Sir George Houston Reid was a statesman and prime minister of Australia (1904–05) who as premier of New South Wales (1894–99) directed an economic recovery program, maintained free trade, and introduced a tax to break up land monopolies. Reid, whose family had emigrated to Melbourne in 1852, served

Earth sciences: Observation and study of storms: In 1849 Sir William Reid, a British meteorologist and military engineer, studied the revolving storms that occur south of the Equator in the Indian Ocean and confirmed that they have reversed rotations and curvatures of path compared with those of the Northern Hemisphere. Capt. Henry Piddington subsequently…

Susan Musgrave: Marriage to Stephen Reid: In 1983 Musgrave read the manuscript for the novel that would eventually be published as Jackrabbit Parole (1986), by Stephen Reid, a convicted bank robber and member of the Stopwatch Gang serving an 18-year sentence in Millhaven Institution in Bath, Ontario. Musgrave and…

Thomas Reid was a Scottish philosopher who rejected the skeptical Empiricism of David Hume in favour of a “philosophy of common sense,” later espoused by the Scottish School. Reid studied philosophy at Marischal College, Aberdeen, before serving as Presbyterian pastor at New Machar (1737–51). A

James Cruze: …which starred the popular star Wallace Reid, with whom he made 13 more films prior to Reid’s death in 1923. He also made five Roscoe (“Fatty”) Arbuckle comedies, two of which, The Fast Freight (1922) and Leap Year (1924), were shelved and only released abroad years after the scandal that…

Whitelaw Reid was a U.S. journalist, diplomat, and politician, successor to Horace Greeley in 1872 as editor in chief (until 1905) and publisher (until his death) of the New York Tribune, which, during much of that period, was perhaps the most influential newspaper in the United States. He was

Affonso Reidy was a Brazilian architect, a pioneer of the modern architectural movement in Brazil. Reidy graduated from the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro, in 1930. He was one of the team of architects, which included Le Corbusier, that designed the Ministry of Education and Health

Germany: Preschool, elementary, and secondary: …natural science—for the Abitur or Reifezeugnis (“certificate of maturity”), the prerequisite for matriculation at a German university. The traditional structure of the German Gymnasium has mainly shifted from being built around a single branch of studies to offering a “reformed upper phase” with a choice of courses.

reification, the treatment of something abstract as a material or concrete thing, as in the following lines from Matthew Arnold’s poem “Dover

Reigate and Banstead: …principal locales of the district, Reigate (the administrative centre) and Banstead, it extends across the North Downs, a range of low chalk hills trending east-west.

Reigate and Banstead, borough (district), administrative and historic county of Surrey, southeastern England, immediately south of Greater London. Named for the two principal locales of the district, Reigate (the administrative centre) and Banstead, it extends across the North Downs, a range of low

carole, medieval European dance in a ring, chain, or linked circle, performed to the singing of the dancers. An indefinite number of persons participated, linking arms and following the step of the leader. The origins of the carole are in ancient ring dances of May and midsummer festivals and, more

Arthur Schnitzler: Schnitzler’s Reigen (1897; Merry-Go-Round), a cycle of 10 dramatic dialogues, depicts the heartlessness of men and women in the grip of lust. Though it gave rise to scandal even in 1920, when it was finally performed, the play inspired numerous stage and screen adaptations, including the French film…

Count Fleet: Breeding and early years: That colt, Reigh Count, would bring Hertz his first Kentucky Derby trophy the following year and sire an ugly duckling of a foal named Count Fleet in 1940. Count Fleet was a disappointment as a yearling and was difficult to handle. So striking were the colt’s liabilities…

nianhao, system of dating that was adopted by the Chinese in 140 bce (retroactive to 841 bce). The nianhao system was introduced by the emperor Wudi (reigned 141–87 bce) of the Xi (Western) Han, and every emperor thereafter gave his reign a nianhao at the beginning of his accession (sometimes a new

José Rizal: A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long…

Osage murders, series of murders of Osage tribal members in Oklahoma principally in the 1920s. Many of the killings were part of a conspiracy to obtain the oil wealth of Osage members. The murders were the first major criminal investigation conducted by the U.S. government agency that became the

Robert Klein: Music and acting: … (2003), Ira & Abby (2006), Reign Over Me (2007), The Back-up Plan (2010), and Before I Go (2021). He also made scores of appearances in TV series, including a recurring role Sisters (1993–96).

