white blood cell, a cellular component of the blood that lacks hemoglobin, has a nucleus, is capable of motility, and defends the body against infection and disease by ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris, by destroying infectious agents and cancer cells, or by producing antibodies. In

therapeutics: Blood and blood cells: Leukocyte-poor red blood cells are obtained by employing a filter to remove white blood cells (leukocytes) from a unit of packed red blood cells. This type of transfusion is used to prevent febrile (fever) reactions in patients who have had multiple febrile transfusion reactions in…

leukocytosis, abnormally high number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood circulation, defined as more than 10,000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre of blood. Leukocytosis is most commonly the result of infection. It may also occur after strenuous exercise, convulsions (e.g., epilepsy),

vitiligo, patchy loss of melanin pigment from the skin. Though the pigment-making cells of the skin, or melanocytes, are structurally intact, they have lost the ability to synthesize the pigment. The reason for this condition is unclear; research suggests that it may be an autoimmune condition.

human eye: The outermost coat: …an opaque patch called a leukoma, may occur.

leukopenia, abnormally low number of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood circulation, defined as less than 5,000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre of blood. Leukopenia often accompanies certain infections, especially those caused by viruses or protozoans. Other causes of the condition include

leukoplakia, precancerous tumour of the mucous membranes, usually seen in the mouth or on the tongue or cheeks, but also known to occur on the lips, as well as on the vagina, vulva, or anus. Leukoplakia first appears as a small, smooth, white spot (that cannot be scraped off) but develops into a

leukorrhea, flow of a whitish, yellowish, or greenish discharge from the vagina of the female that may be normal or that may be a sign of infection. Such discharges may originate from the vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes, or, most commonly, the cervix. Leukorrhea may occur during pregnancy and is

lobotomy: …created an instrument called a leukotome (leucotome), designed specifically to disrupt the tracts of neuronal fibres connecting the prefrontal cortex and thalamus of the brain. Moniz and Lima operated on nearly 40 patients by 1937; however, the results were mixed, with some patients improving, others showing no change in symptoms,…

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: substances, the prostaglandins and the leukotrienes, both of which are also unsaturated carboxylic acids. Examples are PGE2 (a prostaglandin) and LTB4 (a leukotriene). The symbol PG represents prostaglandin, E indicates the presence of a keto group on the five-membered ring, and the subscript 2 indicates two double bonds. Similarly, LT…

asthma: Treatment and management of asthma: …receptor antagonists (LTRAs; sometimes called leukotriene modifiers), which interrupt the chemical signaling within the body that leads to constriction and inflammation. These medications may be taken on a long-term daily basis to maintain and control persistent asthma (long-term control medications), or they may be used to provide rapid relief from…

asthma: Treatment and management of asthma: …receptor antagonists (LTRAs; sometimes called leukotriene modifiers), which interrupt the chemical signaling within the body that leads to constriction and inflammation. These medications may be taken on a long-term daily basis to maintain and control persistent asthma (long-term control medications), or they may be used to provide rapid relief from…

Wong Kar-Wai: Tony Leung. Set in 1960 in Hong Kong, the film follows Yuddy, a feckless ladies’ man, as he rejects the love of two women, as well as his foster mother, to seek his birth mother. Time first emerges as a major theme in Wong’s work…

Legnano, city, Lombardia (Lombardy) regione, northern Italy, on the Olona River. An unimportant Roman settlement called Leunianum, it became the site of a fortified castle of the bishops of Milan in the 11th century and in 1176 was the scene of a decisive defeat of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick

number game: Pioneers and imitators: In 1624 a French Jesuit, Jean Leurechon, writing under the pen name of van Etten, published Récréations mathématiques. This volume struck the popular fancy, passing through at least 30 editions before 1700, despite the fact that it was based largely on the work of Bachet, from whom he took the…

grunion, (species Leuresthes tenuis), small Pacific fish of the family Atherinidae (order Atheriniformes). The species is found in the Pacific Ocean along the western coast of the United States. A unique feature of the grunion’s breeding biology results in its spawning on particular nights during

Aceh: Geography: Aceh is largely mountainous; Mounts Leuser and Abong Abong rise to elevations of 11,092 feet (3,381 metres) and 9,793 feet (2,985 metres), respectively. Except in the extreme north, there is a fairly wide coastal plain, and the rivers are short and have little value for shipping. The southwestern coast is…

Gottfried Keller: …Die Leute von Seldwyla (1856–74; The People of Seldwyla) and Sieben Legenden (1872; Seven Legends). His last novel, Martin Salander (1886), deals with political life in Switzerland in his time.

