Albert Brooks: Brooks then wrote and directed Real Life (1979), a satire about a documentary filmmaker recording the life of a family while trying, and failing miserably, to remain inconspicuous. He next directed and starred in the comedies Modern Romance (1981) and Lost in America (1985), but it was his largely noncomedic…

José Luandino Vieira: …verdadeira de Domingos Xavier (1974; The Real Life of Domingos Xavier) portrays the cruelty of white “justice” and the courage of African men and women in preindependent Angola. His other works—among them Velhas estórias (1974; “Old Stories”), Nós os do Makulusu (1974; “Our Gang from Makulusu”), Vidas novas (1975; “New…

The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, novel by Vladimir Nabokov, published in 1941. It was his first prose narrative in English. The work, which is a satire of literary biography and scholarship, purports to be the true biography of a great writer, the late and neglected Sebastian Knight; it is

Jane Lynch: …with Annoyance Theatre’s cult hit The Real Live Brady Bunch, a stage show that featured reenactments of old episodes of the television sitcom The Brady Bunch.

Real Madrid, Spanish professional football (soccer) club based in Madrid. Known for their all-white uniforms, which led to its nickname “Los Blancos,” Real Madrid is one of the world’s best-known teams. Real Madrid grew out of Football Club Sky, a team formed in Madrid in 1897. The club was

Real Madrid, Spanish professional football (soccer) club based in Madrid. Known for their all-white uniforms, which led to its nickname “Los Blancos,” Real Madrid is one of the world’s best-known teams. Real Madrid grew out of Football Club Sky, a team formed in Madrid in 1897. The club was

Australia: Strains of modern radicalism: Miriam Dixson in The Real Matilda (1976) argued that Australian women had suffered an inferior status, markedly below that of women in Western society at large. Her case was arguable, but the increasing volume of feminist studies more often stressed the achievements of women, though often against great…

Television in the United States: Rural humour: …television three years earlier with The Real McCoys (ABC/CBS, 1957–63)—a sitcom about a family who left the mountains of West Virginia to operate a ranch in California—the success of The Andy Griffith Show firmly established the rural comedy as a dominant genre of the 1960s.

real number, in mathematics, a quantity that can be expressed as an infinite decimal expansion. Real numbers are used in measurements of continuously varying quantities such as size and time, in contrast to the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, …, arising from counting. The word real distinguishes them from

standing to sue, in law, the requirement that a person who brings a suit be a proper party to request adjudication of the particular issue involved. The test traditionally applied was whether the party had a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy presented and whether the dispute touched

Alison Lurie: …Friends (1967; television miniseries 1987), Real People (1969), Only Children (1979), and The Truth About Lorin Jones (1988). A collection of ghost stories, Women and Ghosts, was published in 1994. The Last Resort (1998) follows a naturalist writer and his wife on a trip to Key West, where they encounter…

Television in the United States: Reality TV: With the appearance of Real People (NBC, 1979–84), however, the genre began to thrive. Called “infotainment” by some critics and “schlockumentary” by others, Real People presented several short documentaries per episode featuring “real people” who did unusual things: one man ate dirt, for example, and another walked only backward.…

Brazil: The Real Plan and Cardoso presidency: …Cardoso, who put forth the Real Plan, a financial program partly inspired by a successful Argentine plan. The program stopped the government from periodically raising prices (a practice known as indexing inflation), introduced a new currency (the real) and an exchange rate that was partially linked to that of the…

Eucharist: In Roman Catholicism: …the priestly service, and the real presence of Christ in the church as the fundamental presupposition for the real presence in the Eucharist. Church law obliges Roman Catholics to receive Holy Communion at least once a year (during the Lent-Easter season) but encourages them to take it at mass every…

Real Quiet, (foaled 1995), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) who in 1998 won the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes but lost at the Belmont Stakes, ending his bid for the coveted Triple Crown of American horse racing. Real Quiet was called a “bargain-basement colt,” as he was bought for only

Thomas Spence: …Newcastle Philosophical Society his paper The Real Rights of Man, advocating that land be owned by democratically organized local corporations that would rent it out at moderate rates and distribute the net proceeds to the inhabitants. There would be no need for taxes. Spence maintained that men in their natural…

Major League Soccer: Winners of the MLS Cup are provided in the table.

