Congregationalism: England: …was the founding of the Missionary Society (1795), later named the London Missionary Society (1818). Its purpose was not necessarily to spread Congregationalism but to proclaim “the glorious gospel of the blessed God,” leaving the new churches to determine their own form. Although it has always received support from Congregational…

Umberto Bossi: …the leader (1991–2012) of the Northern League (Lega Nord) party.

natural logarithm (ln), logarithm with base e = 2.718281828…. That is, ln (ex) = x, where ex is the exponential function. The natural logarithm function is defined by ln x = 1 x dt t for x > 0; therefore the derivative of the natural logarithm is d dx ln x = 1 x . The natural logarithm is one of

Poland: Accommodation with the ruling governments: …Democratic movement originated with a Polish League organized in Switzerland; by 1893 the organization had transformed into the clandestine National League, based in Warsaw. It stressed its all-Polish character, rejected loyalism, and promoted national resistance, even uprisings, when opportune. Its nationalist ideology tinged with populism gradually evolved into “integral” nationalism,…

Libya: Competing governments in Tripoli and Tobruk: …the leader of the self-styled Libyan National Army (LNA), led his forces against Islamists and their allies in eastern Libya in an offensive dubbed Operation Dignity. He condemned the GNC as dominated by Islamists, and fighters loyal to him made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the parliament building in Tripoli…

liquefied natural gas (LNG), natural gas (primarily methane) that has been liquefied for ease of storing and transporting. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is 600 times smaller than natural gas when the latter is in its gaseous form, and it can be easily shipped overseas. LNG is produced by cooling

Tibet: Festivals: This festival is known as Lnga-mchod. The Dgu-gtor festival, or festival of the banishment of evil spirits, takes place on the 29th day of the last month of the Tibetan year. At night a bowl of flour soup and a bunch of burning straws are taken into every room of…

limited nuclear options (LNO), military strategy of the Cold War era that envisioned a direct confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers (i.e., the Soviet Union and the United States) that did not necessarily end in either surrender or massive destruction and the loss of millions of lives on

African art: Senufo: …adult Senufo men belong to Poro, and the society maintains the continuity of religious and historical traditions. During initiation, young men are instructed through the use of sculptural figures. Some with massive bases are carried in procession by initiates, who swing them from side to side and strike the earth…

Norway: Labour and taxation: …influential labour union is the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge; LO), which was established in 1899 and has more than 800,000 members. Other important labour unions are the Confederation of Vocational Unions (Yrkesorganisasjonenes Sentralforbund; YS) and the Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations (Akademikerne).

luo, any of several sizes and styles of Chinese gong. The most common luo are characteristically round and convex in shape, with edges that are turned toward the back. They come in many sizes and may be played singly or in groups; small luo of different sizes (and therefore pitches) may be hung

Werner Herzog: …a Texas murder case; and Lo and Behold: Reveries of the Connected World (2016), about the Internet. In Meeting Gorbachev (2018; codirected with Andre Singer), he chronicled the life of the former president of the Soviet Union. Nomad: In the Footsteps of Bruce Chatwin (2019) centres on the British author…

Luo Guanzhong was a Chinese writer who traditionally has been credited as the author of the novels Sanguozhi yanyi (Romance of the Three Kingdoms) and Shuihuzhuan (Water Margin, or All Men Are Brothers), which are classics of Chinese literature. Little is known with confidence about Luo’s life. His

biblical literature: Hosea: …second, a daughter, is named Lo Ruḥama (Not pitied), to indicate that Yahweh was no longer to be patient with Israel, the northern kingdom. The third child, a son, is named Lo ʿAmmi (Not my people), signifying that Yahweh was no longer to be the God of a people who…

laque burgauté, in the decorative arts, East Asian technique of decorating lacquer ware with inlaid designs employing shaped pieces of the iridescent blue-green shell of the sea-ear (Haliotis). This shell inlay is sometimes engraved and occasionally combined with gold and silver. Workmanship is

Aḥad Haʿam: …he published his first essay, “Lo ze ha-derekh” (1889; “This Is Not the Way”), which emphasized the spiritual basis of Zionism.

Kiriath-sepher, ancient town of Palestine, located near Hebron in the West Bank. According to the Bible, the town was taken from the Canaanites either by Caleb’s son-in-law Othniel or by Joshua himself. Tall Bayt Mirsham (Tell Beit Mirsim) was excavated (1926–32) by W.F. Albright, who uncovered

lo-fi music, genre of music production in which a recording is intentionally rendered to include imperfections, such as harmonic distortion, background noise, or other anomalous sounds. Such irregularities are normally filtered out of professional recordings, since they generally are undesirable.