Seven Years’ War: 1757: …support Brunswick-Bevern, and at the Battle of Leuthen (December 5, 1757), he won the greatest of his victories. With 43,000 men, he attacked the 72,000 under Charles of Lorraine and utterly routed them with an unexpected cavalry charge followed by an artillery bombardment. Frederick suffered 6,000 casualties, but Charles lost…

Arthur Schnitzler: …successful novel, Leutnant Gustl (1901; None but the Brave), dealing with a similar theme, was the first European masterpiece written as an interior monologue. In Flucht in die Finsternis (1931; Flight into Darkness) he showed the onset of madness, stage by stage. In the play Professor Bernhardi (1912) and the…

German-Herero conflict of 1904–07: Conflict: Theodor Leutwein, military commander and governor of the colony, was in charge of the German response. Since the Herero were well armed and, moreover, significantly outnumbered the German colonial garrison, he favoured a negotiated settlement of the conflict. He was, however, overruled by the General…

quantum chromodynamics: …European physicists Harald Fritzsch and Heinrich Leutwyler, together with American physicist Murray Gell-Mann. In particular, they employed the general field theory developed in the 1950s by Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills, in which the carrier particles of a force can themselves radiate further carrier particles. (This is different from…

Emanuel Leutze was a German-born American historical painter whose picture Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851) numbers among the most popular and widely reproduced images of an American historical event. Leutze was brought to the United States as a child. In 1841 he returned to Germany to study

Emanuel Leutze was a German-born American historical painter whose picture Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851) numbers among the most popular and widely reproduced images of an American historical event. Leutze was brought to the United States as a child. In 1841 he returned to Germany to study

Leuven, municipality, Flanders Region, central Belgium. It lies along the Dyle (Dijle) River and is connected by canal with the Scheldt (Schelde). The city is about 16 miles (26 km) east of Brussels. It was founded in the 9th century around a fortress built by a German emperor against the Normans,

Catholic University of Leuven, renowned institution of higher learning founded in 1425 in Leuven (Louvain), Brabant (now in Belgium). The university was a unitary entity until 1970 when it was partitioned, based on linguistic differences, into two separate universities. In the one university

Catholic University of Leuven, renowned institution of higher learning founded in 1425 in Leuven (Louvain), Brabant (now in Belgium). The university was a unitary entity until 1970 when it was partitioned, based on linguistic differences, into two separate universities. In the one university

Bulgaria: Finance of Bulgaria: …board, the national currency (lev) was tied to the German mark. Upon the debut of the euro in 2002, the lev was pegged to that currency at a fixed rate. Bulgarian plans to adopt the euro stalled in the wake of the euro-zone debt crisis that began in 2009,…

Czechoslovak history: The Jagiellonian kings: …of loyal lords, he relieved Zdeněk Lev of Rožmitál of the office of supreme burgrave in February 1523 and appointed Prince Karel of Minstrberk, a grandson of George of Poděbrady, to that key position in provincial administration. Religious controversies that flared up soon after Martin Luther’s attack on indulgences (October…

horsemanship: Dressage: …more upward than forward; the levade, in which the horse stands balanced on its hindlegs, its forelegs drawn in; the courvet, which is a jump forward in the levade position; and the croupade, ballotade, and capriole, a variety of spectacular airs in which the horse jumps and lands again in…

Levallois-Perret, city, Hauts-de-Seine département, Île-de-France région, France. The city is a northwestern industrial and residential suburb of Paris and is located on the right bank of the Seine River, 4 miles (6.5 km) northwest of Notre Dame cathedral. With an area of less than 1 square mile

