radiation: Quantum concepts: That probability, the oscillator strength, involves so-called selection rules that, in general terms, state the degree to which a transition between two states (which are described in quantum-mechanical terms) is allowed. As an illustration of allowed transition in Figure 1, the only electronic transitions permitted are those in…

Oscillatoria, genus of blue-green algae common in freshwater environments, including hot springs. This unbranched filamentous alga, occurring singly or in tangled mats, derives its name from its slow, rhythmic oscillating motion, which is thought to result from a secretion of mucilage that pushes

oscillograph, instrument for indicating and recording time-varying electrical quantities, such as current and voltage. The two basic forms of the instrument in common use are the electromagnetic oscillograph and the cathode-ray oscillograph; the latter is also known as a cathode-ray oscilloscope

oscilloscope, device that plots the relationships between two or more variables, with the horizontal axis normally being a function of time and the vertical axis usually a function of the voltage generated by an input signal. Because almost any physical phenomenon can be converted into a

oscine, any bird of the suborder Passeri (order Passeriformes), which includes all songbirds. See

songbird, any member of the suborder Passeri (or Oscines), of the order Passeriformes, including about 4,000 species—nearly half the world’s birds—in 35 to 55 families. Most cage birds belong to this group. Songbirds are alike in having the vocal organ highly developed, though not all use it to

songbird, any member of the suborder Passeri (or Oscines), of the order Passeriformes, including about 4,000 species—nearly half the world’s birds—in 35 to 55 families. Most cage birds belong to this group. Songbirds are alike in having the vocal organ highly developed, though not all use it to

Jewel-Osco: …with the acquisition of the Osco Drug, Inc., drug chain. The company’s retail outlets included Jewel supermarkets, Osco drugstores, and White Hen Pantry convenience stores. After 1983 most Jewel and Osco stores were constructed under one roof, although they maintained separate operations. Renamed Jewel Companies, Inc., the company was purchased…

Osco-Umbrian languages, language group proposed by some scholars to be included in the Italic branch of Indo-European languages. The group includes Oscan, Umbrian, and the minor dialects of central Italy—Marsian, Marrucinian, Paelignian, Sabine, Vestinian, and Volscian. Oscan, the language imposed

differential geometry: Curvature of curves: …shown in the figure) the osculating circle, from the Latin osculare (“to kiss”). He then defined the curvature of the curve (and the circle) as 1r, where r is the radius of the osculating circle. As a curve becomes straighter, a circle with a larger radius must be used to…

celestial mechanics: Perturbations of elliptical motion: …perturbed orbit is called an osculating ellipse; that is, the osculating ellipse is that elliptical orbit that would be assumed by the body if all the perturbing forces were suddenly turned off.

celestial mechanics: Perturbations of elliptical motion: …perturbed orbit is called an osculating ellipse; that is, the osculating ellipse is that elliptical orbit that would be assumed by the body if all the perturbing forces were suddenly turned off.

sponge: Water-current system: …and capture food; and the oscula, openings through which water is expelled (excurrent system). Three types of water-current systems of increasingly complex structure may be distinguished by the arrangement of choanocytes and the development of canals—ascon, sycon, and leucon. The simplest, or ascon, type, found only in certain primitive genera…

Socorro: …the Sierra Oscura, which includes Oscura Peak (8,732 feet [2,661 metres]). Mountain ranges west of the river are the Ladron, Bear, Gallinas, Magdalena (including 10,783-foot [3,286-metre] South Baldy), and San Mateo (including Mount Withington and San Mateo Peak, both over 10,000 feet [3,000 metres]). Most of the residents at the…

Linus Torvalds: …under the auspices of the Open Source Development Labs (OSDL), a consortium created by such high-tech companies as IBM, Intel, and Siemens to promote Linux development. In 2007 OSDL merged with the Free Standards Group to form the Linux Foundation. In 2012 he was awarded the Millennium Technology Prize by…

Oseberg ship, 9th-century Viking ship that was discovered in 1903 on a farm in southeastern Norway and excavated in 1904. It was found in a burial mound that included the skeletons of two women and several animals along with various elaborately decorated objects such as wooden sleighs, embroidered

Hoshea, in the Old Testament (2 Kings 15:30; 17:1–6), son of Elah and last king of Israel (c. 732–724 bc). He became king through a conspiracy in which his predecessor, Pekah, was killed. The Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III claimed that he made Hoshea king, and Hoshea paid an annual tribute to

