Ben Jones: …Farm, and there he trained Lawrin, winner of the Kentucky Derby in 1938. In 1939 he joined Calumet Farm, where he was outstandingly successful. At the height of his career, Jones 11 times led all American trainers in earnings from his horses’ winnings. In addition to Whirlaway and Citation, famous…

Yvonne Jacquette: …pieces of this kind was Lawry Pond Basin (1976). Jacquette also became interested in nightscapes and produced such works as East River View at Night (1978) and 6th Ave Night, with Traffic II (2008), both of which paired an aerial perspective with her longtime use of New York City as…

Plato: Late dialogues of Plato: (The Laws, left unfinished at Plato’s death, seems to represent a practical approach to the planning of a city.) If one combines the hints (in the Republic) associating the Good with the One, or Unity; the treatment (in the Parmenides) of the One as the first…

United States: Virginia: …carried with him the “Laws Divine, Morall, and Martial,” which were intended to supervise nearly every aspect of the settlers’ lives. Each person in Virginia, including women and children, was given a military rank, with duties spelled out in minute detail. Penalties imposed for violating these rules were severe:…

Newton’s laws of motion, three statements describing the relations between the forces acting on a body and the motion of the body, first formulated by English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton, which are the foundation of classical mechanics. Newton’s first law states that if a body is at

Scott Turow: Turow’s subsequent works included The Laws of Our Fathers (1996), a legal thriller that focuses on the entangled lives of a judge and her peers who came of age in the 1960s, and Personal Injuries (1999), a story of deception and corruption. In Ordinary Heroes (2005) a crime reporter…

laws of thermodynamics, four relations underlying thermodynamics, the branch of physics concerning heat, work, temperature, and energy and the transfer of such energy. The first and second laws were formally stated in works by German physicist Rudolf Clausius and Scottish physicist William Thomson

law of war, that part of international law dealing with the inception, conduct, and termination of warfare. Its aim is to limit the suffering caused to combatants and, more particularly, to those who may be described as the victims of war—that is, noncombatant civilians and those no longer able to

Catherine Helen Spence: Advocating for women’s right to vote and other social issues: Spence wrote The Laws We Live Under, which was the first social-studies coursebook for Australian schools; it was in use for more than two decades after it was first published in 1880. Her An Agnostic’s Progress from the Known to the Unknown, a collection of essays in…

Liber Judiciorum, Visigothic law code that formed the basis of medieval Spanish law. It was promulgated in 654 by King Recceswinth and was revised in 681 and 693. Although called Visigothic, the code was in Latin and owed much to Roman tradition. The primary innovation of the code was the

false cypress: …species of false cypress, the Lawson cypress, Port Orford cedar, or ginger pine (C. lawsoniana), may be more than 60 metres (200 feet) tall and 6 metres (about 20 feet) in diameter. It is a very hardy tree; over 200 forms are cultivated as ornamentals in North America and Great…

Twiggy is a British fashion model and actress whose gamine frame and mod look defined the fashion industry during much of the late 20th century. She is widely considered to have been one of the world’s first supermodels—a top fashion model who appears simultaneously on the covers of the world’s

The Eight: Davies, Ernest Lawson, Maurice Prendergast, George Luks, and William J. Glackens. George Bellows later joined them. The group’s determination to bring art into closer touch with everyday life greatly influenced the course of American art.

Fremont Lawson was a newspaper editor and publisher, one of the first in the United States to assign correspondents to live and gather news in major cities outside the country. Before this innovation (1898) American newspapers relied on dispatches from British or other foreign sources. He also led

Fremont Lawson was a newspaper editor and publisher, one of the first in the United States to assign correspondents to live and gather news in major cities outside the country. Before this innovation (1898) American newspapers relied on dispatches from British or other foreign sources. He also led

Henry Lawson was an Australian writer of short stories and ballad-like verse noted for his realistic portrayals of bush life. He was the son of a former Norwegian sailor and an active feminist. Hampered by deafness from the time he was nine and by the poverty and unhappiness in his family, he left

Henry Lawson was an Australian writer of short stories and ballad-like verse noted for his realistic portrayals of bush life. He was the son of a former Norwegian sailor and an active feminist. Hampered by deafness from the time he was nine and by the poverty and unhappiness in his family, he left

sit-in movement: Growth of the sit-in movement: Activist and minister James Lawson argued that the legal strategy of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was too slow to effect the major social change needed to bring about justice. CORE and SCLC had assisted in the sit-in movement, but mostly after the…