Levalloisian stone-flaking technique, toolmaking technique of prehistoric Europe and Africa, characterized by the production of large flakes from a tortoise core (prepared core shaped much like an inverted tortoise shell). Such flakes, seldom further trimmed, were flat on one side, had sharp

levallorphan, drug derived from morphine that can activate certain receptors and inhibit others. Levallorphan’s mixed actions are a result of its ability to bind to two different kinds of opioid receptors (so-called because they are the natural receptors for opiates, or narcotics). At kappa (κ)

la volta, 16th-century leaping and turning dance for couples, originating in Italy and popular at French and German court balls until about 1750. Performed with a notoriously intimate embrace, it became respectable, but never completely dignified, after Queen Elizabeth I of England danced it with

Levant, (from the French lever, “to rise,” as in sunrise, meaning the east), historically, the region along the eastern Mediterranean shores, roughly corresponding to modern-day Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and certain adjacent areas. Common use of the term is associated with Venetian and other

sparrowhawk: The Levant sparrowhawk, or shikra (A. brevipes), is gray above and brown barred white below. It occurs from southeastern Europe throughout most of continental southern Asia and subequatorial Africa. For the small falcon called sparrow hawk in the United States, see kestrel.

The Balkan Trilogy: …continued in Manning’s later series, The Levant Trilogy.

levanter, strong wind of the western Mediterranean Sea and the southern coasts of France and Spain. It is mild, damp, and rainy and is most common in spring and fall. Its name is derived from Levant, the land at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, and refers to the wind’s easterly direction. The

levanter, strong wind of the western Mediterranean Sea and the southern coasts of France and Spain. It is mild, damp, and rainy and is most common in spring and fall. Its name is derived from Levant, the land at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, and refers to the wind’s easterly direction. The

Mediterranean Sea: Natural divisions: …the Ionian Basin from the Levantine Basin to the south of Anatolia (Turkey); and the island of Crete separates the Levantine Basin from the Aegean Sea, which comprises that part of the Mediterranean Sea north of Crete and bounded on the west and north by the coast of Greece and…

Émile Levassor was a French businessman and inventor who developed the basic configuration of the automobile. Levassor took over a firm that made woodworking machinery. When René Panhard joined the firm in 1886, the renamed firm of Panhard and Levassor began to make metal-sawing machines as well.

human muscle system: Changes in the muscles of the trunk: …seen in the musculature, the levator ani, that supports the floor of the pelvis and that also controls the passage of feces. The loss of the tail in all apes has led to a major rearrangement of that muscle. There is more overlap and fusion between the various parts of…

levator muscle, any of the muscles that raise a body part. In humans these include the levator anguli oris, which raises the corner of the mouth; the levator ani, collective name for a thin sheet of muscle that stretches across the pelvic cavity and helps hold the pelvic viscera in position,

muscle: Tetrapod musculature: The levator palatoquadrati, which elevates the upper jaw in jawed fishes, is retained as a jaw muscle in birds and in some reptiles, as they share the ability of fishes to move the upper jaw. The adductor mandibulae is much altered in tetrapods, although its overall…

eyelid: …of the lid-raising muscle, the levator of the upper lid. Impulses for closing come by way of the facial (seventh cranial) nerve, and for opening by way of the oculomotor (third cranial) nerve. The lid borders are kept lubricated by an oily secretion (called sebum) of the meibomian glands. This…

muscle: Tetrapod musculature: …the neighbouring ribs, and the levator scapulae, which are fused with serratus along its caudal (tail-end) border. Levator scapulae consist of fibres running more anteriorly to ribs or transverse processes of the neck. Mammals and some reptiles have a third such muscle, attaching the pectoral girdle to the region of…

Spain: Climate of Spain: …the Strait of Gibraltar; the leveche brings a hot, dry, dust-laden wind that blights vegetation in spring from the southern sector to the Spanish Levantine lowlands (the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, and Alicante); and in spring and summer a wind from the same sector, the solano, carries unbearably hot, dry,…

levee, any low ridge or earthen embankment built along the edges of a stream or river channel to prevent flooding of the adjacent land. Artificial levees are typically needed to control the flow of rivers meandering through broad, flat floodplains. Levees are usually embankments of dirt built wide

levée en masse, a French policy for military conscription. It was first decreed during the French Revolutionary wars (1792–99) in 1793, when all able-bodied unmarried men between the ages of 18 and 25 were required to enlist. In 1787 France became the centre of a revolutionary movement that led to

level, device for establishing a horizontal plane. It consists of a small glass tube containing alcohol or similar liquid and an air bubble; the tube is sealed and fixed horizontally in a wooden or metallic block or frame with a smooth lower surface. The glass tube is slightly bowed, and adjustment

mining: Vertical openings: shafts and raises: …working horizons is called a level. The shaft is equipped with elevators (called cages) by which workers, machines, and material enter the mine. Ore is transported to the surface in special conveyances called skips.