Book of Hosea, the first of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets, considered as one book, The Twelve, in the Jewish canon. According to the superscription, Hosea began his prophetic activity during the reign of Jeroboam II (c. 786–746 bc). His prophetic announcements

Fante confederacy: …of hostility, the Asante king Osei Bonsu conquered the Fante confederacy (1806–24) and gained direct access to the coast. After his death Asante power declined, and in 1831 the British administrator of Cape Coast, George Maclean, negotiated a treaty providing for Fante independence and Asante use of trade routes to…

Asante empire: Kings Osei Kwadwo (ruled c. 1764–77), Osei Kwame (1777–1801), and Osei Bonsu (c. 1801–24) established a strong centralized state, with an efficient, merit-based bureaucracy and a fine system of communications.

Asante empire: 1764–77), Osei Kwame (1777–1801), and Osei Bonsu (c. 1801–24) established a strong centralized state, with an efficient, merit-based bureaucracy and a fine system of communications.

Osei Tutu was the founder and first ruler of the Asante (Ashanti) empire (in present-day Ghana) who as chief of the small state of Kumasi came to realize (c. 1680–90) that a fusion of the small separate Asante kingdoms was necessary to withstand their powerful Denkyera neighbours to the south. Osei

Saaremaa, island, Estonia. It is the largest of the islands in the Muhu archipelago that divides the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Riga. The island is low-lying and is composed largely of limestones and dolomites. Some of the places with poorer soils are characterized by the alvary—poor bushy

oseltamivir, antiviral drug that is active against both influenza type A and influenza type B viruses. Oseltamivir and a similar agent called zanamivir (marketed as Relenza) were approved in 1999 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and represented the first members in a new class of antiviral

Podostemaceae: …northern tropical South America), and Oserya (7 species, Mexico to northern tropical South America). A majority of the remaining 35 genera contain only one or two species each.

caviar: …black or gray; the smaller osetrova grayish, gray-green, or brown; sevruga, the smallest, is greenish black. The rarest caviar, made from the golden eggs of the sterlet, was formerly reserved for the table of the tsar; more recently it found its way to the tables of Soviet dignitaries and that…

rat: General features: …of the smaller species is Osgood’s rat (R. osgoodi) of southern Vietnam, with a body 12 to 17 cm long and a somewhat shorter tail. At the larger extreme is the Sulawesian white-tailed rat (R. xanthurus), measuring 19 to 27 cm long with a tail of 26 to 34 cm.

Detroit Red Wings: Lidstrom, goalie Chris Osgood, and left wing Henrik Zetterberg were star players on the team that won the 2007–08 Stanley Cup against the Pittsburgh Penguins. The following season Lidstrom, Osgood, and Zetterberg, along with centre Pavel Datsyuk (who finished fourth in the league with 97 points), helped…

nuclear strategy: Limited nuclear war: States, including Henry Kissinger and Robert Osgood, hoped that if the West could reinforce its military strength in that way, it would be possible to take on communists in limited nuclear wars without resort to incredible threats of massive retaliation.

joint disease: Aseptic necrosis: Osgood-Schlatter disease is an analogous lesion, but it affects a growth centre (anterior tibial tubercle) at a slight distance from the joint rather than in its immediate vicinity. In the second type of aseptic necrosis in children, the necrosis is not the consequence of mechanical…

Osh, city, southwestern Kyrgyzstan. The city lies at an elevation of 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) on the Akbura River where it emerges from the Alay foothills. First mentioned in writings of the 9th century, it was destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th century and subsequently rebuilt. In the 15th

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), public health agency of the U.S. Department of Labor. Formed in 1970 through the Occupational Safety and Health Act, OSHA is charged with ensuring that employers furnish their employees with a working environment free from recognized health and

Oshawa, city, regional municipality of Durham county, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies on the north shore of Lake Ontario, just northeast of Toronto. Founded as Skea’s Corners on the military Kingston Road in 1795, it was renamed Oshawa—an Indian word referring to a stream crossing—in 1842,

Douglas Osheroff is an American physicist who, along with David Lee and Robert Richardson, was the corecipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3. Osheroff received a bachelor’s degree (1967) from the California Institute of Technology

Douglas Osheroff is an American physicist who, along with David Lee and Robert Richardson, was the corecipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize for Physics for their discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3. Osheroff received a bachelor’s degree (1967) from the California Institute of Technology