Roman Reigns is an American professional wrestler, athlete, and actor. He is best known for holding multiple championships in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as one of the company’s most notable stars. Born into a renowned American Samoan wrestling family, Anoa‘i was surrounded by ring legends.

A Confederacy of Dunces: …comic novel is the corpulent Ignatius J. Reilly, a man of extraordinary erudition and appetites worthy of François Rabelais, a literary forebear of Toole’s. Intent on spending his time in his bedroom, binge-eating, ranting, and recording his musings on a jumbled pile of writing pads, he is forced, through an…

Michael Riley Galitzen was an American diver who won four Olympic medals. Galitzen captured a springboard silver and a platform bronze at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. At the 1932 Games in Los Angeles, he won a gold in the springboard and a silver in the platform event. Galitzen also earned

Sidney Reilly was a spy who obtained Persian oil concessions and German naval secrets for Britain. Many of the romanticized stories about him may have been inventions of his own. Born the illegitimate son of a Jewish doctor in Odessa, he studied chemistry in Vienna (1890–93) before going to Brazil.

Hermann Samuel Reimarus was a German philosopher and man of letters of the Enlightenment who is remembered for his Deism, the doctrine that human reason can arrive at a religion (so-called natural religion) more certain than religions based on revelation. Appointed professor of Hebrew and Oriental

accounting: Other purposes of accounting systems: …customers who have agreed to reimburse the company for costs incurred on the customers’ behalf.

aldehyde: Synthesis of aldehydes: …common of these, called the Reimer-Tiemann reaction, phenols (ArOH) are converted to phenolic aldehydes by treatment with chloroform in basic solution. The ―CHO group usually goes into the position adjacent to the ―OH group.

education: The role of the state: …in the Americas, edited by Fernando Reimers (2000), identify measures governments have implemented with successful results. These can range from the provision of health care services and supplemental nutrition to improvements in school infrastructure that provide poorer children with basics such as school desks and chairs, electricity, and running water.…

Reims, city, Marne département, Grand Est région, northeastern France. It lies east-northeast of Paris. On the Vesle River, a tributary of the Aisne, and the Marne–Aisne canal, the city is situated in vine-growing country in which champagne wine is produced. It is overlooked from the southwest by

Reims Cathedral, cathedral located in the city of Reims, France, on the Vesle River east-northeast of Paris. Reims was the site of 25 coronations of the kings of France, from Louis VIII in 1223 to Charles X in 1825, including the crowning of Charles VII in 1429 in the presence of Joan of Arc. The

stunt flying: Hamilton to demonstrate Curtiss’s prizewinning Reims Racer in the early months of 1910, until Hamilton crashed and destroyed the machine (Hamilton was known to dive from an altitude of some 190 feet [60 metres], leveling out only when he reached 5 feet [1.5 metres] above the ground).

Douai-Reims Bible, English translation of the Latin Vulgate Bible produced by Roman Catholic scholars in exile from England at the English College in Douai (then in the Spanish Netherlands but later part of France). The New Testament translation was published in 1582 at Reims, where the English

bridle: The reins, lines held in the hand of the rider or driver, are connected to either side of the bit so that a tug on either side turns the animal in that direction. The headstall sometimes includes blinkers—leather flaps that inhibit side vision to keep the…

rein orchid, (genus Platanthera), genus of about 100 species of terrestrial orchids (family Orchidaceae) found throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. Rein orchids grow in grasslands, bogs, forests, and sand dunes in subtropical and warm temperate areas. Rein orchids are perennial plants and

Federico Della Valle: The intensely lyrical La reina di Scozia (written in 1591; “The Queen of Scotland”) centres on Mary Stuart’s last hours, when, despite her longing to see again her native Scotland, she resigns herself to martyrdom. Against similar backgrounds of corrupt and ferocious courts, the biblical heroines of his…

Guernica: …moved several blocks to the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (called the Reina Sofía), Spain’s newly established national museum dedicated to 20th-century art. The move was controversial as it defied Picasso’s expressed desire that the painting hang amid the Prado’s great masterpieces..