John Howard Lawson was a U.S. playwright, screenwriter, and member of the “Hollywood Ten,” who was jailed (1948–49) and blacklisted for his refusal to tell the House Committee on Un-American Activities about his political allegiances. Lawson’s early works, such as Roger Bloomer (1923) and

Charles Saatchi: …British celebrity cook and author Nigella Lawson in 2003 (divorced 2013).

muckraker: Thomas W. Lawson, a Boston financier, provided in “Frenzied Finance” (Everybody’s, 1904–05) a major exposé of stock-market abuses and insurance fraud. Tarbell’s The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) exposed the corrupt practices used to form a great industrial monopoly. Edwin Markham’s Children in

Fremont Lawson was a newspaper editor and publisher, one of the first in the United States to assign correspondents to live and gather news in major cities outside the country. Before this innovation (1898) American newspapers relied on dispatches from British or other foreign sources. He also led

Fremont Lawson was a newspaper editor and publisher, one of the first in the United States to assign correspondents to live and gather news in major cities outside the country. Before this innovation (1898) American newspapers relied on dispatches from British or other foreign sources. He also led

henna tree, (Lawsonia inermis), tropical shrub or small tree of the loosestrife family (Lythraceae), native to northern Africa, Asia, and Australia. The leaves are the source of a reddish-brown dye, known as henna, which is commonly used for temporary body art and to dye fabrics. The plant bears

procedural law: Civil procedure: The rules of every procedural system reflect choices between worthy goals. Different systems, for example, may primarily seek truth, or fairness between the parties, or a speedy resolution, or a consistent application of legal principles. Sometimes these goals will be compatible with each…

Lawton, city, seat (1907) of Comanche county, southwestern Oklahoma, U.S., on the Cache Creek. Originally part of the Choctaw-Chickasaw lands in the Indian Territory, the area was settled in 1869 by the Kiowa and Comanche Indians. A settlement near Fort Sill, a military post established to control

foundations of mathematics: Topos theory: …contribution of the American mathematician F.W. Lawvere (born 1937), who elaborated on the seminal work of the German-born French mathematician Alexandre Grothendieck (born 1928) in algebraic geometry. At one time he considered using the category of (small) categories (and functors) itself for the foundations of mathematics. Though he did not…

lawyer, one trained and licensed to prepare, manage, and either prosecute or defend a court action as an agent for another and who also gives advice on legal matters that may or may not require court action. Lawyers apply the law to specific cases. They investigate the facts and the evidence by

Human Rights First (HRF), nongovernmental organization founded in New York City in 1978 to defend human rights worldwide. HRF aims to promote laws and policies that protect the universal freedoms of all individuals—regardless of political, economic, or religious affiliation. The organization is

Warren Zevon: …Headless Thompson Gunner” and “Lawyers, Guns and Money.”

Arabian Desert: Physical features: …part of Saudi Arabia), where Mount Al-Lawz rises to 8,464 feet (2,580 metres); and the southeastern corner in Oman, where Mount Al-Shām attains an elevation of 9,957 feet (3,035 metres). Much of the Yemen Plateau is at an elevation above 7,000 feet (2,100 metres). To the north and east elevations…

Arabian Desert: Physical features: …part of Saudi Arabia), where Mount Al-Lawz rises to 8,464 feet (2,580 metres); and the southeastern corner in Oman, where Mount Al-Shām attains an elevation of 9,957 feet (3,035 metres). Much of the Yemen Plateau is at an elevation above 7,000 feet (2,100 metres). To the north and east elevations…

Los Angeles: Transportation of Los Angeles: Los Angeles International Airport (popularly called by its international code, LAX) is one of the world’s largest airports, handling tens of millions of passengers and millions of tons of freight annually. Traffic at LAX keeps rising, but proposals to expand the facility evoke strong opposition…

Peter Lax: …introduced the now-standard method of Lax pairs in the study of solitons, or isolated traveling waves, that leave particular quantities (akin to energy) invariant. He also took up the study of scattering, used by physicists to study crystal structures and by mathematicians working on the Schrödinger equation, and he developed…

vowel: …positions, and longer durations than lax vowels.