Saoshyans: …the foremost of three saviours (the first two are Ōshētar and Ōshētarmāh) who are all posthumous sons of Zoroaster. One will appear at the end of each of the three last millennia of the world, miraculously conceived by a maiden who has swum in a lake where Zoroaster’s seed was…

Saoshyans: …the foremost of three saviours (the first two are Ōshētar and Ōshētarmāh) who are all posthumous sons of Zoroaster. One will appear at the end of each of the three last millennia of the world, miraculously conceived by a maiden who has swum in a lake where Zoroaster’s seed was…

Little Armenia: Thereafter the family of Oshin, another Armenian noble, ruled as the Hethumid dynasty until 1342. After initial trouble with the Byzantine Empire, Little Armenia established itself and developed contacts with the West. Frankish culture, disseminated by Frankish families traveling on Crusades, had considerable influence on the development of Little…

Japan: The maturity of Edo culture: …the bakufu-controlled city of Ōsaka, Ōshio Heihachirō, a former city official, led a revolt aimed at overthrowing city officials and wealthy merchants and relieving the plight of the poor. Although the uprising was speedily suppressed, the bakufu was again shocked, incredulous that a former faithful official would lead a revolt.

Aladura: …Lord (Aladura) was started by Josiah Olunowo Oshitelu, an Anglican catechist and schoolteacher, whose unusual visions, fastings, and devotions led to his dismissal in 1926. By 1929 he was preaching judgment on idolatry and native charms and medicines, uttering prophecies, and healing through prayer, fasting, and holy water. The Church…

Oshkosh, city, seat (1848) of Winnebago county, east-central Wisconsin, U.S. It lies on the western shore of Lake Winnebago where the Fox River enters, some 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Milwaukee. Potawatomi, Menominee, Ho-Chunk Nation (Winnebago), Fox, and Ojibwa Indians were early inhabitants

New York Rens: The world’s best team: …National Basketball League (NBL), the Oshkosh All-Stars, in the finals. The Rens won the game handily, 34–25, and became the very first champions of professional basketball.

Abercrombie & Fitch: Oshman’s Sporting Goods, Inc., bought the firm in 1978. In 1988 Abercrombie & Fitch was bought by The Limited, Inc. Repositioned as the trademarked “casual luxury” brand, it became parent to the subsidiary brands abercrombie kids, a children’s line launched in 1998 and marketed as…

Belarus: Relief: …the main Belarusian Ridge, the Ashmyany Upland, consisting of terminal moraines from the same glacial period, lies between Minsk and Vilnius, in neighbouring Lithuania. The surfaces of its ridges tend to be flat or gently rolling and covered by light sandy podzolic soils; they are largely cleared of their original…

Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh was an Indian spiritual leader who preached an eclectic doctrine of Eastern mysticism, individual devotion, and sexual freedom. As a young intellectual, Rajneesh visited with and absorbed insights from teachers of the various religious traditions active in India. He studied

Shōgatsu, public holiday observed in Japan on January 1–3 (though celebrations sometimes last for the entire week), marking the beginning of a new calendar year. On the eve of the new year, temple bells ring 108 times: 8 times to ring out the old year and 100 times to usher in the new year. Prior

Osogbo, town, capital of Osun state, southwestern Nigeria. Lying along the Osun (Oshun) River, it is situated on the railroad from Lagos and at the intersection of roads from Ilesa, Ede, Ogbomosho, and Ikirun. The town is served by a local airport. Originally settled by the Ijesha (a subtribe of

Ōshū, city, southern Iwate ken (prefecture), northeastern Honshu, Japan. It was formed in 2006 by the merger of Mizusawa and a number of surrounding municipalities. Ōshū lies in the valley of the Kitakami River. A community was established there as a fort to exterminate the aboriginal Ainu peoples

Oshun, an orisha (deity) of the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria. Oshun is commonly called the river orisha, or goddess, in the Yoruba religion and is typically associated with water, purity, fertility, love, and sensuality. She is considered one of the most powerful of all orishas, and, like

telecommunications network: Open systems interconnection: Different communication requirements necessitate different network solutions, and these different network protocols can create significant problems of compatibility when networks are interconnected with one another. In order to overcome some of these interconnection problems, the open systems interconnection (OSI) was approved in…

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: North Indian style of Rājasthān: A group of temples at Osiān, dating to about the 8th century, represents adequately the opening phases of medieval temple architecture in Rājasthān. They stand on high terraces and consist of a sanctum, a hall, and a porch. The sanctum is generally square and has a latina spire. The walls,…

