John Milton: Antiprelatical tracts: …another tract from this period, The Reason of Church Government, Milton appears to endorse Scottish Presbyterianism as a replacement for the episcopal hierarchy of the Church of England. A few years thereafter, he came to realize that Presbyterianism could be as inflexible as the Church of England in matters of…

Enlightenment, a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central

history of logic: Leibniz: …a “calculus of reason” (calculus ratiocinator). This would naturally first require a symbolism but would then involve explicit manipulations of the symbols according to established rules by which either new truths could be discovered or proposed conclusions could be checked to see if they could indeed be derived from…

JAY-Z: …to release his debut album, Reasonable Doubt (1996), which eventually sold more than a million copies in the United States.

Marlee Matlin: …Harmon in the TV series Reasonable Doubts (1991–93), and she was twice nominated (1992 and 1993) for a Golden Globe Award for her role as an assistant district attorney in that series. She played the mentally disabled title character in the TV movie Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story…

negligence: …determine what the hypothetical “reasonable person” would have done in the situation. Such standards also demand a degree of foresight in anticipating the negligence of others—especially of special groups such as children.

riparian right: …second doctrine, that of “reasonable use.” Unlike natural-flow doctrine, which limited or opposed any alteration to a watercourse, reasonable-use doctrine favoured developmental use of the country’s watercourses, initially for supplying power by turning waterwheels and later for hydroelectric power and other off-stream consumptive purposes. Under the reasonable-use doctrine, the…

John Locke: Other works of John Locke: Locke’s The Reasonableness of Christianity(1695) is the most important of his many theological writings. Central to all of them is his belief that every individual has within him the abilities necessary to comprehend his duty and to achieve salvation with the aid of the Scriptures. Locke…

Andy Rooney: …as a producer for presenter Harry Reasoner. The two collaborated on a number of television essays that presaged the format that would catapult Rooney to fame. Such specials as An Essay on Doors (1964) and An Essay on Women (1967) featured Reasoner narrating text written by Rooney. His 1968 script…

reason, in philosophy, the faculty or process of drawing logical inferences. The term “reason” is also used in several other, narrower senses. Reason is in opposition to sensation, perception, feeling, desire, as the faculty (the existence of which is denied by empiricists) by which fundamental

ethics: Ethical egoism: English philosopher Derek Parfit in Reasons and Persons (1984).

American literature: Autobiographical approaches: …autobiographical knots and parables of Reasons for Moving (1968) and Darker (1970), Mark Strand’s paradoxical language achieved a resonant simplicity. He enhanced his reputation with Dark Harbor (1993) and Blizzard of One (1998). Other strongly autobiographical poets working with subtle technique and intelligence in a variety of

Alejo Carpentier: …El recurso del método (1974; Reasons of State), and El arpa y la sombra (1979; The Harp and the Shadow). In the latter, the protagonist is Christopher Columbus, involved in a love affair with the Catholic Queen Isabella of Castile. Carpentier’s last novel, La consagración de la primavera (1979; “The…

Réaumur temperature scale, scale established in 1730 by the French naturalist René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757), with its zero set at the freezing point of water and its 80° mark at the boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure. Use of the Réaumur scale was once widespread,

René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur was a French scientist and foremost entomologist of the early 18th century who conducted research in widely varied fields. In 1710 King Louis XIV put Réaumur in charge of compiling a description of the industry and natural resources of France. Réaumur devised the

Reba McEntire: …landing her own television sitcom, Reba, which she also coproduced, in 2001. The show, about a single mother and her family in suburban Texas, ran until 2007. McEntire later took on a similar role in another sitcom, Malibu Country (2012–13), which was set in California. She also had guest roles…

kamanjā, stringed instrument of the fiddle family prominent in Arab and Persian art music. It is a spike fiddle; i.e., its small, round or cylindrical body appears skewered by the neck, which forms a “foot” that the instrument rests on when played. Measuring about 30 inches (76 cm) from neck to