insurance: Types of contracts: …policies are issued on a level-premium basis, which makes it necessary to charge more than the true cost of the insurance in the earlier years of the contract in order to make up for much higher costs in the later years; the so-called overcharges in the earlier years are not…

ocean current: Pressure gradients: …along a horizontal plane or geopotential surface, a surface perpendicular to the direction of the gravity acceleration. Horizontal gradients of pressure, though much smaller than vertical changes in pressure, give rise to ocean currents.

Tai languages: Phonological characteristics: …Thai tones are as follows: level (using no diacritic), low (using a grave accent), falling (using a circumflex), high (using an acute accent), and rising (using a wedge, or haček); for example, maa (with no diacritic) ‘to come,’ màak (with a grave accent) ‘areca nut,’ mâak (with a circumflex) ‘much,’

George S. Klein: …fall into two general categories: levelers, who perceive similarities between things and overlook differences, and sharpeners, who see contrasts and maintain a high level of awareness of differences between stimuli. In 1951 Klein and Herbert J. Schlesinger introduced the term cognitive style to refer to the combination of several cognitive…

Leveler, member of a republican and democratic faction in England during the period of the Civil Wars and Commonwealth. The name Levelers was given by enemies of the movement to suggest that its supporters wished to “level men’s estates.” The Leveler movement originated in 1645–46 among radical

burakumin: …a national organization, Suiheisha (Organization of Levelers), was created, and it engaged in various school boycotts, tax revolts, and other protests until its disbandment in 1941. After World War II, in 1946, a more militant and politically active organization was formed: the Buraku Kaihō Zenkoku Iinkai (All-Japan Committee for…

nuclear power: Economics: …industry is known as the levelized cost of electricity, or LCOE, which is the cost of generating one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity averaged over the lifetime of the power plant. The LCOE is also known as the “busbar cost,” as it represents the cost of the electricity up to the…

Leveler, member of a republican and democratic faction in England during the period of the Civil Wars and Commonwealth. The name Levelers was given by enemies of the movement to suggest that its supporters wished to “level men’s estates.” The Leveler movement originated in 1645–46 among radical

acid–base reaction: Acidic solvents: …often referred to as a levelling effect of the solvent. The converse is true for acids; for example, the strong mineral acids, nitric, hydrochloric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, and perchloric (HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, HBr, and HClO4) are “levelled” in aqueous solution by complete conversion to the hydronium ion, but in acetic acid…

Julian Barnes: Levels of Life (2013)—which pays tribute to his wife, who died in 2008—is a series of linked essays. Barnes used the story of the pioneering surgeon Samuel Pozzi to explore Belle Époque Paris in The Man in the Red Coat (2019).

international relations: Structures, institutions, and levels of analysis: …neorealist structural theory is the levels-of-analysis question—i.e., the question of whether international inquiry should be focused at the individual, state, international-system, or other level. Introduced in the 1950s as part of an attempt to make research in international relations more scientific, the levels-of-analysis question provided a conceptual basis for addressing…

Cyriel Buysse: In such subsequent works as Het leven van Rozeke van Dalen (1906; “The Life of Rozeke van Dalen”), he shunned the raw sentimentality of his early writings. His novel Het ezelken (1910; “The Little Donkey”) contains a satirical anti-Catholic vein, which alienated him from his predominantly Roman Catholic Flemish readership.

Alexander Leslie, 1st earl of Leven was the commander of the Scottish army that from 1644 to 1646 fought on the side of Parliament in the English Civil Wars between Parliament and King Charles I. Leslie joined the Swedish army in 1605 and served brilliantly in the Thirty Years’ War in central

Alexander Leslie, 1st earl of Leven was the commander of the Scottish army that from 1644 to 1646 fought on the side of Parliament in the English Civil Wars between Parliament and King Charles I. Leslie joined the Swedish army in 1605 and served brilliantly in the Thirty Years’ War in central

Loch Leven, lake in Perth and Kinross council area, central Scotland, at the centre of the historic county of Kinross-shire. Roughly circular in shape and about 3 miles (5 km) in diameter, it is one of the shallowest of the Scottish lochs—with a mean depth of 15 feet (4.5 metres)—and has become

Ottoman Empire: Social unrest: …joined rebel bands, known as levends and Jelālīs (Celâlis)—the latter fomenting what became known as the Jelālī Revolts—which took what they could from those who remained to cultivate and trade.