Andreas Osiander was a German theologian who helped introduce the Protestant Reformation to Nürnberg. The son of a blacksmith, Osiander was educated at Leipzig, Altenburg, and the University of Ingolstadt. Ordained in 1520, he helped reform the imperial free city of Nürnberg on strictly Lutheran

Osijek, industrial town and agricultural centre in eastern Croatia. It lies on the Drava River, about 10 miles (16 km) west of the border with Serbia. In Roman times the city site was known as Mursa. Its present name was first recorded in 1196. An important trade and transportation centre from

Osinniki, city, Kemerovo oblast (region), central Russia. It is situated at the confluence of the Kandalep and Kondoma rivers. The city developed in the 1930s as a mining centre in the Kuznetsk Coal Basin; it supplies coal to the Kuznetsk metallurgical complex located in Novokuznetsk. A college of

Berdyansk, city and port, southeastern Ukraine. It lies along the Berdyansk Gulf of the Sea of Azov. Founded in 1827, the city is a holiday and health resort. Its industries have included engineering, oil processing, flour milling, and fishing. Pop. (2001) 121,692; (2005 est.)

nuclear weapon: Iraq: …Iraq a research reactor (called Osirak or Tammuz-1) that used weapon-grade uranium as the fuel. Iraq imported hundreds of tons of various forms of uranium from Portugal, Niger, and Brazil, sent numerous technicians abroad for training, and in 1979 contracted to purchase a plutonium separation facility from Italy. Iraq’s program…

Abydos: …remarkable structure known as the Osireion, which is thought to be Seti’s cenotaph. This curious monument is an underground vaulted hall containing a central platform with 10 monolithic pillars surrounded by a channel of water. Another temple to Osiris, now much ruined, was built by Ramses II to the north…

Osiris, one of the most important gods of ancient Egypt. The origin of Osiris is obscure; he was a local god of Busiris, in Lower Egypt, and may have been a personification of chthonic (underworld) fertility. By about 2400 bce, however, Osiris clearly played a double role: he was both a god of

George Alfred Leon Sarton: …(1936) founded a second journal, Osiris, devoted to lengthier papers on the history and philosophy of science, editing both periodicals until his death.

Anselm Kiefer: …as in the large painting Osiris and Isis (1985–87). In the late 1990s, while continuing to paint, Kiefer began to create mixed-media sculptures. These include stacks of charred or lead books, as in Paete non dolet (2006) and The Language of the Birds (2013), as well as vitrines of plaster…

Osiris: Osiris festivals symbolically reenacting the god’s fate were celebrated annually in various towns throughout Egypt. A central feature of the festivals during the late period was the construction of the “Osiris garden,” a mold in the shape of Osiris, filled with soil. The mold was…

mystery religion: The Hellenistic period: …deceased father an incarnation of Osiris (the god of fertility). In Hellenistic times, Osiris was commonly known by the name Serapis. These gods became equated with Greek gods: Isis with Demeter and Aphrodite; Horus with Apollo and Helios; Serapis with Zeus, Dionysus, and Hades (Pluto). Both Greek and Egyptian myths…

Ayi Kwei Armah: …break from publishing before releasing Osiris Rising in 1995. The novel examines the struggles of independent Africa and the lingering effects of colonialism. His later books included KMT: In the House of Life (2002) and The Resolutionaries (2013).

OSIRIS-REx, American spacecraft that orbited the asteroid Bennu and returned a sample of it to Earth. The roughly 250-gram (9-ounce) sample was the largest extraterrestrial sample returned to Earth since the Apollo missions to the Moon and the first asteroid sample collected by an American

Apis, in ancient Egyptian religion, sacred bull deity worshipped at Memphis. The cult of Apis originated at least as early as the 1st dynasty (c. 2925–c. 2775 bce). Like other bull deities, Apis was probably at first a fertility god concerned with the propagation of grain and herds, but he became

OSIRIS-REx, American spacecraft that orbited the asteroid Bennu and returned a sample of it to Earth. The roughly 250-gram (9-ounce) sample was the largest extraterrestrial sample returned to Earth since the Apollo missions to the Moon and the first asteroid sample collected by an American

OSIRIS-REx, American spacecraft that orbited the asteroid Bennu and returned a sample of it to Earth. The roughly 250-gram (9-ounce) sample was the largest extraterrestrial sample returned to Earth since the Apollo missions to the Moon and the first asteroid sample collected by an American