phenomenology: Phenomenology of essences: …approach particularly to aesthetics and Adolf Reinach to the philosophy of law. The most original and dynamic of Husserl’s early associates, however, was Max Scheler, who had joined the Munich group and who did his major phenomenological work on problems of value and obligation. A Polish philosopher, Roman Ingarden, did…

Limburg: When war broke out between Count Reinald of Guelders (who had married into the rights of Limburg) and Adolph V of Berg (who had been granted those same rights by the Holy Roman emperor), Adolph was not strong enough to contest his rights militarily and sold them to John I…

lama: Some lamas are considered reincarnations of their predecessors. These are termed sprul-sku lamas, as distinguished from “developed” lamas, who have won respect because of the high level of spiritual development they have achieved in the present lifetime. The highest lineage of reincarnate lamas is that of Dalai Lama, who…

reincarnation, in religion and philosophy, rebirth of the aspect of an individual that persists after bodily death—whether it be consciousness, mind, the soul, or some other entity—in one or more successive existences. Depending upon the tradition, these existences may be human, animal, spiritual,

Southeast Asian arts: Shadow-puppet theatre: In The Reincarnation of Rama the divine attributes of the god Wisnu (Vishnu in Sanskrit) reincarnate in Ardjuna (Arjuna), hero of the Pandawa cycle and ancestor of the Javanese race. The translucent screen can be interpreted as heaven, the banana-log stage as earth, the puppets as…

reindeer, (Rangifer tarandus), species of deer (family Cervidae) found in the Arctic tundra and adjacent boreal forests of Greenland, Scandinavia, Russia, Alaska, and Canada. Reindeer have been domesticated in Europe. There are two varieties, or ecotypes: tundra reindeer and forest (or woodland)

hand tool: Late Paleolithic toolmaking: …it has been called the Reindeer Age. This produced a hunting economy providing food and great quantities of bone, horn, skin, sinews, and, while the mammoth lasted, ivory; with it grew new technologies exploiting the unique properties of materials hitherto unworkable because of their hardness. This technological diversification was made…

Chukchi: …divided into two chief subgroups, reindeer Chukchi and maritime Chukchi. The reindeer Chukchi inhabit the interior of the easternmost portion of the okrug, the Chukotskiy (Chukchi) Peninsula, and its Siberian hinterland; the maritime Chukchi inhabit the Arctic and Bering coasts. Both speak a Luorawetlan language of the Paleosiberian language group…

John Frankenheimer: Later work: …hit, but less effective was Reindeer Games (2000), with Ben Affleck miscast as an ex-convict who gets involved in a plan to rob a casino. The film was Frankenheimer’s final theatrical release, but his career ended on a strong note with the HBO production Path to War (2002). The drama…

Reindeer Lake, lake in northern Canada, straddling the Saskatchewan-Manitoba border, near the northern limit of the coniferous forest. At an elevation of 1,106 feet (337 m), it is 2,568 square miles (6,650 square km) in area, 152 miles (245 km) long and up to 35 miles (56 km) wide, irregular in

reindeer lichen, (Cladonia rangiferina), a fruticose (bushy, branched) lichen found in great abundance in Arctic lands. The lichen covers immense areas in northern tundra and taiga ecosystems and serves as pasture for reindeer, moose, caribou, and musk oxen. In Scandinavia it has been used in the

reindeer lichen, (Cladonia rangiferina), a fruticose (bushy, branched) lichen found in great abundance in Arctic lands. The lichen covers immense areas in northern tundra and taiga ecosystems and serves as pasture for reindeer, moose, caribou, and musk oxen. In Scandinavia it has been used in the

reindeer sacrifice, magico-religious practice observed by various Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic northern European and Asian peoples. The rite, which inaugurated their annual hunting season, consisted primarily of submerging a young doe in a lake or pond or burying it in the ground in sacrifice

Lujza Blaha was a Hungarian actress and singer who is associated with the heyday of the népszínmű (Hungarian folk play). Although born into an acting family, the woman known as “the nation’s nightingale” came to fame using the name of her first husband, conductor János Blaha. She began her career

Samuel Hahnemann: His Reine Arzneimittellehre, 6 vol. (1811; “Pure Pharmacology”), detailed the symptoms produced by “proving” a large number of drugs—i.e., by systematically administering them to healthy subjects.