Hugh Jackman: In the sports-action film Real Steel (2011), Jackman portrayed a promoter in the futuristic milieu of robot boxing. He continued to entertain live audiences with a hugely popular one-man concert show, Hugh Jackman, Back on Broadway (2011). He took a supporting role in the film Butter (2011), a political…

real tennis, racket sport that is descended from and almost identical to the medieval tennis game jeu de paume (“game of the palm”). Real tennis has been played since the Middle Ages, but the game has become almost completely obscured by its own descendant, lawn tennis. Although real tennis

Mike Nichols: Middle years: Silkwood, Working Girl, and The Birdcage: …Tony for directing the play The Real Thing. He then returned to the big screen with Heartburn (1986), an adaptation of Ephron’s semiautobiographical novel about a pregnant woman who learns that her husband is cheating on her. Streep and Nicholson stood in for Ephron and journalist Carl Bernstein, Ephron’s then…

Bill Maher: …he returned to television with Real Time with Bill Maher, which began airing on HBO in February 2003. In 2006 Maher hosted the Internet talk show Amazon Fishbowl with Bill Maher on the Web site Amazon.com. He made frequent appearances on various political talk shows and hosted several stand-up comedy…

Ronaldo: Injuries and retirement: …owner of the Spanish club Real Valladolid, and in 2021 he purchased a stake in Cruzeiro, where he had played early in his career. In 2024 he said that he would sell his holdings in both clubs.

Oruro, city, west-central Bolivia. It lies at 12,150 feet (3,702 metres) above sea level in the Altiplano region, 30 miles (48 km) north of Lake Poopó. Founded in 1606 as Real Villa de San Felipe de Austria (“Royal Town of St. Philip of Austria”), Oruro rose to prominence during the Spanish

America Ferrera: Early life and beginning of her career: …cast in the coming-of-age film Real Women Have Curves, playing Ana Garcia, a bright Mexican American high school senior with a weight-obsessed mother. The part is considered Ferrera’s breakthrough, and she was awarded the Special Jury Prize for acting at the Sundance Film Festival.

reality TV: Early reality TV shows: …conflict and dramatic potential—in MTV’s The Real World (1992– ), a show following a group of young adults selected to live together in a house where cameras document their behavior and interpersonal relationships. The Real World premiered to mostly unfavorable reviews but quickly transformed into a ratings powerhouse with a…

Canadian literature: Contemporary trends: In Le Vrai Monde? (1987; The Real World?), perhaps his best play, Michel Tremblay explored the ambiguous relationship between life and its representation in art. His libretto for the opera Nelligan (1990) was a departure from his previous work: it studies Quebec through its most tragic voice, that of poet…

yellowwood: macrophyllus), of China and Japan; real yellowwood (P. latifolius), South African yellowwood (P. elongatus), and common yellowwood (P. falcatus) of southern Africa; plum-fir, or plum-fruited, yew (P. andinus) and willowleaf podocarpus, or mañío (P. salignus), of the Chilean Andes; and the yacca (P. coriaceus)

Cordillera Real, major mountain system, the easternmost of the two in Bolivia. It extends generally north-south for about 750 miles (1,200 km) through the length of the country. The Cordillera Real separates the lowlands of the Amazon River basin to the east from the high plateaus of the Altiplano

Andes Mountains: …and western ranges—respectively named the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Occidental—are characteristic of most of the system. The directional trend of both the cordilleras generally is north-south, but in several places the Cordillera Oriental bulges eastward to form either isolated peninsula-like ranges or such high intermontane plateau regions as the…

reality of the external world, in modern Western philosophy, a central problem of metaphysics (one of the four main branches of philosophy, the others being logic, ethics, and epistemology). The reality of the external world is among a handful of fundamental issues that together defined the nature

encyclopaedia: Other topics: …Classical philologist, began issuing his Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (“Encyclopaedia of Classical Antiquities”) in 1837. The new edition was begun by another German Classical philologist, Georg Wissowa, in 1893. This enormous work on Classical studies has no equal in any part of the world, though it can be supplemented in…

encyclopaedia: Other topics: …first great encyclopaedia with his Real-Encyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche (1854–68; “Encyclopaedia of the Protestant Theology and Church”). Philip Schaff, a Swiss-born American church historian, prepared the abridged English edition (1882–84) from which The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge stems. James Hastings, a Scottish clergyman, was responsible for…