Oskaloosa, city, seat (1844) of Mahaska county, southeastern Iowa, U.S. It lies between the Des Moines and South Skunk rivers, about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Des Moines. The region was inhabited by Sauk and Fox peoples when a fort was founded there by Captain Nathan Boone, nephew of Daniel

Öskemen, city, capital of Shygys Qazaqstan oblysy (region), eastern Kazakhstan. It lies in the foothills of the Rūdnyy Altai Mountains and at the junction of the Ulba and Irtysh (Ertis) rivers. Founded as a Russian fort in 1720, it later became a centre of trade with Mongolia and China and the

Sir William Osler, Baronet: …terminology, Osler is immortalized in Osler’s nodes (red, tender swellings of the hand characteristic of certain cardiac infections), a blood disorder known as Osler-Vaquez disease, and Osler-Rendu-Weber disease (a hereditary disorder marked by recurring nose bleeds with vascular involvement of the skin and mucous membranes).

Sir William Osler, Baronet was a Canadian physician and professor of medicine who practiced and taught in Canada, the United States, and Great Britain and whose book The Principles and Practice of Medicine (1892) was a leading textbook. Osler played a key role in transforming the organization and

Osler-Rendu-Weber disease, hereditary disorder characterized by bleeding from local capillary malformations. In Osler-Rendu-Weber disease, capillaries in the fingertips and around the oral and nasal cavities are enlarged and have unusually thin walls; they are easily broken by accidental bumping or

Luxembourg: Relief and soils: …of Luxembourg, known as the Oesling (Ösling), comprises a corner of the Ardennes Mountains, which lie mainly in southern Belgium. It is a plateau that averages 1,500 feet (450 metres) in elevation and is composed of schists and sandstones. This forested highland region is incised by the deep valleys of…

Oslo, capital and largest city of Norway. It lies at the head of Oslo Fjord in the southeastern part of the country. The original site of Oslo was east of the Aker River. The city was founded by King Harald Hardraade about 1050, and about 1300 the Akershus fortress was built by Haakon V. After the

Oslo 1952 Olympic Winter Games, athletic festival held in Oslo that took place Feb. 14–25, 1952. The Oslo Games were the sixth occurrence of the Winter Olympic Games. With the awarding of the 1952 Winter Olympics to Oslo, the Games were held for the first time in a Scandinavian country. Some

Oslo Accords, set of agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) that established a peace process for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a mutually negotiated two-state solution. The agreements resulted in limited self-governance for Palestinians in the West Bank

Oslo and Utøya attacks of 2011, terrorist attacks on Oslo and mass shooting on the island of Utøya in Norway on July 22, 2011, in which 77 people were killed—the deadliest incident on Norwegian soil since World War II. At 3:26 pm an explosion rocked downtown Oslo, shattering windows and damaging

Oslo and Utøya attacks of 2011, terrorist attacks on Oslo and mass shooting on the island of Utøya in Norway on July 22, 2011, in which 77 people were killed—the deadliest incident on Norwegian soil since World War II. At 3:26 pm an explosion rocked downtown Oslo, shattering windows and damaging

Oslo Fjord, fjord on the Skagerrak (strait) penetrating the southern coast of Norway for 60 miles (100 km) from about Fredrikstad to Oslo. With an area of 766 square miles (1,984 square km), the fjord occupies a glacier-formed depression, or graben, that has been partially filled and partially

Israel: Occupation of Arab territories: …territory as part of the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip, signed in September 1995, and the Wye River Memorandum of October 1998. The transfers, executed in stages, actually occurred more slowly than originally agreed, with a number of stages delayed or postponed. In 2002 Israel also…

Mariss Jansons: …as music director of the Oslo Philharmonic, during which time he elevated the reputation of the Norwegian orchestra through recordings and tours in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Over the course of his career, Jansons conducted many of the world’s major orchestras and appeared on a regular basis at…

Norway: Education: …universities include four traditional universities—the University of Oslo (established 1811), the University of Bergen (1946), the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim (with roots in the Norwegian Institute of Technology, founded 1910), and the University of Tromsø (1968)—along with the University of Stavanger, the Norwegian University of Life…

Nikola Pašić: Early career: …as editor of the newspaper Oslobodjenje (“Liberation”), became an important exponent of Marković’s views. Having concluded that King Milan Obrenović’s oligarchy was depriving Serbia both of progressive leadership and of national perspective, Pašić decided to enter politics actively. Elected to parliament in 1878, he worked, as leader of the opposition,…