history of film: Pre-World War I American cinema: …de la reine Élisabeth (Queen Elizabeth, 1912), which starred Sarah Bernhardt and was imported by Zukor (who founded the independent Famous Players production company with its profits). In 1912 Enrico Guazzoni’s nine-reel Italian superspectacle Quo Vadis? (“Whither Are You Going?”) was road-shown in legitimate theatres across the country at…

La Reine Sebile, medieval French chanson de geste of some 500 lines reconstructed from 13th-century fragments discovered in England, at Mons, Belgium, and at Sion, Switzerland. Its story bears considerable resemblance to the epic romance known as

Carl Reinecke was a German pianist, composer, conductor, and teacher who sought, in his works and teaching, to preserve the Classical tradition in the late 19th century. After study with his father, Reinecke made several concert tours. He taught counterpoint and piano at the Cologne Conservatory

Carl Reinecke was a German pianist, composer, conductor, and teacher who sought, in his works and teaching, to preserve the Classical tradition in the late 19th century. After study with his father, Reinecke made several concert tours. He taught counterpoint and piano at the Cologne Conservatory

history of Europe: The chronology of the Metal Ages: …cross-associations, have employed schemes of Paul Reinecke and Oscar Montelius. Oscar Montelius’ chronology was developed on the basis of Scandinavian bronze objects and resulted in a division of the Bronze Age into Montelius I–VI, while Paul Reinecke used south German material to divide it into shorter time sequences known as…

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Return to Weimar and the French Revolution (1788–94): …the Fox into hexameters (Reineke Fuchs, written in 1793 and published the following year).

Moon: Effects of impacts and volcanism: A prime example is Reiner Gamma, located in the southeastern portion of Oceanus Procellarum. Whereas other relatively bright features exist—e.g., crater rays—they are explained as consequences of the impact process. Features such as Reiner Gamma have no clear explanation. Some scientists have suggested that they are the marks of…

Carl Reiner was an American actor, writer, and director who found success in both television and film. After creating the landmark TV series The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961–66), he directed such popular comedies as Oh, God! (1977) and The Jerk (1979), one of several films that he made with Steve

Fritz Reiner was a Hungarian-born American conductor known for his technical precision and control, both in symphonic music and in opera. He was especially known for his work with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, of which he was music director from 1953 to 1962. Reiner studied at the Budapest Royal

Rob Reiner is an American actor and director known especially for his role as Michael (“Meathead”) Stivic in the television series All in the Family (1971–79) and for his direction of such culturally resonant films as This Is Spinal Tap (1984), The Princess Bride (1987), When Harry Met Sally…

Frederick Reines was an American physicist who was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery 40 years earlier, together with his colleague Clyde L. Cowan, Jr., of the subatomic particle called the neutrino, a tiny lepton with little or no mass and a neutral charge. Reines shared

Mizraḥi: …founded in 1902 by Rabbi Yitzḥaq Yaʿaqov Reines of Lida, Russia, to promote Jewish religious education within the framework of Zionist nationalism; its traditional slogan was “The Land of Israel, for the people of Israel, according to the Torah of Israel.” It became the principal party of the Orthodox religious…

Fredrik Reinfeldt is a Swedish politician who was the longest-serving conservative prime minister in the history of Sweden (2006–14). Though born in Stockholm, Reinfeldt spent part of his early childhood in London, where his father worked as a consultant for Shell Oil Company. The family returned

advanced structural ceramics: Reinforced ceramics: Among the strategies for achieving ceramics with improved mechanical properties, especially toughness, some involve the engineering of microstructures that either resist the propagation of cracks or absorb energy during the crack propagation process. Both goals can be achieved simultaneously in microstructures with fibrous…

reinforced concrete, concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforcing steel—rods, bars, or mesh—absorbs the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure. Plain concrete does not easily

plastic: Reinforcements: Reinforcements, as the name suggests, are used to enhance the mechanical properties of a plastic. Finely divided silica, carbon black, talc, mica, and calcium carbonate, as well as short fibres of a variety of materials, can be incorporated as particulate fillers. (The use of…

Clark L. Hull: …who asserted the importance of reinforcement in learning.