Peter Lax is a Hungarian-born American mathematician awarded the 2005 Abel Prize “for his groundbreaking contributions to the theory and applications of partial differential equations and to the computation of their solutions.” With help from the local American consul, Lax’s Jewish family left

Mývatn: …of Akureyri, drained by the Laxá River, which flows northward to the Greenland Sea. Nearly 6 miles (9.5 km) long and 4 miles (6.5 km) wide and covering an area of 14 square miles (37 square km), it is the fourth largest lake in Iceland. It attracts many tourists. Mývatn…

Catherine Cortez Masto: …and she frequently trailed her Republican opponent in the polls. She won the seat by a narrow margin nonetheless.

Las Vegas: People: In 1968 Governor Paul Laxalt initiated several far-reaching reforms that were meant to ease growing ethnic tensions. Even so, race riots broke out in 1969 and 1970. From the early 1970s to the early 1990s, Las Vegas schools employed a comprehensive desegregation plan. Although school desegregation experienced setbacks…

laxative, any drug used in the treatment of constipation to promote the evacuation of feces. Laxatives produce their effect by several mechanisms. The four main types of laxatives include: saline purgatives, fecal softeners, contact purgatives, and bulk laxatives. Saline purgatives are salts

Laxdæla saga, one of the Icelanders’ sagas. The tale, written about 1245 by an anonymous author (possibly a woman), is the tragic story of several generations of an Icelandic warrior family descended from Ketill Flatnose. One of the best English translations was rendered by Magnus Magnusson and

Europe: Precambrian: …Ukrainian Massif and the small Laxfordian belt in northwestern Scotland consist mainly of granitic rocks and highly deformed and metamorphosed schists and gneisses that originally were sediments and volcanics; their age is similar to that of the Svecofennian belt. In northwestern Scotland there also is a north–south-trending belt of Proterozoic…

Franciscan: History: …well as personal poverty; the Laxists, who favoured many mitigations; and the Moderates, or the Community, who wanted a legal structure that would permit some form of communal possessions.

Japan: Political reform in the bakufu and the han: …senior councillor, a Russian envoy, Adam Laxman, landed at Nemuro in 1792 and requested trade relations. Although the bakufu rejected the Russian proposal, Sadanobu ordered that plans be drawn up immediately for a coastal defense system centered on Edo Bay (now called Tokyo Bay), while he himself inspected the coastline…

R.K. Laxman was an Indian cartoonist who created the daily comic strip You Said It, which chronicled Indian life and politics through the eyes of the “common man,” a bulbous-nosed bespectacled observer dressed in a dhoti and a distinctive checked coat who served as a silent point-of-view character

R.K. Laxman was an Indian cartoonist who created the daily comic strip You Said It, which chronicled Indian life and politics through the eyes of the “common man,” a bulbous-nosed bespectacled observer dressed in a dhoti and a distinctive checked coat who served as a silent point-of-view character

Lakshmi Bai was the rani (queen) of Jhansi and a leader of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58. Brought up in the household of the peshwa (ruler) Baji Rao II, Lakshmi Bai had an unusual upbringing for a Brahman girl. Growing up with the boys in the peshwa’s court, she was trained in martial arts and

Akshay Kumar: … (2018), Good Newwz (2019), and Laxmii (2020). He also starred in the popular Housefull series of comedy films (2010, 2012, 2016, and 2019).

Halldór Laxness was an Icelandic novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1955. He is considered the most creative Icelandic writer of the 20th century. Laxness spent most of his youth on the family farm. At age 17 he traveled to Europe, where he spent several years and, in the

clothing and footwear industry: Cutting processes: …three basic operations: making the marker, spreading the fabric, and chopping the spread fabric into the marked sections. The marker, or cutting lay, is the arrangement of patterns on the spread fabrics. When hides are cut, the lay length is the hide size; many hides are cut in single plies.…

lay, in medieval French literature, a short romance, usually written in octosyllabic verse, that dealt with subjects thought to be of Celtic origin. The earliest lay narratives were written in the 12th century by Marie De France; her works were largely based on earlier Breton versions thought to