human cardiovascular system: Noninvasive techniques: Real-time (cross-sectional or two-dimensional) echocardiography depicts cardiac shape and lateral movement not available in M-mode echocardiography by moving the ultrasonic beam very rapidly, and such recording may be displayed on film or videotape. New techniques allow measurement by ultrasonography of rates of flow and pressures,…

computer science: Platform-based development: The term real-time systems refers to computers embedded into cars, aircraft, manufacturing assembly lines, and other devices to control processes in real time. Frequently, real-time tasks repeat at fixed-time intervals. For example, sensor data are gathered every second, and a control signal is generated. In such cases,…

electronic strategy game: Real-time games: As personal computers became more powerful, real-time games became viable, with the first commercial success being Dune II (1992), based on American director David Lynch’s 1984 film version of Frank Herbert’s science fiction novel Dune (1965). Dune II allowed players to select and…

RealAudio, a compressed audio format created in 1995 by Progressive Networks (after 1997, RealNetworks, Inc.) that was popular in the 1990s and early 2000s but was supplanted by such formats as MP4. The RealAudio format allows users to listen to music as it is being downloaded, a process known as

Acireale, town and episcopal see, eastern Sicily, Italy, on terraces above the Ionian Sea at the foot of Mount Etna, 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Catania. Known as Aquilia by the Romans, the town was called Reale by Philip IV of Spain in 1642. The first part of its name is derived from the ancient

encyclopaedia: Encyclopaedic dictionaries: …Philipp Balthasar Sinold von Schütz’s Reales Staats- und Zeitungs-Lexicon (“Lexicon of Government and News”) concentrated on geography, theology, politics, and contemporary history and had to be supplemented by the German economist Paul Jacob Marperger’s Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerk-, und Handlungslexikon (1712; “Curious Natural, Artistic, Mining, Craft, and Commercial Encyclopaedia”),…

realgar, an important ore of arsenic, a red or orange mineral containing both arsenic and sulfur. Typically it is a minor constituent of ore veins in association with orpiment (into which it disintegrates on long exposure to light). Realgar has been used by the Chinese for carvings, but these also

Andrea da Barberino: …prose compilation of Charlemagne legends, I reali di Francia (1491; “The Royalty of France,” modern edition by G. Vandelli, 1892–1900), was drawn for the most part from earlier Italian versions, though the author added much pseudohistorical material and invented many exciting amplifications. His epic tale Guerrin meschino (1473; “Wretched Guerrino”),…

library: School libraries: …librarians use the term “realia” to describe these resources.

Belgian literature: Realism and other post-Romantic trends: Led by a Realist, Domien Sleeckx, a reaction against Romanticism set in about 1860. Writing became characterized by acute observation, description of local scenery, humour, and, not infrequently, a pervasive pessimism, as could be seen in novels such as Anton…

realism, set of related theories of international relations that emphasizes the role of the state, national interest, and power in world politics. Realism has dominated the academic study of international relations since the end of World War II. Realists claim to offer both the most accurate

realism, in philosophy, the viewpoint which accords to things which are known or perceived an existence or nature which is independent of whether anyone is thinking about or perceiving them. The history of Western philosophy is checkered with disputes between those who have defended forms of

realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different

ethics: Moral realism: After the publication of Moore’s Principia Ethica, naturalism in Britain was given up for dead. The first attempts to revive it were made in the late 1950s by Philippa Foot and Elizabeth Anscombe (1919–2001). In response to Hare’s intimation that anything could be…

Michael Fried: …writings included Minimal Art (1968), Realism, Writing, Disfiguration: On Thomas Eakins and Stephen Crane (1987), Art and Objecthood (1998), Why Photography Matters as Art as Never Before (2008), After Caravaggio (2016), and What Was Literary Impressionism? (2018).

realism: The novel: …latter’s theories to literature in Le Réalisme (1857). In this influential critical manifesto Champfleury asserted that the hero of a novel should be an ordinary man rather than an exceptional figure. In 1857 Gustave Flaubert’s novel Madame Bovary was published. This unrelentingly objective portrait of the bourgeois mentality, with its…