mammal: Digestive system: …insectivores exhibit a phenomenon of reingestion called coprophagy, in which at intervals specialized fecal pellets are produced. These pellets are eaten and passed through the alimentary canal a second time. Where known to be present, this pattern seems to be obligatory. Reingestion primarily occurs in members of the shrew, rodent,…

Hans Reinhard was a statesman and burgomaster of Zürich who headed the federal government six times and led the Swiss delegation at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15). Before 1802 Reinhard had occupied only local political offices: secretary of state for Zürich (1787–95); bailiff for the town of

Ad Reinhardt was an American painter who painted in several abstract styles and influenced the Minimalist artists of the 1960s. Reinhardt studied at Columbia University (1931–35) under the art historian Meyer Schapiro, and after graduation he studied at the National Academy of Design and the

Ad Reinhardt was an American painter who painted in several abstract styles and influenced the Minimalist artists of the 1960s. Reinhardt studied at Columbia University (1931–35) under the art historian Meyer Schapiro, and after graduation he studied at the National Academy of Design and the

Django Reinhardt was a guitarist who is generally considered one of the few European jazz musicians of true originality. Reinhardt, who was of Roma (Gypsy) parentage, traveled through France and Belgium as a boy and young man learning to play the violin, guitar, and banjo. The loss of the use of

Django Reinhardt was a guitarist who is generally considered one of the few European jazz musicians of true originality. Reinhardt, who was of Roma (Gypsy) parentage, traveled through France and Belgium as a boy and young man learning to play the violin, guitar, and banjo. The loss of the use of

classical scholarship: Classical scholarship in the 20th century: More was accomplished by Karl Reinhardt (1886–1958), who, though a devoted pupil of Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, had been in contact from his youth with the ideas of Nietzsche and of the circle around the poet Stefan George. Combining deep learning with refined sensibility, Reinhardt did important work on pre-Socratic philosophy and…

Max Reinhardt was one of the first theatrical directors to achieve widespread recognition as a major creative artist, working in Berlin, Salzburg, New York City, and Hollywood. He helped found the annual Salzburg Festival. Reinhardt was the eldest of seven children born to Wilhelm and Rose

halibut: …known as halibut include the Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, also called the Greenland turbot), which is also of the family Pleuronectidae, and the California halibut (Paralichthys californicus, also called the California flounder) of the family Paralichthyidae. The Greenland halibut inhabits Arctic and near-Arctic parts of the Atlantic and Pacific

Reinheim, small village near Saarbrücken in Saarland Land (state), southwestern Germany. It is famous for an unusually rich Celtic grave found there in 1954. The grave, which may have belonged to local princesses, is one of the most notable of the Early La Tène burials (see La Tène). Within the

Affenkapelle ware: …sculptors Johann Joachim Kändler and Peter Reinicke after fanciful singerie (monkeys in human costume) engravings by the French artists Jean-Antoine Watteau and Christophe Huet. Each musician, dressed in delicately coloured formal 18th-century costume, stands on a gilded scrollwork base of leaves and flowers; a male monkey conducts, four females sing,…

motion-picture technology: Noncellular animation: …include silhouette animation, developed by Lotte Reiniger in Germany during the 1920s. It uses jointed, flat-figure marionettes whose poses are minutely readjusted for each photographic frame. Movement is similarly simulated in puppet animation, which photographs solid three-dimensional figures in miniature sets. The puppets are often made of a malleable yet…

liquid crystal: Effect of liquid crystals on polarized light: …Lehmann and the Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer, equipped ordinary microscopes with pairs of polarizing filters to obtain images of nematic and smectic phases. Spatial variation in the alignment of the nematic director causes spatial variation in light intensity. Since the nematic is defined by having all directors nearly parallel to…

Joseph Hubert Reinkens was a German bishop, historical scholar, and a leader of the Old Catholics (Altkatholiken), a dissident group that separated from the Roman Catholic church because of opposition to the doctrine of papal infallibility pronounced by the First Vatican Council (1869–70). After

Reinmar von Hagenau was a German poet whose delicate and subtle verses constitute the ultimate refinement of the classical, or “pure,” Minnesang (Middle High German love lyric; see minnesinger). A native of Alsace, Reinmar became court poet of the Babenberg dukes in Vienna. Among his pupils was