Phoebus Levene was a Russian-born American chemist and pioneer in the study of nucleic acids. On receiving an M.D. degree from the St. Petersburg Imperial Medical Academy in 1891, Levene fled from Russian anti-Semitism and settled in New York City. While practicing medicine there, he studied

Phoebus Levene was a Russian-born American chemist and pioneer in the study of nucleic acids. On receiving an M.D. degree from the St. Petersburg Imperial Medical Academy in 1891, Levene fled from Russian anti-Semitism and settled in New York City. While practicing medicine there, he studied

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: The first rhyming dictionary, by Peter Levens, was produced in 1570—Manipulus Vocabulorum. A Dictionary of English and Latin Words, Set Forth in Such Order, as None Heretofore Hath Been.

Alla Nazimova was a Russian-born and Russian-trained actress who won fame on the American stage and screen. At age 17 Alla Leventon abandoned her training as a violinist and went to Moscow to work in theatre with V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and Konstantin Stanislavsky. She graduated into the Moscow

Itzhak Perlman: (The Leventritt Foundation awarded its violin and piano prizes only sporadically; the rarity of the prize and the value of the guaranteed engagements that came with it separated the Leventritt from other competitions.) As well as performing virtually the entire classical concert repertoire, he occasionally played…

lever, simple machine used to amplify physical force. All early people used the lever in some form, for moving heavy stones or as digging sticks for land cultivation. The principle of the lever was used in the swape, or shaduf, a long lever pivoted near one end with a platform or water container

Lever Brothers, predecessor company of Unilever

Thomas Mudge: …was the inventor of the lever escapement, the most dependable and widely used device for regulating the movement of the spring-driven watch.

Gordon Bunshaft: His design of the Lever House skyscraper in New York City (1952) exerted a strong influence in American architecture.

Charles James Lever was an Irish editor and writer whose novels, set in post-Napoleonic Ireland and Europe, featured lively, picaresque heroes. In 1831, after study at Trinity College, Cambridge, he qualified for the practice of medicine. His gambling and extravagance, however, left him short of

William Hesketh Lever was a British soap and detergent entrepreneur who built the international firm of Lever Brothers. Lever entered the soap business in 1885, when he leased a small unprofitable soapworks. With his brother, James Darcy Lever, he began to make soap from vegetable oils instead of

capital structure: This is known as “leverage” or “trading on the equity.” In a capital structure of $100,000, for example, of which $50,000 represents bondholders’ investment at an interest rate of 5 percent and $50,000 represents equity, total earnings of $10,000 would represent a return of 10 percent on the total…

Timothy Hutton: He starred in Leverage (2008–12), and he received an Emmy Award nomination in 2015 for his work in American Crime (2015–17). Hutton then starred in the sitcom Almost Family (2019), playing a fertility doctor who, as a sperm donor, fathered a number of children. In addition, he had…

capital structure: This is known as “leverage” or “trading on the equity.” In a capital structure of $100,000, for example, of which $50,000 represents bondholders’ investment at an interest rate of 5 percent and $50,000 represents equity, total earnings of $10,000 would represent a return of 10 percent on the total…

leveraged buyout (LBO), acquisition strategy whereby a company is purchased by another company using borrowed money such as bonds or loans. In numerous cases, leveraged buyouts (LBOs) have been used by managers to buy out shareholders to gain control over the company, and the strategy played an

William Hesketh Lever was a British soap and detergent entrepreneur who built the international firm of Lever Brothers. Lever entered the soap business in 1885, when he leased a small unprofitable soapworks. With his brother, James Darcy Lever, he began to make soap from vegetable oils instead of