Nagano 1998 Olympic Winter Games: …somewhat ignominious debut when Canadian Ross Rebagliati, the sport’s first Olympic gold medalist, tested positive for marijuana use; he was promptly disqualified. A day later the decision was overturned on appeal, and Rebagliati was able to keep his medal. The program was also expanded to include a women’s ice hockey…

Anabaptist, (from Greek ana, “again”) member of a fringe, or radical, movement of the Protestant Reformation and spiritual ancestor of modern Baptists, Mennonites, and Quakers. The movement’s most distinctive tenet was adult baptism. In its first generation, converts submitted to a second baptism,

rebate, retroactive refund or credit given to a buyer after he has paid the full list price for a product or for a service such as transportation. Rebating was a common pricing tactic during the 19th century and was often used by large industrialists to preserve or extend their power by

French literature: Céline and Drieu: …Avant-guerre (1941; “Our Prewar”), and Lucien Rebatet, who, like Brasillach, contributed during the Occupation to the virulently anti-Semitic newspaper Je Suis Partout.

rabato, wide, often lace-edged collar wired to stand up at the back of the head, worn by both men and women in the 16th and early 17th centuries. An example may be found in some of the portraits of Queen Elizabeth I, which often show her with a lace or gauze rabato rising up at the back of the neck

Rudolf Bauer: …in 1916 that Bauer met Hilla Rebay, a German baroness and artist. Rebay immediately became the greatest champion of his work, and the two began a nearly three-decade-long on-and-off relationship.

Judaism: In eastern Europe: …was the charismatic leader, the rebbe, who served as teacher, confessor, wonder-worker, God’s vicar on earth, and, occasionally, atoning sacrifice. The earliest rebbes were democratically chosen, but spiritual dynasties formed as the position of leadership passed to the descendants of the first rebbes on the presumption that they had inherited…

rebec, bowed, stringed musical instrument of European medieval and early Renaissance music. It was originally called a rubebe, developed about the 11th century from the similar Arab rabāb, and was carried to Spain with Muslim culture. Like the rabāb, the rebec had a shallow, pear-shaped body, but

Rebecca, Gothic suspense novel by Daphne du Maurier, published in 1938. Widely considered a classic, it is a psychological thriller about a young woman who becomes obsessed with her husband’s first wife. The story is set evocatively in the wilds of Cornwall, in a large country house called

Berlin International Film Festival: Alfred Hitchcock’s Rebecca (1940) was the first film shown, and its star, Joan Fontaine, was on hand. Martay was awarded a Golden Bear (Goldener Bär), the festival’s top prize, for his work in bringing the Berlinale to reality. Other prizes awarded at the first Berlinale included a…

Allan Dwan: Dwan’s talkies: Temple (Heidi [1937], Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm [1938], and Young People [1940]) and the historical epic Suez (1938), about the building of the Suez Canal.

Mary Pickford: …Poor Little Rich Girl (1917), Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1917), Stella Maris (1918), and Johanna Enlists (1918) enthralled audiences everywhere.

Rebecca Riots, disturbances that occurred briefly in 1839 and with greater violence from 1842 to 1844 in southwestern Wales. The rioting was in protest against charges at the tollgates on the public roads, but the attacks were symptomatic of a much wider disaffection caused by agrarian distress,

Pocahontas was a Powhatan woman who fostered peace between English colonists and Native Americans by befriending the settlers at the Jamestown Colony in Virginia and eventually marrying one of them. Among her several native names, the one best known to the English was Pocahontas (translated at the

rebec, bowed, stringed musical instrument of European medieval and early Renaissance music. It was originally called a rubebe, developed about the 11th century from the similar Arab rabāb, and was carried to Spain with Muslim culture. Like the rabāb, the rebec had a shallow, pear-shaped body, but

Benjamin Constant was a Franco-Swiss novelist and political writer, the author of Adolphe, a forerunner of the modern psychological novel. The son of a Swiss officer in the Dutch service, whose family was of French origin, he studied at Erlangen, Ger., briefly at the University of Oxford, and at

The Rebel Angels, novel of ideas by Robertson Davies, published in 1981. The novel was the first in a trilogy that included What’s Bred in the Bone (1985) and The Lyre of Orpheus (1988). The novel, set in a prominent Canadian university, examines the dual themes of the distinction between knowledge

epic: Chansons de geste: The so-called Cycle of the Revolted Knights groups those poems that tell of revolts of feudal subjects against the emperor (Charlemagne or, more usually, his son, Louis). The Cycle of the King consists of the songs in which Charlemagne himself is a principal figure.