Constructivism: …publication of their jointly written Realist Manifesto in 1920 they became the spokesmen of the movement. It is from the manifesto that the name Constructivism was derived; one of the directives that it contained was “to construct” art. Because of their admiration for machines and technology, functionalism, and modern industrial…

The Sleepwalkers: …oder die Sachlichkeit 1918 (1932; The Realist).

philosophy of mathematics: Realistic anti-Platonism: There are two different versions of realistic anti-Platonism, namely, psychologism and physicalism. Psychologism is the view that mathematical theorems are about concrete mental objects of some sort. In this view, numbers and circles and so on do exist, but they do not exist…

realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different

Antoine Pevsner: …the brothers issued the “Realistic Manifesto” (written by Gabo, and co-signed by Pevsner), in which they rejected Cubism and Futurism and argued that artists should embrace elements of space and time by employing constructed (as opposed to sculpted) mass and kinetic rhythms. Gabo outlined a style similar to the…

realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different

Western theatre: Russia: …put in charge of the Realistic Theatre (formerly one of the Moscow Art Theatre studios) in 1932. There, he tried to find new ways of presenting plays by using multiple stages and generally breaking away from the constrictions of the proscenium-arch format. In 1938, however, the Realistic Theatre was closed…

thought: …for reasoning, it is called directed thinking. Reasoning is a process of piecing together the results of two or more distinct previous learning experiences to produce a new pattern of behaviour. Directed thinking contrasts with other symbolic sequences that have different functions, such as the simple recall (mnemonic thinking) of…

David Bowie: …the release of the backward-looking Reality (2003) led to speculation that he had retired. He unexpectedly resurfaced a decade later with The Next Day (2013), a collection of assured, mostly straightforward, rock songs. The searching, jazz-infused Blackstar (2016) was released two days before his death from cancer. In Bowie’s final…

Sydney Sweeney: Breakthrough parts and stardom: …Reality Winner in the biopic Reality (2023). Her other credits from 2023 include the popular rom-com Anyone but You. The following year Sweeney starred alongside Dakota Johnson in Madame Web, a superhero film based on a Marvel character.

Ben Stiller: …and acted in the dramedy Reality Bites (1994), a portrait of disaffected, media-saturated young adults that was considered a defining representation of Generation X. He stepped behind the camera again for The Cable Guy (1996), a dark comedy starring Jim Carrey, but the film was poorly received.

reality of the external world, in modern Western philosophy, a central problem of metaphysics (one of the four main branches of philosophy, the others being logic, ethics, and epistemology). The reality of the external world is among a handful of fundamental issues that together defined the nature

projective geometry: Projective invariants: …distant points for parallels, the reality plane and the projective plane are essentially interchangeable—that is, ignoring distances and directions (angles), which are not preserved in the projection. Other properties are preserved, however. For instance, two different points have a unique connecting line, and two different lines have a unique point…

human behaviour: Psychoanalytic theories: …as the child grows, the reality principle gradually begins to control the pleasure principle; the child learns that the environment does not always permit immediate gratification. Child development, according to Freud, is thus primarily concerned with the emergence of the functions of the ego, which is responsible for channeling the…

Reality Sandwiches, fourth volume of collected poems by Allen Ginsberg, published in 1963. The poems in the collection are of interest mainly as a record of the Beat lifestyle and of Ginsberg’s own

reality TV, television genre encompassing a wide variety of purportedly unscripted programming. Because the genre is so heterogeneous, it can be difficult to fully define. In her book True Story: What Reality TV Says About Us (2022), American sociologist Danielle J. Lindemann defines reality TV as

reality TV, television genre encompassing a wide variety of purportedly unscripted programming. Because the genre is so heterogeneous, it can be difficult to fully define. In her book True Story: What Reality TV Says About Us (2022), American sociologist Danielle J. Lindemann defines reality TV as

reality TV, television genre encompassing a wide variety of purportedly unscripted programming. Because the genre is so heterogeneous, it can be difficult to fully define. In her book True Story: What Reality TV Says About Us (2022), American sociologist Danielle J. Lindemann defines reality TV as

Mary Robinson: …Robinson founded the nongovernmental organization Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative (2002–10). Its central concerns included equitable international trade, access to health care, migration, women’s leadership, and corporate responsibility. She was also a founding member of the Council of Women World Leaders, served as honorary president of Oxfam International (a…