Oslo Fjord, fjord on the Skagerrak (strait) penetrating the southern coast of Norway for 60 miles (100 km) from about Fredrikstad to Oslo. With an area of 766 square miles (1,984 square km), the fjord occupies a glacier-formed depression, or graben, that has been partially filled and partially

Croatian literature: …author of a stirring epic, Osman (oldest existing copy approximately 1651; Eng. trans. Osman), describing the Polish victory over the Ottomans at Chocim (Khotin, now in Ukraine) in 1621.

Hamid Dynasty: In 1423 Osman, the last Hamid ruler, was defeated, and the principality was reincorporated into the Ottoman Empire.

Osman Ali was the nizam (ruler) of Hyderabad princely state in India in the period 1911–48 and its constitutional president until 1956. Once one of the richest men in the world, he ruled over a state the size of Italy. After a private education, Osman Ali succeeded his father, Maḥbūb ʿAlī Khan, the

law of war: Lawful combatants: In the case of Osman Bin Mohammed v. Public Prosecutor (1968), the Privy Council in London held that members of the Indonesian armed forces who had landed in Singapore during an armed conflict between Indonesia and Malaysia were not entitled to be treated as prisoners of war after having…

Osman Digna was a leader of the Mahdist revolt that broke out in the Sudan in 1881. Osman’s father was a merchant of Kurdish descent; his mother, a member of the local Hadendowa tribe. Before the revolt of al-Mahdī, Osman traded in slaves. In 1877, however, the Egyptian government, which had

Osman I was the ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state. Both the name of the dynasty and the empire that the dynasty established are derived from the Arabic form (ʿUthmān) of his name. Osman was descended from the Kayı

Osman I was the ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state. Both the name of the dynasty and the empire that the dynasty established are derived from the Arabic form (ʿUthmān) of his name. Osman was descended from the Kayı

Osman II was an Ottoman sultan who came to the throne as an active and intelligent boy of 14 and who during his short rule (1618–22) understood the need for reform within the empire. Ambitious and courageous, Osman undertook a military campaign against Poland, which had interfered in the Ottoman

Osman Nuri Paşa was an Ottoman pasha and muşir (field marshal) who became a national hero for his determined resistance at Plevna (modern Pleven, Bulgaria) during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. After graduation from the military academy of Constantinople, Osman entered the cavalry in 1853 and

Osmanabad, city, southeastern Maharashtra state, western India. It is situated on the Maharashtra Plateau, about 35 miles (55 km) north of Solapur. Osmanabad was part of the ancient Yadava Hindu kingdom. It fell to the Bahmanī and Bijapur sultanates in the 14th and 16th centuries and was later

Hyderabad: The contemporary city: In 1918 the nizam established Osmania University, and it is now one of the best universities in India. The University of Hyderabad was established in 1974. An agricultural university and a number of advanced research and training institutes are also located there, as are several nongovernmental institutions, notably the American…

Ottoman Empire: Classical Ottoman society and administration: …ruling class of Ottomans (Osmanlı) and a large mass of subjects called rayas (reʿâyâ). Three attributes were essential for membership in the Ottoman ruling class: profession of loyalty to the sultan and his state; acceptance and practice of Islam and its underlying system of thought and action; and knowledge…

tea olive, a plant of the genus Osmanthus in the family Oleaceae, often grown for its fragrant flowers and shining, evergreen foliage. There are about 15 species, native to eastern North America, Mexico, southeastern Asia, Hawaii, and New Caledonia. Sweet olive, or sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus

tea olive: The main American species, devilwood (O. americanus), reaches 15 metres and bears greenish-white flowers. Its close-grained, dark-brown wood is valued for carpentry.

tea olive: Orange osmanthus (O. aurantiaca), 2.5 metres in height, has fragrant orange flowers. Holly osmanthus, or false holly (O. heterophyllus), distinguished by its holly-like leaves, bears white flowers, on 5-metre trees. Osmanthus delavayi reaches 2 metres and has small, oval leaves and white flowers. The main…

tea olive: Osmanthus delavayi reaches 2 metres and has small, oval leaves and white flowers. The main American species, devilwood (O. americanus), reaches 15 metres and bears greenish-white flowers. Its close-grained, dark-brown wood is valued for carpentry.