Sara Blakely: …the 2004–05 reality television program Rebel Billionaire, which was hosted by the British entrepreneur and philanthropist Sir Richard Branson. Blakely finished second but impressed Branson enough that the host gave her $750,000; with this money she established the Sara Blakely Foundation, a philanthropic organization providing scholarships and grants to aspiring…

Gerald Fitzgerald, 14th or 15th earl of Desmond was an Irish Roman Catholic nobleman who led one of the three major Irish rebellions against English rule under Queen Elizabeth I. The son of James FitzJohn, 13th earl of Desmond, he succeeded to his father’s title and lands in Munster (southwestern

Jo van Ammers-Küller: …successful novel, De opstandigen (1925; The Rebel Generation), presents the struggle of three generations of women in the Coornvelt family for equality with men and against the strictures of their Calvinist environment.

Nicholas Hoult: In Rebel in the Rye (2017), he starred as J.D. Salinger, author of The Catcher in the Rye. Continuing to show his versatility, Hoult played an 18th-century politician in The Favourite (2018), a historical drama about Queen Anne’s court. During this time he also lent his…

Zack Snyder: Career: …science-fiction epic Rebel Moon, comprising Rebel Moon: Part One—A Child of Fire (2023) and Rebel Moon: Part Two—The Scargiver (scheduled to be released in 2024). Various spin-offs and tie-ins were already planned before the initial film’s release, intended to expand it into a vast universe of interconnected stories.

Rebel Without a Cause, American film drama, released in 1955, that is a classic tale of teenage rebellion and angst. The movie featured James Dean in one of his final roles; he died one month before the release. Dean played Jim, a troubled but sensitive teenager who, although rejecting his elders’

White Springs, town, Hamilton county, northern Florida, U.S. It lies on the north bank of the Suwannee River at the site of some mineral springs, about 65 miles (105 km) west of Jacksonville. The Timucua peoples considered the springs sacred, and warring tribes went there to enjoy the waters and

Benny Rebel is a German Iranian photographer known for his extreme close-up portraits of dangerous African wildlife. He captured the dramatic images by approaching within feet of the animals, a tactic that provoked some into displaying threat behaviours. In 1987 Rebel immigrated to Hannover,

The Rebel, essay by French writer Albert Camus, originally published in French as L’Homme révolté in 1951. The essay, a treatise against political revolution, was disliked by both Marxists and existentialists and provoked a critical response from French writer Jean-Paul Sartre in the review Les

José Ortega y Gasset: …rebelión de las masas (1929; The Revolt of the Masses), in which he characterized 20th-century society as dominated by masses of mediocre and indistinguishable individuals, who he proposed should surrender social leadership to minorities of cultivated and intellectually independent men.

coelacanth: …of the genera Mawsonia and Rebellartrix that lived during the Cretaceous and early Triassic periods, respectively, and grew to between 4 and 6 metres (13.1 and 19.6 feet) long.Coelacanthus, the genus from which the order Coelacanthiformes was derived, has been found as fossils in rocks from about 259 million to…

insurrection, an organized and usually violent act of revolt or rebellion against an established government or governing authority of a nation-state or other political entity by a group of its citizens or subjects; also, any act of engaging in such a revolt. An insurrection may facilitate or bring

B. Traven: …Die Rebellion der Gehenkten (1936; The Rebellion of the Hanged), and Ein General kommt aus dem Dschungel (1940; General from the Jungle).

Brazil: The coffee presidents: …historical narrative, Os Sertões (1902; Rebellion in the Backlands), described a bloody struggle between government forces and a group of messianic separatists in the untamed interior of Bahia state; against this tragic backdrop, Cunha reflected on the shortcomings of Brazilian society, including the pervasive divide between rural and urban traditions:…

B. Traven: …Die Rebellion der Gehenkten (1936; The Rebellion of the Hanged), and Ein General kommt aus dem Dschungel (1940; General from the Jungle).