Luohe, city, central Henan sheng (province), east-central China. It is situated on the Sha River, which flows southeastward to the Huai River, at the point where it is crossed by the main Beijing-Guangzhou (Canton) railway. It is a focus not only for rail and river transport but also for the local

Ivar Lo-Johansson was a Swedish writer and social critic who in more than 50 “proletarian” novels and short-story collections depicted the lives of working-class people with great compassion. Lo-Johansson was first recognized in the mid-1930s for his detailed and realistic depiction of the plight

Ivar Lo-Johansson was a Swedish writer and social critic who in more than 50 “proletarian” novels and short-story collections depicted the lives of working-class people with great compassion. Lo-Johansson was first recognized in the mid-1930s for his detailed and realistic depiction of the plight

luogu, Chinese percussion ensemble composed of a variety of instruments, including—in addition to an assortment of gongs and drums—cymbals, bells, and woodblocks. The luogu accompanies parades, folk dances, and theatre. Luogu also are present to accompany the popular lion dance held during the

Nangnang, one of four colonies (Nangnang, Chinbŏn, Imdun, and Hyŏnto) established in 108 bce by the emperor Wudi of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) of China when he conquered the ancient Korean state of Wiman (later named Chosŏn). Nangnang, which occupied the northwestern portion of the Korean

Parnashavari, in Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism, a goddess distinguished by the girdle of leaves she wears. She is known as Lo-ma-gyon-ma in Tibet and as Hiyōi in Japan. Parnashavari is apparently derived from an aboriginal deity, and one of her titles is Sarvashavaranam Bhagavati, or “goddess of

Lop Nur, former saline lake in northwestern China that is now a salt-encrusted lake bed. It lies within the Tarim Basin of the eastern Takla Makan Desert, in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, and is one of the most barren areas of China. The former lake, occupying roughly 770 square miles

Luoyang, city, northwestern Henan sheng (province), east-central China. It was important in history as the capital of nine ruling dynasties and as a Buddhist centre. The contemporary city is divided into an east town and a west town. Luoyi (present-day Luoyang) was founded in the mid-11th century

lwa, the primary spirits of Vodou. They are akin to the orishas of Yoruba religion and of similar Afro-Caribbean new religious movements, but, unlike the orishas, the lwa are not deities but are spirits, whether of human or divine origin, that were created by Bondye (God) to assist the living in

eye worm, (species Loa loa), common parasite of humans and other primates in central and western Africa, a member of the phylum Nematoda. It is transmitted to humans by the deerfly, Chrysops (the intermediate host), which feeds on primate blood. When the fly alights on a human victim, the worm

Loa River, river, northern Chile. The longest river in Chile, it rises in the Andes at the base of Miño Volcano, near the Bolivian border, and flows southwest through the mountains, emerging at the oasis of Calama; it then veers westward and northward across the Atacama Desert. About 45 miles (70

loach, any of the small, generally elongated freshwater fishes of the family Cobitidae. More than 200 species are known; most are native to central and southern Asia, but three are found in Europe and one in northern Africa. A typical loach has very small scales and three to six pairs of

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Amphiliidae (loach catfishes) Similar to Bagridae, but paired fins expanding horizontally for adhesion in fast currents. Size to 21 cm (about 8 inches). Africa. 12 genera, 66 species. Family Sisoridae (mountain-stream catfishes) Ventral surface flat; thorax with longitudinal plates or adhesive organ. Size to 30 cm…

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Rhyacichthyidae (loach gobies) Pelvic fins widely separated; head flattish, pointed; mouth ventral; lateral line present. 2 genera with about 3 species living in torrential mountain streams of Indonesian Archipelago and throughout western Pacific; size up to 33 cm (13 inches). Family Odontobutidae Freshwater, Eurasia. Scapula large;…

Ken Loach is a British director whose works are considered landmarks of social realism. Loach studied law at St. Peter’s College, Oxford, but while there he became interested in acting. After graduating in 1957, he spent two years in the Royal Air Force and then began a career in the dramatic arts.

Ken Loach is a British director whose works are considered landmarks of social realism. Loach studied law at St. Peter’s College, Oxford, but while there he became interested in acting. After graduating in 1957, he spent two years in the Royal Air Force and then began a career in the dramatic arts.