Maurice Sendak: …1975 he wrote and directed Really Rosie, an animated television special based on some of the children in his stories. It was expanded into a musical play in 1978. In addition to creating opera versions of some of his own stories—including Where the Wild Things Are—Sendak designed a number of…

RSS, format used to provide subscribers with new content from frequently updated websites. An RSS feed is a set of instructions residing on the computer server of a website, which is given upon request to a subscriber’s RSS reader, or aggregator. The feed tells the reader when new material—such as

biogeographic region: Endemism: Major regions (kingdoms and realms) are still determined as those that have the most endemics or, stated another way, those that share the fewest taxa with other regions. As regions are further broken down into subdivisions, they will contain fewer unique taxa.

Hugh Robert Mill: It was through The Realm of Nature (1891) that he influenced the reform of geography teaching. As director of the British Rainfall Organization (1901–19), editor of British Rainfall and Symons’ Meteorological Magazine, and honorary secretary of the Royal Meteorological Society from 1902 until 1907 (when he became president),…

Wang Guowei: …he first advanced his “theory of realm,” which asserted that a successful poem integrates descriptions of scenery and emotions. When the Chinese Revolution of 1911 broke out, Wang went with Luo Zhenyu to Japan and lived there for five years. In January 1913 he finished writing Song-Yuan xiqushi (“History…

George Santayana: Santayana’s system of philosophy: …system developed in the four-volume Realms of Being (1928, 1930, 1937, 1940), an ontological (nature of being) treatise of great concentration and finish. In these later works Santayana enhanced his stature as a philosopher by achieving greater theoretical precision, depth, and coherence. Scepticism and Animal Faith conveys better than any…

livestreaming: Historical developments: …a media player developed by RealNetworks, Inc. One of the first webcasts, made possible by technology developed by Excite@Home Network and broadcast from George Washington University, occurred in 1999; the event featured U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton.

livestreaming: Historical developments: …the latter being broadcast with RealPlayer, a media player developed by RealNetworks, Inc. One of the first webcasts, made possible by technology developed by Excite@Home Network and broadcast from George Washington University, occurred in 1999; the event featured U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton.

realpolitik, politics based on practical objectives rather than on ideals. The word does not mean “real” in the English sense but rather connotes “things”—hence a politics of adaptation to things as they are. Realpolitik thus suggests a pragmatic, no-nonsense view and a disregard for ethical

realschule, German secondary school with an emphasis on the practical that evolved in the mid-18th century as a six-year alternative to the nine-year gymnasium. It was distinguished by its practical curriculum (natural science and chemistry) and use of chemistry laboratories and workshops for wood

agency: The variety of Anglo-American agents: …are the powers of the real estate agent, who may show the land and state the asking price to the potential buyer without ordinarily being empowered to make further representations. The store salesman is similarly restricted in his power to represent his principal and can usually do no more than…

papermaking: Substance and quantity measurement: The term ream weight commonly signifies the weight of a lot or batch of paper. Since the printing trades use a variety of sheet sizes, there can be numerous ream weights for paper having the same basis weight.

Vinnie Ream was an American sculptor, who is best remembered for her sculpture of Abraham Lincoln in the rotunda of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. Ream had a peripatetic childhood, but in 1861 her family settled in Washington, D.C. She took up sculpture in 1863 under the tutelage of Clark Mills,

reamer, rotary cutting tool of cylindrical or conical shape used for enlarging and finishing to accurate dimensions holes that have been drilled, bored, or cored. A reamer cannot be used to originate a hole. All reamers are provided with longitudinal flutes or grooves (eight are commonly used) that

reamer, rotary cutting tool of cylindrical or conical shape used for enlarging and finishing to accurate dimensions holes that have been drilled, bored, or cored. A reamer cannot be used to originate a hole. All reamers are provided with longitudinal flutes or grooves (eight are commonly used) that

fruit processing: Preparation: One is a reaming technique, in which the fruit is cut in half and the individual halves reamed to extract both the juice and the inner fruit solids. In the second major system, a hole is punched in the fruit and the juice squeezed out at the same…