Reinmar von Hagenau was a German poet whose delicate and subtle verses constitute the ultimate refinement of the classical, or “pure,” Minnesang (Middle High German love lyric; see minnesinger). A native of Alsace, Reinmar became court poet of the Babenberg dukes in Vienna. Among his pupils was

Reinmar von Hagenau was a German poet whose delicate and subtle verses constitute the ultimate refinement of the classical, or “pure,” Minnesang (Middle High German love lyric; see minnesinger). A native of Alsace, Reinmar became court poet of the Babenberg dukes in Vienna. Among his pupils was

Alejo Carpentier: …reino de este mundo (1950; The Kingdom of This World); it is about the Haitian revolution. In the prologue to this work, Carpentier expounds on magic realism, which he defines as the representation of “marvelous American reality.” His novel Los pasos perdidos (1953; The Lost Steps), his best-known work, is…

Rendsburg, town, Schleswig-Holstein Land (state), northern Germany. It lies on the Eider River and the Kiel Canal (there bridged), west of Kiel. An old fortress town on the Schleswig and Holstein border, it was first mentioned in 1199 as Reinoldesburg. Chartered in 1253, it was often an object of

Jerry Reinsdorf is an American lawyer and businessman who was the majority owner of the Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox sports franchises. After graduating from George Washington University (B.A., 1957) and from Northwestern University Law School (1960), Reinsdorf became a lawyer for the

insurance: Reinsurance: A significant insurance practice is that of reinsurance, whereby risk may be divided among several insurers, reducing the exposure to loss faced by each insurer. Reinsurance is effected through contracts called treaties, which specify how the premiums and losses will be shared by participating…

insurance: Reinsurance: …is effected through contracts called treaties, which specify how the premiums and losses will be shared by participating insurers.

Reinsurance Treaty, (June 18, 1887), a secret agreement between Germany and Russia arranged by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck after the German-Austrian-Russian Dreikaiserbund, or Three Emperors’ League, collapsed in 1887 because of competition between Austria-Hungary and Russia for spheres

Linaceae: Reinwardtia species are primarily low shrubs, grown in greenhouses and outdoors in warm climates; R. indica, the yellow flax, is notable for its large yellow flowers, borne in profusion in late fall and early winter.

Linaceae: indica, the yellow flax, is notable for its large yellow flowers, borne in profusion in late fall and early winter.

Rakahanga Atoll, one of the northern Cook Islands, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean. It is a sparsely populated rectangular coral atoll 3 miles (5 km) long comprising eight islets. Rakahanga has also been known as Grand Duke Alexander Island,

real: …system was based on the reís, derived from the Portuguese real, which was the Portuguese currency in the 15th and 16th centuries. In 1942 the reís was replaced by the cruzeiro. After several additional changes in the monetary system, the cruzado was established in the mid-1980s, though further economic instability…

alba: …music also survives include “Reis glorios” by Giraut de Bornelh (c. 1140–c. 1200) and the anonymous “Gaite de la tor.” The minnesingers, the German counterparts of the troubadours, also used the form, calling it Tagelied (“day song”).

José Régio was a Portuguese poet, novelist, dramatist, and literary critic, generally considered one of the most accomplished literary figures in Portugal in the first half of the 20th century. Régio began his literary career while still a student at the University of Coimbra with the publication

Johann Philipp Reis was a German physicist who constructed a precursor of the electric telephone. Reis was educated at Frankfurt am Main, became a merchant for a few years, and in 1858 began teaching in Friedrichsdorf. While there he experimented with electricity and worked on the development of

Fernando Pessoa was one of the greatest Portuguese poets, whose Modernist work gave Portuguese literature European significance. From the age of seven Pessoa lived in Durban, S.Af., where his stepfather was Portuguese consul. He became a fluent reader and writer of English. With the hope of

encyclopaedia: The level of writing: Gregor Reisch managed to cover the whole university course of the day in his brief Margarita philosophica, which correctly interpreted the taste of the younger generation at the end of the 15th century.

Journey to the Center of the Earth: Production notes and credits:

Edwin O. Reischauer was an American historian, diplomat, and educator and a leading expert on Asian, particularly Japanese, affairs. Reischauer was born in Japan to American missionary parents. Living there until the age of 17, he gained complete fluency in the Japanese language, as well as an