Metallica: …a Southern rock sound on Load (1996) and its follow-up Reload (1997). The two albums were seen as more commercially accessible than previous releases, and “The Memory Remains,” a song featuring haunting backing vocals by Marianne Faithfull, demonstrated that Hetfield retained his knack for aggressive and intelligent lyrics. However, the…

sedimentary rock: Deformation structures: …as follows: (1) founder and load structures, (2) convoluted structures, (3) slump structures, (4) injection structures, such as sandstone dikes or sills, and (5) organic structures.

Plimsoll line, internationally agreed-upon reference line marking the loading limit for cargo ships. At the instigation of one of its members, Samuel Plimsoll, a merchant and shipping reformer, the British Parliament, in the Merchant Shipping Act of 1875, provided for the marking of a load line on

Fernando Ortiz: His Un catauro de cubanismos (1923; “A Load of Cubanisms”) identifies the African origins of many words used in Cuba, as well as the different origins of other words. Ortiz followed this with the Glosario de Afronegrismos, estudio de lingüística, lexicología, etimología y semántica (1924; “A…

radiation measurement: Pulse mode: …the circuit consisting of a load resistance (R) and capacitance (C). This type of configuration has an associated time constant given by the product of the resistance and capacitance values (RC). For simplicity, it will be assumed that this time constant is long compared with the charge collection time in…

bearing wall, Wall that carries the load of floors and roof above in addition to its own weight. The traditional masonry bearing wall is thickened in proportion to the forces it has to resist: its own weight, the dead load of floors and roof, the live load of people, as well as the lateral forces

the Velvet Underground: …The Velvet Underground (1969) and Loaded (1970). But the strain of commercial failure led Reed to quit in August 1970. A version of the band led by Yule limped into the early 1970s.

dice: Cheating with dice: Loaded dice (called tappers, missouts, passers, floppers, cappers, or spot loaders, depending on how and where extra weight has been applied) may prove to be perfect cubes when measured with calipers, but extra weight just below the surface on some sides will make the opposite…

Olympic Games: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S., 1996: gold medals: Aleksandr Popov (Russia), Danyon Loader (New Zealand), and Denis Pankratov (Russia). In women’s gymnastics the team event was won by the surprising U.S. squad, while the individual contests were dominated by Lilia Podkopayeva (Ukraine), who won two gold medals and one silver, including the title in the all-around.…

rock: Effect of environmental conditions: (6) The rate of loading (i.e., the rate at which stress is applied) influences mechanical properties. (7) Compaction, as would occur with burial to depth, reduces the volume of pore space for sedimentary rocks and the crack porosity for crystalline rocks.

loading, in communications technology, addition of inductance to an antenna or at periodic intervals to a transmission line to improve operating characteristics. Loading coils in telephone lines may be spaced as close as one mile. Counteracting the effects of capacitance, they make line impedance

telephone: Problems of interference and attenuation: …that introducing inductive coils (loading coils) at regular intervals along the length of the telephone line could significantly reduce the attenuation of signals within the voice band (i.e., at frequencies less than 3.5 kilohertz). Both Campbell and Pupin applied for a patent on the concept of loading coils; after…

coal mining: Shovels and trucks: …mines: the stripping shovel, the loading (or quarry-mine) shovel, and the hydraulic shovel. The hydraulic mining shovel has been widely used for coal and rock loading since the 1970s. The hydraulic system of power transmission greatly simplifies the power train, eliminates a number of mechanical components that are present in…

mining: Horizontal openings: drifts: Known as LHD units, these come in various sizes denoted by the volume or weight of the load that they can carry. The smallest ones have a capacity of less than 1 cubic metre (1 ton), whereas the largest have a 25-ton capacity. In small, narrow vein…

mining: Pit geometry: …separating large blocks, sometimes called loafs, from the surrounding rock. These blocks may be 6 metres high by 6 metres deep and 12 to 18 metres (about 40 to 60 feet) long, and they may weigh in the range of 1,200 to 2,000 tons. (Such large blocks are subsequently divided…

loam, Rich, friable (crumbly) soil with nearly equal parts of sand and silt, and somewhat less clay. The term is sometimes used imprecisely to mean earth or soil in general. Loam in subsoil receives varied minerals and amounts of clay by leaching (percolation) from the topsoil

credit, transaction between two parties in which one (the creditor or lender) supplies money, goods, services, or securities in return for a promised future payment by the other (the debtor or borrower). Such transactions normally include the payment of interest to the lender. Credit may be

savings and loan association, a savings and home-financing institution that makes loans for the purchase of private housing, home improvements, and new construction. Formerly cooperative institutions in which savers were shareholders in the association and received dividends in proportion to the