Leverkusen, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), west-central Germany. It lies on the Rhine River at the mouth of the Wupper River, in the Dhünn valley, just north of Cologne. Formed in 1930 by the union of the villages of Schlebusch, Rheindorf, and Steinbüchel with the town of Wiesdorf, it

the O’Jays: …late 1950s, when childhood friends Eddie Levert (b. June 16, 1942, Canton, Ohio, U.S.) and Walter Williams (b. August 25, 1942, Canton) began performing gospel music together in their hometown of Canton. In 1959 the pair teamed with schoolmates William Powell (b. January 20, 1942, Canton—d. May 26, 1977, Canton),…

Oscar Ivar Levertin was a Swedish poet and scholar, a leader of the Swedish Romantic movement of the 1890s. Levertin was educated at Uppsala University and became in 1899 professor of literature at the University of Stockholm. After the death of his first wife and an attack of tuberculosis, which

Denise Levertov was an English-born American poet, essayist, and political activist who wrote deceptively matter-of-fact verse on both personal and political themes. Levertov’s father was an immigrant Russian Jew who converted to Christianity, married a Welsh woman, and became an Anglican

René Lévesque was the premier of the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec (1976–85) and a leading advocate of sovereignty for that province. Lévesque went to school in Gaspésie and afterward to Laval University, Quebec. Already a part-time journalist while still a student, he broke off his

François Villon: Poetry of François Villon: …1489 by the Parisian bookseller Pierre Levet, whose edition served as the basis for some 20 more in the next century. Apart from the works mentioned, there are also 12 single ballades and rondeaux (basically 13-line poems with a sophisticated double rhyme pattern), another 4 of doubtful authenticity, and 7…

Anton LaVey was an American author and counterculture figure who founded the Church of Satan. Many details of LaVey’s early life are disputed or unknown. Soon after he was born, his family moved to the San Francisco Bay area. According to some accounts, he left high school to join a circus. He

Dinah: Dinah’s brothers Simeon and Levi pretended to agree to the marriage and the covenant if Shechem and all the other males of the city of Shechem were circumcised. After the operations, while the men were still weakened, Simeon and Levi attacked the city, killed all the males, including Shechem…

St. Matthew ; Western feast day September 21, Eastern feast day November 16) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ and the traditional author of the first Synoptic Gospel (the Gospel According to Matthew). According to Matthew 9:9 and Mark 2:14, Matthew was sitting by the customs house in

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz: …and Lebje i Sióra (1821; Levi and Sarah, or, The Jewish Lovers: A Polish Tale), the first Polish novel to discuss the problems of Jews in Polish society. In 1831 he journeyed to England to attempt to persuade the western European powers to intervene on behalf of the Polish insurrection…

Levi ben Gershom was a French Jewish mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, and Talmudic scholar. In 1321 Levi wrote his first work, Sefer ha-mispar (“Book of the Number”), dealing with arithmetical operations, including extraction of roots. In De sinibus, chordis et arcubus (1342; “On Sines,

Levi Strauss & Co., world’s largest maker of pants, noted especially for its blue denim jeans called Levi’s (registered trademark). Its other products include tailored slacks, jackets, hats, shirts, skirts, and belts, and it licenses the manufacture of novelty items. The company is headquartered in

jeans, trousers originally designed in the United States by Levi Strauss in the mid-19th century as durable work clothes, with the seams and other points of stress reinforced with small copper rivets. They were eventually adopted by workingmen throughout the United States and then worldwide. Jeans

Carlo Levi was an Italian writer, painter, and political journalist whose first documentary novel became an international literary sensation and enhanced the trend toward social realism in postwar Italian literature. Levi was a painter and a practicing physician when he was exiled (1935–36) to the

Carlo Levi was an Italian writer, painter, and political journalist whose first documentary novel became an international literary sensation and enhanced the trend toward social realism in postwar Italian literature. Levi was a painter and a practicing physician when he was exiled (1935–36) to the

Baphomet: …Magic), the influential French occultist Éliphas Lévi created the Baphomet that has become a recognized occult icon. The book’s frontispiece was a drawing of Baphomet imagined as a “Sabbatic Goat”—a hermaphroditic winged human figure with the head and feet of a goat that is adorned with numerous esoteric symbols. Lévi…

Natalia Ginzburg was an Italian author who dealt unsentimentally with family relationships in her writings. Ginzburg was the widow of the Italian literary figure and patriot Leone Ginzburg, who operated a publishing house for a time, was arrested for antifascist activities, and died in prison in