Investiture Controversy, conflict during the late 11th and the early 12th century involving the monarchies of what would later be called the Holy Roman Empire (the union of Germany, Burgundy, and much of Italy; see Researcher’s Note), France, and England on the one hand and the revitalized papacy

Al Green: …new generation of fans with Lay It Down (2008), featuring guest vocals by neo-soul artists John Legend, Anthony Hamilton, and Corinne Bailey Rae; the album earned him a pair of Grammy Awards. In 2018 he released a new single for the first time in nearly 10 years, a cover of…

justice of the peace, in Anglo-American legal systems, a local magistrate empowered chiefly to administer criminal or civil justice in minor cases. A justice of the peace may, in some jurisdictions, also administer oaths and perform marriages. In England and Wales a magistrate is appointed on

writing: Literacy and schooling: Environmental literacy or lay literacy is the term used to designate that form of unspecialized competence involved in generally dealing with a literate environment. Such literacy need never be taught. It is a type of literacy that is acquired through participating in a literate environment in which written…

crime: Trial procedure: Long ago, magistrates had the power to investigate crimes, but their function is now wholly concerned with the adjudicatory phase. Most magistrates are laypeople chosen for their experience and knowledge of society and are appointed by the central government on the advice of a committee, known as…

midwifery: Midwifery in the modern era: Lay midwives receive training in an apprentice model with informal study. Lay midwives are not licensed and deliver in out-of-hospital settings. They still practice throughout the world, but their lack of formal training in emergency techniques and the subsequent association with increased maternal and infant…

The Song of Igor’s Campaign, masterpiece of Old Russian literature, an account of the unsuccessful campaign in 1185 of Prince Igor of Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsy (Kipchak, or Cumans). As in the great French epic The Song of Roland, Igor’s heroic pride draws him into a combat in which the

The Song of Igor’s Campaign, masterpiece of Old Russian literature, an account of the unsuccessful campaign in 1185 of Prince Igor of Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsy (Kipchak, or Cumans). As in the great French epic The Song of Roland, Igor’s heroic pride draws him into a combat in which the

Richard Ford: Completing the Bascombe trilogy is The Lay of the Land (2006), in which Bascombe, now a suburban real estate agent, faces aging, further marital problems, estrangement from his adult children, and cancer. Ford detailed Bascombe’s senescence in the novellas comprised in Let Me Be Frank with You (2014).

Annette Kolodny: …the ravaged American environment in The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters (1975) and The Land Before Her: Fantasy and Experience of the American Frontiers, 1630–1860 (1984); both became important to ecofeminism and literary-environmental studies. “Dancing Through the Minefield: Some Observations on…

The Lay of the Last Minstrel, long narrative poem in six cantos by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1805. It was the author’s first original poetic romance, and it established his reputation. Scott based The Lay of the Last Minstrel on the old Scottish Border legend of the goblin Gilpin Horner. The

Joseph Dennie: …the series of graceful, moralizing “Lay Preacher” essays that established his literary reputation. He served as editor of the Farmer’s Weekly from 1796 to 1798.

Bruce Willis: …professional gambler in the comedy-drama Lay the Favorite. G.I. Joe: Retaliation, released the following year, provided another rugged action role for the prolific actor. In 2014 Willis reprised his Sin City role in the sequel Sin City: A Dame to Kill For. He played a mercenary in Barry Levinson’s musical…

Elzy Lay was a western American outlaw, a member of the Wild Bunch (q.v.) and the favourite friend and ally of Butch Cassidy in train and bank robberies. Following a train robbery near Folsom, N.M., in which two sheriffs were killed, Elzy Lay was captured and on Oct. 10, 1899, sentenced to life

Horatio Nelson Lay was a British diplomat who organized the Maritime Customs Bureau for the Chinese government in 1855. In 1854 the Taiping Rebellion had cut off the Chinese trading city of Shanghai from the capital, Beijing, and, because the Western powers in Shanghai were required by treaty to

Elzy Lay was a western American outlaw, a member of the Wild Bunch (q.v.) and the favourite friend and ally of Butch Cassidy in train and bank robberies. Following a train robbery near Folsom, N.M., in which two sheriffs were killed, Elzy Lay was captured and on Oct. 10, 1899, sentenced to life