Luanda, city, capital of Angola. Located on the Atlantic coast of northern Angola, it is the country’s largest city and one of its busiest seaports. Founded in 1576 by Paulo Dias de Novais and initially settled by the Portuguese, Luanda became the administrative centre of the Portuguese colony of

Kingdom of Loango, former African state in the basin of the Kouilou and Niari rivers (now largely in southwestern Congo [Brazzaville]). Founded by the Vili people, (Bavili), probably before 1485, it was one of the oldest and largest kingdoms of the region. By 1600 it was importing ivory and slaves

linguistics: Borrowing: Languages borrow words freely from one another. Usually this happens when some new object or institution is developed for which the borrowing language has no word of its own. For example, the large number of words denoting financial institutions and operations borrowed from Italian…

Loasaceae: The genus Loasa, with about 100 species from Mexico to the Andes, has nettle-like stinging hairs that can result in discomfort for days; its oddly formed flowers have five pouchlike yellow petals covering united stamens and distinctive large coloured nectaries. The closely related Caiophora (or Cajophora), with…

Loasaceae, mostly tropical American plant family of 14 genera and 265 species of the dogwood order (Cornales), many with painfully stinging hairs but beautiful and often bizarre flowers in red, orange, yellow, or white. The plants are frequently twining and mostly herbaceous. The genus Loasa, with

tennis: Strategy and technique: …volley, and drive, include the lob, overhead smash, half volley, and drop shot. The lob, a soft high-arched loop, can be played either defensively, to try to recover from an awkward, vulnerable position where an attacking stroke is impossible, or offensively, to get the ball over the reach of an…

hyperbolic geometry, a non-Euclidean geometry that rejects the validity of Euclid’s fifth, the “parallel,” postulate. Simply stated, this Euclidean postulate is: through a point not on a given line there is exactly one line parallel to the given line. In hyperbolic geometry, through a point not on

Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky was a Russian mathematician and founder of non-Euclidean geometry, which he developed independently of János Bolyai and Carl Gauss. (Lobachevsky’s first publication on this subject was in 1829, Bolyai’s in 1832; Gauss never published his ideas on non-Euclidean

Lobamba, densely populated rural area, central Swaziland, southern Africa. According to traditional Swazi customs, Lobamba is the residence of the Ndlovukazi (“She Elephant”; i.e., the Queen Mother) and is thereby the spiritual home of the Swazi nation; in addition, it is the legislative capital of

Aleksey Borisovich, Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky was a diplomat and statesman who, while serving as Russia’s foreign minister (1895–96), brought northern Manchuria into Russia’s sphere of influence. Having begun his diplomatic career in 1844, Lobanov held posts in Berlin and Paris before becoming

renal system: Arteries and arterioles: …artery, mentioned earlier, divide into lobar arteries, each of which enters the kidney substance through or near a renal papilla. Each lobar artery gives off two or three branches, called interlobar arteries, which run outward between adjacent renal pyramids. When these reach the boundary between the cortex and the medulla…

Oswald Avery: …studying the bacterium responsible for lobar pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, called the pneumococcus. Avery and colleagues isolated a substance in the blood and urine of infected persons that was produced by this bacterium. They identified the substance as a complex carbohydrate called a polysaccharide, which makes up the capsular envelope of…

tree lungwort, (Lobaria pulmonaria), a lichen that, because of its physical resemblance to the lungs, was once used to treat tuberculosis, pneumonia, and other lung diseases. Its elongated, forked thallus (12 to 18 centimetres), loosely attached at one end, is dark green when wet and greenish brown

lobed comb jelly, any of several gelatinous, transparent marine invertebrates of the order Lobata (phylum Ctenophora). The animals are found in most oceans, especially in surface waters near the shore. Through the coordination of beating many rows of fused cilia, they are able to weakly propel

river: Classification of deltas: The other, called lobate, is exemplified by the older Holocene deltas of the Mississippi River system. Both of these high-constructive types have a large sediment supply relative to the marine processes that tend to disperse sediment along the shoreline. Normally, elongate deltas have a higher mud content than…

