same raga (melodic framework). The khayal

Kayan, indigenous people of central Borneo. They numbered about 27,000 in the late 20th century. The Kayan are settled mainly along the middle reaches of the Baram, Bintulu, and Rajang rivers in Sarawak, Malaysia. In Indonesian Borneo they live mainly near the headwaters of the Kayan River, in the

India: Social mobility: …new castes, such as the Kayasthas (scribes) and Khatris (traders), are mentioned in the sources of this period. According to the Brahmanic sources, they originated from intercaste marriages, but this is clearly an attempt at rationalizing their rank in the hierarchy. Many of these new castes played a major role…

Danny Kaye was an energetic, multitalented American actor and comedian who later became known for his involvement with humanitarian causes. The son of Ukrainian immigrants, Kaye began his performing career in the 1930s as a comic entertainer in hotels in the Catskill Mountains and in nightclubs

John Caius was a prominent humanist and physician whose classic account of the English sweating sickness is considered one of the earliest histories of an epidemic. Caius attended Gonville Hall (now Gonville and Caius College) in Cambridge, Eng., where he is believed to have studied the humanities

Patti Smith: …with the guitarist and critic Lenny Kaye. By 1973 they had formed a band and began performing widely in the downtown club scene. Smith’s mesmeric charisma, chantlike but hoarsely compelling musical declamation, visionary texts, and simple but ingenious rock music won her an intense cult following.

Nora Kaye was an American dramatic ballerina, often referred to as the “Duse of the Dance.” Nora Koreff began taking dance lessons at the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School at the age of eight. At age 15 she joined the Met’s corps de ballet, and, after further training under Michel Fokine and George

Sheila Kaye-Smith was a British novelist, best known for her many novels depicting life in her native rural Sussex. The daughter of a country doctor, Kaye-Smith began writing as a youth, publishing her first novel, The Tramping Methodist (1908), at age 21. Other novels and a book of verse were

Sheila Kaye-Smith was a British novelist, best known for her many novels depicting life in her native rural Sussex. The daughter of a country doctor, Kaye-Smith began writing as a youth, publishing her first novel, The Tramping Methodist (1908), at age 21. Other novels and a book of verse were

turtle: Origin and evolution: …the other turtle suborder, Cryptodira, Kayentachelys aprix of the Late Jurassic (some 150 million years ago) is almost assuredly a cryptodire; it is also the oldest known North American turtle. Other cryptodires are known from the Late Jurassic, although they are not representative of existing families. The largest known turtles…

Kayes, town, western Mali, western Africa. It lies along the Sénégal River. Kayes is both the terminus of Sénégal River traffic and an important stop on the Mali Railway (Regie des Chemins de Fer du Mali; in Senegal, Regie des Chemins de Fer du Senegal). Southeast of Kayes is the French fort of

Islamic arts: Influence of Yunus Emre: …the Bektashis may be mentioned Kaygusuz Abdal (15th century), who probably came from the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire. His verses are full of burlesque and even coarse images; in their odd mixture of worldliness and religious expression, they are often as amusing as they are puzzling. In the…

Juvénal Habyarimana: Education, military career, and 1973 coup: Grégoire Kayibanda. A civilian-military government was established, of which Habyarimana became president.

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani was an Iraqi lawyer and politician who was prime minister of Iraq (1933, 1940–41, 1941) and one of the most celebrated political leaders of the Arab world during his time. The scion of an aristocratic Sunni family, Gaylani studied law at Baghdad Law School. After several years

Tirthankara: …in the pose known as kayotsarga (“dismissing the body”) or seated cross-legged on a lion throne in the posture of meditation, dhyanamudra. The images are often carved out of marble or other highly polished stone or are cast in metal, the cold surfaces serving to emphasize the frozen detachment from…

Kekri, in ancient Finnish religion, a feast day marking the end of the agricultural season that also coincided with the time when the cattle were taken in from pasture and settled for a winter’s stay in the barn. Kekri originally fell on Michaelmas, September 29, but was later shifted to November

metalwork: 16th century to modern: The firm of Kayser in Oppum near Krefeld played a leading part in this revival. But the outbreak of World War I spelled the end of Art Nouveau—whose heady run of success had anyway been short-lived—and with it the end of old pewter.

Heinrich Kayser was a German physicist who discovered the presence of helium in the Earth’s atmosphere. Kayser’s early research work was on the properties of sound. In collaboration with the physicist and mathematician Carl D.T. Runge, Kayser carefully mapped the spectra of a large number of