Rebellions of 1837, rebellions mounted in 1837–38 in each colony of Upper and Lower Canada against the British Crown and the political status quo. The revolt in Lower Canada was the more serious and violent of the two. However, both events inspired the pivotal Durham Report, which in turn led to

Aníbal Cavaco Silva: …succeeded by fellow Social Democrat Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa.

Jorge Rebelo is an African poet, lawyer, and journalist. Rebelo studied at the University of Coimbra in Portugal, was secretary for information for the Mozambican anti-Portuguese guerrilla group Frelimo, and edited the magazine Mozambique Revolution. Though José Craveirinha is called the “poet of

history of film: Taiwan: …shao nien na cha (1993; Rebels of the Neon God), Aiqing wansui (1994; Vive l’amour), and Ni nei pien chi tien (2001; What Time Is It There?).

Rubenist, any of the artists and critics who championed the sovereignty of colour over design and drawing in the “quarrel” of colour versus drawing that broke out in the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris in 1671 (see also Poussinist). The dispute raged for many years before

Grote Reber was an American astronomer and radio engineer who built the first radio telescope and was largely responsible for the early development of radio astronomy, which opened an entirely new research front in the study of the universe. When radio engineer Karl Jansky announced his discovery

bouzouki: …became a featured instrument in rebetika, a type of improvised early 20th-century music associated with the Greek underworld. Since gaining a wider audience, the bouzouki has become the major popular-music instrument of Greece. It is also played in a variety of musical genres throughout the world, including jazz, bluegrass, rock,…

Himmerland: …of Rold Forest the heather-covered Rebild Hills, bought by Danish Americans in 1911 and donated to Denmark (1912) as a national park, are the site of annual Danish-American July 4th celebrations.

Christianity: The reborn human: “Rebirth” has often been identified with a definite, temporally datable form of “conversion,” especially in the pietistic and revival type of Christianity. In the history of Christian piety a line of prominent personalities, most notably Paul and Augustine, experienced their rebirth in the…

electromagnetic radiation: Effect of gravitation: Pound and Glen A. Rebka.

Johannes Rebmann was a German missionary and explorer, the first European to penetrate Africa from its Indian Ocean coast. Rebmann and his associate, Johann Ludwig Krapf, also were the first Europeans to see Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya and paved the way for the great East African explorations of the

industrial glass: The forehearth: …are known as devitrification and reboil. Devitrification, or loss of the glassy state, entails the development of crystals when the molten glass happens to be subjected to temperatures within the shaded region of Figure 1. The most serious threat is the formation of quartz crystals in the throat and forehearth…

bullfighting: Act one: ” The rebolera is a finishing flourish to the passes in which the cape is swirled around the bullfighter’s waist like a dancer’s dress. If beautifully executed, a variation of this last maneuver (the serpentina) transfixes the bull in place, at which point the bullfighter can actually…

Italian literature: Poetry after World War II: …northern Italy and, along with Roberto Rebora and others, have been seen as the continuers of a hypothetical linea lombarda (“Lombard line”) of sober moral realism that, according to critic Luciano Anceschi, originated with Giuseppe Parini (see above). Other Fourth Generation poets of note are epigrammatist Bartolo Cattafi; Rocco Scotellaro,…

Donald Ogden Stewart: …subsequently wrote his first play, Rebound, in which he also appeared (1930).

basketball: Rebounding: Both teams attempting to gain possession of the ball after any try for a basket that is unsuccessful, but the ball does not go out-of-bounds and remains in play.

radiation: Surface effects: Conceptually, the simplest is rebound sputtering, in which an incident ion strikes an atom on the surface, causing it to recoil into the target. The recoiling atom promptly collides with a neighbouring atom in the target, rebounds elastically, and is ejected from the surface. A similar but somewhat more…

trampoline, an elevated resilient webbed bed or canvas sheet supported by springs in a metal frame and used as a springboard for tumbling. Trampolining, or rebound tumbling, is an individual sport of acrobatic movements performed after rebounding into the air from the trampoline. Although rebound