Lay-Osborn flotilla, fleet of ships bought for China in the mid-19th century by a British consular official, Horatio Nelson Lay, which created a tremendous controversy when Lay falsely assumed that the Chinese government would transmit all orders to the fleet through him. This controversy prompted

airport: Passenger requirements: …of passengers who are either transiting the airport (i.e., continuing on the same flight) or transferring to another flight. At Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport in Georgia and at Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport, for example, two-thirds of all passengers transfer to other flights and do not visit the cities where the…

Hinduism: Nature of Tantric tradition: Some Tantrists employ laya-yoga (“reintegration by mergence”), in which the female nature-energy (representing the shakti), which is said to remain dormant and coiled in the form of a serpent (kundalini) representing the uncreated, is awakened and made to rise through the six centers (chakras) of the body, which…

Islamic arts: Musical forms: …improvised pieces, such as the layālī, in which the singer puts forth the characteristics of the maqām, vocalizing long expressive syllables. An equivalent instrumental improvisation is called taqsīm, and this in some cases may be accompanied by a uniform pulsation, called taqsīm ʿala al-wuḥdah. The category of metrical songs embraces…

Lawamon was an early Middle English poet, author of the romance-chronicle the Brut (c. 1200), one of the most notable English poems of the 12th century. It is the first work in English to treat of the “matter of Britain”—i.e., the legends surrounding Arthur and the knights of the Round Table—and

Sir Austen Henry Layard was an English archaeologist whose excavations greatly increased knowledge of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia. In 1839 he left his position in a London law office and began an adventuresome journey on horseback through Anatolia and Syria. In 1842 the British

Karachi: City site: …of the city, and the Layāri River, also seasonal, runs through the most densely populated northern section. Some ridges and isolated hills occur in the north and east; Mango Pīr, the highest elevation, is 585 feet high.

figure skating: Spins: The layback spin, usually performed by women, requires an upright position; the skater arches her back and drops her head and shoulders toward the ice. The camel spin requires one leg to be extended parallel to the ice as the other leg controls the speed of…

Four Horsemen: … and Jim Crowley (halfbacks), and Elmer Layden (fullback). Supported by the Seven Mules (the nickname given to the offensive line that cleared the way for the four backs) and coached by Knute Rockne, they gained enduring football fame when the nickname appeared in Rice’s report in the New York Herald…

Camara Laye was one of the first African writers from south of the Sahara to achieve an international reputation. Laye grew up in the ancient city of Kouroussa, where he attended local Qurʾānic and government schools before leaving for Conakry to study at the Poiret School, a technical college.

Leuven: …Gothic and was built by Mathieu de Layens, the master mason, from 1448 to 1463. The Church of St. Peter, which originally dated from the early 11th century, was twice destroyed before being rebuilt as a Gothic structure (1425–97), and it was again damaged in both world wars. The church…

batter: …biscuits, muffins, scones, corn bread, layer cakes, and angel food cakes. Angel food and sponge cake batters, usually made without leavening ingredients, are leavened during baking by the expansion of the many small air bubbles that have been incorporated into the batter by vigorous mixing or beating. Pancakes too are…

Vitaly Ginzburg: Known as Sloika (“Layer Cake”), the design was refined by Ginzburg in 1949 through the substitution of lithium-6 deuteride for the liquid deuterium. When bombarded with neutrons, lithium-6 breeds tritium, which can fuse with deuterium to release more energy. Ginzburg and Sakharov’s design was tested on August…

climate: Cloud types: …motions that produce them: (1) layer clouds formed by the widespread regular ascent of air, (2) layer clouds formed by widespread irregular stirring or turbulence, (3) cumuliform clouds formed by penetrative convection, and (4) orographic clouds formed by the ascent of air over hills and mountains.

phyllosilicate, compound with a structure in which silicate tetrahedrons (each consisting of a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron) are arranged in sheets. Examples are talc and mica. Three of the oxygen atoms of each tetrahedron are shared with

clay mineral: Kaolin-serpentine group: …consists of tetrahedral and octahedral sheets in which the anions at the exposed surface of the octahedral sheet are hydroxyls (see Figure 4). The general structural formula may be expressed by Y2 - 3Z2O5(OH)4, where Y are cations in the octahedral sheet such as Al3+ and Fe3+ for dioctahedral species…

map: Symbolization: Hypsographic tinting is relatively easy, particularly since photomechanical etching and other steps can be used to provide negatives for the respective elevation layers. Difficulty in the reproduction process is sometimes a deterrent to the use of treatments involving the manipulation of contours.