Khmer literature: Classical literature: The best-known epic is the Reamker (“Honour of Rama”; Eng. trans. Reamker), the Cambodian version of the Ramayana, one of the great epic poems of India. Surviving texts of the Reamker date from the 16th or 17th century, but bas-reliefs at Angkor Wat show that the Rama (Cambodian Ream) story…

James Crerar Reaney was a Canadian poet and playwright whose works transform Ontario small-town life into the realm of dream and symbol. Reaney received a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto (1959), and in 1960 he founded Alphabet, a literary magazine, and became professor of English at the

reanimation rite, in Egyptian religion, rite to prepare the deceased for the afterlife, performed on statues of the deceased, the mummy itself, or statues of a god located in a temple. An important element of the ceremony was the ritual “Opening of the Mouth” so the mummy might breathe and eat. The

reaper, any farm machine that cuts grain. Early reapers simply cut the crop and dropped it unbound, but modern machines include harvesters, combines, and binders, which also perform other harvesting operations. A patent for a reaper was issued in England to Joseph Boyce in 1800. In the 1830s

Joan Miró: Paris and early work: …depicted a peasant revolt in The Reaper, a mural he painted for the pavilion of the Spanish Republic at the Paris World Exhibition of 1937. He also imbued his pictures of this period, such as the nightmarish Head of a Woman (1938), with a demonic expressiveness that mirrored the fears…

legislative apportionment, process by which representation is distributed among the constituencies of a representative assembly. This use of the term apportionment is limited almost exclusively to the United States. In most other countries, particularly the United Kingdom and the countries of the

tactics: The growing scale of battle: …situation was created where the rear areas of armies could be brought under fire just as well as their fronts. Battles, in brief, ceased to be distinct events that could be well defined in time and place and easily identified by crossed swords on a map. During World War I,…

projection screen: …tiny beads on a canvas backing, the lenticular screen of tiny, uniformly spaced, cylindrical lenses.

Rear Window, American thriller film, released in 1954, that is considered one of Alfred Hitchcock’s most suspenseful movies. It starred Hitchcock favourites James Stewart and Grace Kelly. Stewart played L.B. Jeffries, a photographer who is confined to a wheelchair while recuperating from a broken

20th-century international relations: The nature and role of Germany: …over the costly issue of rearmament before a committee managed to work out an acceptable distribution of burdens in October. The obvious solution was German rearmament, something the nervous French refused to countenance unless the German army were merged into an international force, a European Defense Community (EDC). The implications…

carbonium ion: Reactions.: …with internal sigma base: acid-catalyzed rearrangement of neopentyl alcohol, the electron pair coming from an internal carbon–carbon sigma bond:

carbonium ion: Reactions.: …with internal sigma base: acid-catalyzed rearrangement of neopentyl alcohol, the electron pair coming from an internal carbon–carbon sigma bond:

reason, in philosophy, the faculty or process of drawing logical inferences. The term “reason” is also used in several other, narrower senses. Reason is in opposition to sensation, perception, feeling, desire, as the faculty (the existence of which is denied by empiricists) by which fundamental

Claudio Aquaviva: This work, Ratio atque institutio studiorum (“The Reason and Establishment of Studies”), was first published in 1586, at which time it was distributed to Jesuit schools for criticism and revision. The definitive text (1599) unified Jesuit teaching throughout the world, yet allowed for adaptation to local needs.…

Karl Jaspers: Conflict with the Nazi authorities: …entitled Vernunft und Existenz (Reason and Existenz, 1955), appeared; in 1936 a book on Nietzsche; in 1937 an essay on Descartes; in 1938 a further work preliminary to his logic, entitled Existenzphilosophie (Philosophy of Existence, 1971). Unlike many other famous intellectuals of that time, he was not prepared to…

John Lydgate: …from the French, the allegory Reason and Sensuality (c. 1408) on the theme of chastity, contains fresh and charming descriptions of nature, in well-handled couplets. The Troy Book, begun in 1412 at the command of the prince of Wales, later Henry V, and finished in 1421, is a rendering of…

Bolivia: The rise of new political groups and the Bolivian National Revolution: …by a secret military group, Reason for the Fatherland (Razón de Patria; RADEPA). RADEPA allied itself with the MNR and tried to create a new-style government under Colonel Gualberto Villaroel (1943–46), but little was accomplished except for the MNR’s political mobilization of the Indian peasants. Opposed as fascist-oriented by the…