Romanian literature: Between the wars: Liviu Rebreanu wrote about the peasants’ difficult lot and the need for the redistribution of land; Răscoala (1932; The Uprising) described the Romanian peasant uprising of 1907. His best work, Pădurea spînzuraƫilor (1922; The Forest of the Hanged), was inspired by his brother’s fate during…

Ron Howard: …2020 Howard helmed the documentary Rebuilding Paradise, about a California town’s efforts to rebuild after a wildfire caused massive damage. We Feed People (2022) centres on Spanish chef José Andrés and his efforts to provide healthy food to those impacted by natural disasters.

collective behaviour: Rebuilding or brickbat period: The buoyed-up state of the disaster community can last only a short time. Tasks that call for intense effort within a brief time span are completed, and the slow and discouraging work of rebuilding confronts the community. Because the old community…

rebus, representation of a word or syllable by a picture of an object the name of which resembles in sound the represented word or syllable. Several rebuses may be combined—in a single device or successively—to make a phrase or sentence. Literary rebuses use letters, numbers, musical notes, or

rebus, representation of a word or syllable by a picture of an object the name of which resembles in sound the represented word or syllable. Several rebuses may be combined—in a single device or successively—to make a phrase or sentence. Literary rebuses use letters, numbers, musical notes, or

international law: Treaties: The concept of rebus sic stantibus (Latin: “things standing thus”) stipulates that, where there has been a fundamental change of circumstances, a party may withdraw from or terminate the treaty in question. An obvious example would be one in which a relevant island has become submerged. A fundamental…

Ian Rankin: …Crosses, introduced the character Inspector John Rebus, a rough-edged former military man serving in Scotland’s territorial police force. Rankin, who claimed to have had no intention of being a genre novelist, strayed for several years afterward from depicting what would become his most popular character, writing two unrelated novels in…

Ian Rankin: The play Rebus: Long Shadows, which Rankin wrote with Rona Munro, debuted in 2018.

nucleic acid: General recombination: A key enzyme is RecA, which catalyzes the strand invasion process. RecA coats single-stranded DNA and facilitates its pairing with a double-stranded DNA molecule containing the same sequence, which produces a loop structure.

logistics: Returned products: …few are subjects of product recalls, meaning that a safety defect or hazard has been discovered. These products are removed from the shelves, and both retailers and consumers attempt to return them to the manufacturer. This is a form of reverse distribution, with goods moving in the opposite direction of…

F-score: Recall is the fraction of a dataset’s actual “yes” values that a model includes in its classified group of “yes” values. This score is considered to be helpful in determining how well an algorithm classifies a dataset into two categories and is widely used in…

recall, in psychology, the act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the information. A person employs recall, for example, when reminiscing about a vacation or reciting a poem after hearing its title. Most students would rather take a

recall election, method of election in which voters can oust elected officials before their official terms have ended. Like most populist innovations, the practice of recalling officeholders was an attempt to minimize the influence of political parties on representatives. Widely adopted in the

Madame de Récamier was a French hostess of great charm and wit whose salon attracted most of the important political and literary figures of early 19th-century Paris. She was the daughter of a prosperous banker and was convent educated. In 1792 she joined her father in Paris and within the year

Madame de Récamier was a French hostess of great charm and wit whose salon attracted most of the important political and literary figures of early 19th-century Paris. She was the daughter of a prosperous banker and was convent educated. In 1792 she joined her father in Paris and within the year

Madame de Récamier was a French hostess of great charm and wit whose salon attracted most of the important political and literary figures of early 19th-century Paris. She was the daughter of a prosperous banker and was convent educated. In 1792 she joined her father in Paris and within the year

sonata form: Recapitulation: Like the beginning of the development section, the point at which development passes into recapitulation is one of the most important psychological moments in the entire sonata-form structure. It marks the end of the main argument and the beginning of the final synthesis for…

biogenetic law, postulation, by Ernst Haeckel in 1866, that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny—i.e., the development of the animal embryo and young traces the evolutionary development of the species. The theory was influential and much-popularized earlier but has been of little significance in