layering, Method of propagation in which plants are induced to regenerate missing parts from parts that are still attached to the parent plant. It occurs naturally for drooping black raspberry or forsythia stems, whose trailing tips root where they come in contact with the soil. They then send up

gabbro: Banded, or layered, gabbroic complexes in which monomineral or bimineral varieties are well developed have been described from Montana, the Bushveld in South Africa, and the island of Skye. There are also gabbro complexes that are locally streaky and inhomogeneous and are not regularly layered,…

layering, Method of propagation in which plants are induced to regenerate missing parts from parts that are still attached to the parent plant. It occurs naturally for drooping black raspberry or forsythia stems, whose trailing tips root where they come in contact with the soil. They then send up

rope: Manufacturing process.: The rope-laying operations require machines similar to strand-forming machinery. The strands, on bobbins, are pulled through a compression tube and twisted into rope by a revolving flyer. As twisted, the rope is wound onto a heavy steel bobbin, also turning with the flyer. The three subassemblies…

laying house, in animal husbandry, a building or enclosure for maintaining laying flocks of domestic fowl, usually chickens, containing nests, lighting, roosting space, waterers, and feed troughs. Feeders and waterers may be automatic. In the largest houses, feed storage, egg room, and utility

Islamic arts: Umayyad dynasty: …and was afterward known as Majnūn (the “Demented One”). His story is cherished by later Persian, Turkish, and Urdu poets; as a symbol of complete surrender to the force of love, he is dear both to religious mystics and to secular poets.

Eric Clapton: …making the classic double album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970), which is regarded as Clapton’s masterpiece and a landmark among rock recordings. Disappointed by Layla’s lacklustre sales and addicted to heroin, Clapton went into seclusion for two years. Overcoming his addiction, he made a successful comeback with the…

Laylat al-Qadr, Islamic festival that commemorates the night on which God first revealed the Qurʾān to the Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel (Jibrīl). It is believed to have taken place on one of the final 10 nights of Ramadan in 610 ce, though the exact night is unclear. The date of the

Persian literature: The proliferation of court patronage: For the masnawi Laylī wa Majnun (“Layla and Majnun”) Neẓāmī found his material in poems attributed to the 6th-century Arab poet Imruʾ al-Qays that are embedded in anecdotes about his love for a Bedouin girl belonging to another tribe. Neẓāmī made these separate tales into a continuous romance…

Buddhism: Popular religious practices: …takes place between monks and laypersons. Like the Buddha himself, the monks embody or represent the higher levels of spiritual achievement, which they make available in various ways to the laity. The laity improve their soteriological condition by giving the monks material gifts that function as sacrificial offerings. Although the…

12 Contemporary Black Authors You Must Read: Kiese Laymon: Mississippi-born Laymon has published essays, fiction, and memoir, most notably his raw, fiercely honest Carnegie Medal-winning book Heavy: An American Memoir (2018). Heavy is written in the form of a letter to Laymon’s mother, with whom he had a turbulent relationship. The book…

Detroit Lions: The championship years: …1950 season Detroit added quarterback Bobby Layne and running back Doak Walker—two future Hall of Famers—and the Lions became one of the better teams in the league by the following year. Detroit beat the Cleveland Browns in the NFL championship game in both 1952 and 1953, and the two teams…

Buddhism: Popular religious practices: …takes place between monks and laypersons. Like the Buddha himself, the monks embody or represent the higher levels of spiritual achievement, which they make available in various ways to the laity. The laity improve their soteriological condition by giving the monks material gifts that function as sacrificial offerings. Although the…

Carolina Nairne, Baroness Nairne: A collected edition, Lays from Strathearn (1846), appeared after her death.

William Edmondstoune Aytoun: Shortly afterward he published Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers (1849), a set of Jacobite ballads that achieved wide popularity. In 1854, reverting to light verse, he published Firmilian, or the Student of Badajoz, a Spasmodic Tragedy, in which the writings of the spasmodic school were brilliantly ridiculed.

albatross: The laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis), with a wingspread to about 200 cm, has a white body and dark upper wing surfaces. Its distribution is about the same as the black-footed albatross.