Mercury: Scarps: …have been its hundreds of lobate scarps. These cliffs vary from tens to over a thousand kilometres in length and from about 100 metres (330 feet) to 3 km (2 miles) in altitude. Viewed from above, they have curved or scalloped edges, hence the term lobate. It is clear that…

Native American music: Participation in art music: …was the late 16th-century composer Diego Lobato, an Inca who in 1574 became chapelmaster at the Quito Cathedral (now in Ecuador); he wrote motets (i.e., choral settings of sacred texts) and other works, but his scores have not survived. Two hymns with Nahuatl texts written in Mexico during the 1500s…

José Bento Monteiro Lobato was a writer and publisher, forerunner of the Modernist movement in Brazilian literature. Originally a lawyer and coffee planter in the interior of São Paulo state, Monteiro Lobato wrote an unpretentious letter to a São Paulo newspaper, describing the droughts and

Lobatse, town, southeastern Botswana. It lies on a main road and a rail line about 45 miles (72 km) southwest of Gaborone, the national capital. Lobatse is the site of the Botswana Meat Commission, which operates one of the largest meat processing plants in Africa. In addition, the town has a

Lobatse, town, southeastern Botswana. It lies on a main road and a rail line about 45 miles (72 km) southwest of Gaborone, the national capital. Lobatse is the site of the Botswana Meat Commission, which operates one of the largest meat processing plants in Africa. In addition, the town has a

Vienna: Layout and architecture: The Lobau, a wooded section along the river, has, like the Vienna Woods, long been a protected greenbelt area. Since the 1970s the open spaces on the far side of the Danube have been exploited for apartment buildings and factories.

Battle of Waterloo: The first hours of battle: …path, and a corps under Georges Mouton, count de Lobau, was placed behind them. By 1:30 pm those arrangements had been completed. The battery near La Belle Alliance opened fire, and 18,000 infantry under Ney and Drouet advanced on the allied centre a half hour later. No cavalry accompanied the…

Kenneth Lonergan: Lobby Hero, centring on a security guard for an apartment building, debuted in 2001. All three of these plays were later staged on Broadway—This Is Our Youth in 2014–15, Lobby Hero in 2018, and The Waverly Gallery in 2018–19—and all were nominated for Tony Awards…

lobbying, any attempt by individuals or private interest groups to influence the decisions of government; in its original meaning it referred to efforts to influence the votes of legislators, generally in the lobby outside the legislative chamber. Lobbying in some form is inevitable in any

human respiratory system: Gross anatomy: …and is composed of three lobes, a superior, middle, and inferior lobe, separated from each other by a deep horizontal and an oblique fissure. The left lung, smaller in volume because of the asymmetrical position of the heart, has only two lobes separated by an oblique fissure. In the thorax,…

pump: Positive displacement pumps.: Lobe pumps resemble external gear pumps, but have rotors with two, three, or four lobes in place of gears; the two rotors are both driven. Lobe pumps have a more pulsating output than external gear pumps and are less subject to wear. Lobe-type compressors are…

vertebrate: Annotated classification: Subclass Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) Usually possess a choana; paired fins with a fleshy base over a bony skeleton; persisting notochord; 2 dorsal fins; nares are internal. Class Amphibia Cold-blooded; respire by lungs, gills, skin, or mouth lining; larval stage in water or in egg; skin is…

classical scholarship: The new German humanism: …had many distinguished pupils, including C.A. Lobeck (1781–1860), a grammarian of great learning and acuteness, who in his famous book Aglaophamus (1829) refuted the seductive but dubious theory of the Heidelberg professor G.F. Creuzer that the mythology of Homer and Hesiod contained symbolic elements of an ancient Oriental revelation from…

lobed comb jelly, any of several gelatinous, transparent marine invertebrates of the order Lobata (phylum Ctenophora). The animals are found in most oceans, especially in surface waters near the shore. Through the coordination of beating many rows of fused cilia, they are able to weakly propel

Lovedu, a Bantu-speaking people of Northern province, S.Af. Their immediate neighbours include the Venda and the Tsonga. Agriculture is their major economic activity, with corn (maize), millet, squash, and peanuts (groundnuts) cultivated by hoe. Animal husbandry is a secondary means of food

bichir, (genus Polypterus), any of about 10 species of air-breathing tropical fishes of the genus Polypterus native to freshwater river and lake systems in western and central Africa. Bichirs are classified in the family Polypteridae, order Polypteriformes. These fishes are elongated in form with