Spain: The Visigothic kingdom: …adhered to the Catholic faith, Reccared (586–601) repudiated his father’s religion and announced his conversion to Catholicism. As the Gothic nobles and bishops followed his lead, a principal obstacle to the assimilation of Visigoths and Hispano-Romans was lifted. Thereafter, the Hispano-Romans, no longer expecting deliverance by Byzantium, developed a firm…

nucleic acid: General recombination: Another protein, known as RecBC, is important for the recombination process. Functioning at free ends of DNA, RecBC catalyzes an unwinding-rewinding reaction as it traverses the length of the molecule. Since unwinding is faster than rewinding, a loop is produced behind the enzyme that facilitates subsequent pairing with another…

Spain: The Visigothic kingdom: …adhered to the Catholic faith, Reccared (586–601) repudiated his father’s religion and announced his conversion to Catholicism. As the Gothic nobles and bishops followed his lead, a principal obstacle to the assimilation of Visigoths and Hispano-Romans was lifted. Thereafter, the Hispano-Romans, no longer expecting deliverance by Byzantium, developed a firm…

Liber Judiciorum: …promulgated in 654 by King Recceswinth and was revised in 681 and 693. Although called Visigothic, the code was in Latin and owed much to Roman tradition.

Received Pronunciation (RP), standard speech used in London and southeastern England. It has traditionally been associated with the middle and upper classes and as a mark of public school education. Received Pronunciation (RP) is sometimes referred to as the “Queen’s English,” the “King’s English,”

textual criticism: From antiquity to the Renaissance: , readable), texts were corrected freely and often arbitrarily by scholars, copyists, and readers (the three categories being in fact hardly distinguishable). At its best, as seen in the activities of a scholar like Demetrius Triclinius, later medieval and early Renaissance criticism verges on scientific scholarship, but…

receiver, in electronics, any of various devices that accept signals, such as radio waves, and convert them (frequently with amplification) into a useful form. Examples are telephone receivers, which transform electrical impulses into audio signals, and radio or television receivers, which accept

television: Picture tubes: A typical television screen is located inside a slightly curved glass plate that closes the wide end, or face, of a highly evacuated, funnel-shaped CRT. Picture tubes vary widely in size and are usually measured diagonally across the tube face. Tubes…

receivership, in law, the judicial appointment of a person, a receiver, to collect and conserve certain assets and to make distributions in accordance with judicial authorization. A receivership is properly an intermediate or incidental step toward some other principal objective and not generally

antenna: …more electrical energy than a receiving antenna. An antenna also may be designed to transmit at specific frequencies. In the United States, amplitude modulation (AM) radio broadcasting, for instance, is done at frequencies between 535 and 1,605 kilohertz (kHz); at these frequencies, a wavelength is hundreds of metres or yards…

textual criticism: Recension: The operation of recension is the reconstructing of the earliest form or forms of the text that can be inferred from the surviving evidence. Such evidence may be internal or external. Internal evidence consists of all extant copies or editions of the text, together…

ancient Italic people: Origins: …Bronze,” and, most frequently, “Proto-Villanovan,” the social and economic changes are clear. There was an increase in population and in overall wealth, a tendency to have larger, permanent settlements, an expansion of metallurgical knowledge, and a strengthening of agricultural technology. Diagnostic archaeological criteria include the use of cremation (with…

David Ames Wells: …an analysis of indirect taxation, Recent Economic Changes (1889), and the posthumous Theory and Practice of Taxation (1900). The last two demonstrate his ability as an empirical investigator. Wells was also one of the highest-paid economists of his era. He earned $10,000 annually (20 times the average annual family income…

Holocene Epoch, younger of the two formally recognized epochs that constitute the Quaternary Period and the latest interval of geologic time, covering approximately the last 11,700 years of Earth’s history. The sediments of the Holocene, both continental and marine, cover the largest area of the