Matthias de L’Obel was a Flemish-born physician and botanist whose Stirpium adversaria nova (1570; written in collaboration with Pierre Pena) was a milestone in modern botany. It argued that botany and medicine must be based on thorough, exact observation. L’Obel studied at the University of

encyclopaedia: The modern encyclopaedia: Meanwhile, Renatus Gotthelf Löbel was planning to compile an encyclopaedia that could supersede Hübner. It was Sinold von Schütz who, in the fourth edition of Hübner, had introduced the word Conversations-Lexikon into the title, and it was Löbel who decided to give it pride of place…

lobelia, (genus Lobelia), genus of more than 400 species of flowering plants in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) native to nearly all the temperate and warmer regions of the world, except central and eastern Europe and western Asia. A number are cultivated as garden ornamentals for their

lobelia, (genus Lobelia), genus of more than 400 species of flowering plants in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) native to nearly all the temperate and warmer regions of the world, except central and eastern Europe and western Asia. A number are cultivated as garden ornamentals for their

cardinal flower, (Lobelia cardinalis), perennial flowering plant of the genus Lobelia (family Campanulaceae) native to North and Central America. The plant bears spikes of scarlet, white, or pink lipped flowers on leafy stems up to 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall. Cardinal flowers are cultivated as

lobelia: Major species: …tropical or warm temperate areas, water lobelia (L. dortmanna) occurs throughout the north temperate zone. Similarly, acrid lobelia (L. urens) is found locally in damp pastures in England and western Europe.

lobelia: Major species: …dwarf blue trailing lobelia (L. erinus) from South Africa, which, with its numerous varieties, forms a familiar bedding plant, much used for edging. The unusual L. tupa, a Chilean perennial 1.8 to 2.4 metres (6 to 8 feet) high, has reddish or scarlet flowers. Slender lobelia (L. tenuior), with…

lobelia: Major species: Southern lobelia (L. georgiana), from North America, as well as great blue lobelia (L. siphilitica) and its hybrids, also have blue flowers. Various lobelia hybrids constitute a fine group of fairly hardy and showy garden plants.

Indian tobacco, (species Lobelia inflata), annual plant of the family Campanulaceae, native to open woodlands of North America. It was once considered a medicinal plant because of the emetic alkaloid present in the plant parts, especially the roots, but is now regarded as poisonous. The Indian

cardinal flower: …siphilitica) is sometimes called the blue cardinal and has blue or whitish flowers.

lobelia: Major species: Slender lobelia (L. tenuior), with blue flowers, is Australian and grown in the greenhouse. Southern lobelia (L. georgiana), from North America, as well as great blue lobelia (L. siphilitica) and its hybrids, also have blue flowers. Various lobelia hybrids constitute a fine group of fairly hardy and…

lobelia: Major species: The unusual L. tupa, a Chilean perennial 1.8 to 2.4 metres (6 to 8 feet) high, has reddish or scarlet flowers. Slender lobelia (L. tenuior), with blue flowers, is Australian and grown in the greenhouse. Southern lobelia (L. georgiana), from North America, as well as great blue…

lobelia: Major species: Similarly, acrid lobelia (L. urens) is found locally in damp pastures in England and western Europe.

lobelia: Major species: …a volatile liquid alkaloid named lobeline. Lobeline is pungent, with a tobacco-like odour, and is very dangerous if swallowed. Fatal cases of poisoning are not uncommon, even if only a few leaves or capsules and their seeds are ingested. Milder manifestations include vomiting, nausea, coma, or convulsions.

Campanulaceae: …included as a subfamily (Lobelioideae) of Campanulaceae. This group includes most of the woody members of the family, as well as many herbs. Most lobelioids produce whitish latex in the stems and leaves, and the flowers are generally strongly monosymmetric (with a single plane of symmetry down the middle…

Matthias de L’Obel was a Flemish-born physician and botanist whose Stirpium adversaria nova (1570; written in collaboration with Pierre Pena) was a milestone in modern botany. It argued that botany and medicine must be based on thorough, exact observation. L’Obel studied at the University of

Lobengula was the second and last king (1870–94) of the Southern African Ndebele (Matabele) nation. Lobengula, the son of the founder of the Ndebele kingdom, Mzilikazi, was unable to prevent his kingdom from being destroyed by the British in 1893. After Mzilikazi died in September 1868, the