Milky Way Galaxy: The stellar luminosity function: …named after the Dutch astronomer Pieter J. van Rhijn. The van Rhijn function is a basic datum for the local portion of the Galaxy, but it is not necessarily representative for an area larger than the immediate solar neighbourhood. Investigators have found that elsewhere in the Galaxy, and in the…

gazelle: African gazelles: The rhim, or slender-horned, gazelle (G. leptoceros) is the most desert-adapted African gazelle and lives in the Sahara’s great sand deserts (ergs) from Algeria to Egypt. The third indigenous species, Speke’s gazelle (G. spekei), inhabits the coastal plain of Somalia.

Shonda Rhimes is an American writer and producer who is best known for creating such popular TV series as Grey’s Anatomy (2005– ) and Scandal (2012–18). Rhimes grew up in a Chicago suburb. After graduating from Dartmouth in 1991, she initially had dreams of becoming a novelist but ultimately

Rhine River, river and waterway of western Europe, culturally and historically one of the great rivers of the continent and among the most important arteries of industrial transport in the world. It flows from two small headways in the Alps of east-central Switzerland north and west to the North

Confederation of the Rhine, union (1806–13) of all the states of Germany, except Austria and Prussia, under the aegis of Napoleon I, which enabled the French to unify and dominate the country until Napoleon’s downfall. The formation of the confederation was preceded by French encroachment in

primate: Snouts, muzzles, and noses: …moist tip of the nose—the rhinarium—are associated with the reduction in length of the primate snout. Still, although the trend in primate evolution is toward a dethronement of the primacy of the sense of smell, there are still some good snouts to be seen in those lower primates that retain…

Gymnophiona: Annotated classification: Family Rhinatrematidae Cretaceous (145.5–65.5 million years ago) to present; tail present; mouth terminal; premaxillae not fused with nasals; prefrontals absent; squamosal not articulating with frontal; aquatic larvae; 2 genera, 11 species; adult size 25–32 cm (10–13 inches); South America. Family Scolecomorphidae Jurassic (200–145.5 million years ago)…

whale shark, (Rhincodon typus), gigantic but harmless shark (family Rhincodontidae) that is the largest living fish. Whale sharks are found in marine environments worldwide but mainly in tropical oceans. They make up the only species of the genus Rhincodon and are classified within the order

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Family Rhincodontidae (whale sharks) Distinguished from all other sharks by large, lunate tail, mouth at end of snout, 3 prominent ridges extending the length of body along the sides, back marked with round white or yellow spots and a number of white or yellow transverse stripes.…

Rhind papyrus, ancient Egyptian scroll bearing mathematical tables and problems. This extensive document from ancient Egypt has been the source of much information about Egyptian mathematics. The papyrus was bought in 1858 in a Nile resort town by a Scottish antiquary, Alexander Henry Rhind, hence

Rhine Falls, the most spectacular waterfall in central Europe, on the upper Rhine River just below Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland. The total fall of the cataract, including the rapids, is about 100 feet (30 meters), the width 492 feet (150 meters). There are two main falls divided by a

Germany: Southern Germany: …central strip to form the Rhine Rift Valley, which extends 185 miles (300 km) in length. The Black Forest reaches its greatest elevation at Mount Feld (Feldberg; 4,898 feet [1,493 metres]) in the south and declines northward beneath secondary sediments before rising to the smaller Oden Forest. For the most…

Rhine River, river and waterway of western Europe, culturally and historically one of the great rivers of the continent and among the most important arteries of industrial transport in the world. It flows from two small headways in the Alps of east-central Switzerland north and west to the North

Germany: Southern Germany: …central strip to form the Rhine Rift Valley, which extends 185 miles (300 km) in length. The Black Forest reaches its greatest elevation at Mount Feld (Feldberg; 4,898 feet [1,493 metres]) in the south and declines northward beneath secondary sediments before rising to the smaller Oden Forest. For the most…

Rhineland: western Hesse, and southwestern North Rhine–Westphalia.

Confederation of the Rhine, union (1806–13) of all the states of Germany, except Austria and Prussia, under the aegis of Napoleon I, which enabled the French to unify and dominate the country until Napoleon’s downfall. The formation of the confederation was preceded by French encroachment in

J.B. Rhine was an American parapsychologist who was credited with coining the term extrasensory perception (ESP) in the course of researching such phenomena as mental telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance. Rhine initially studied to be a botanist but became fascinated with "psychic

J.B. Rhine was an American parapsychologist who was credited with coining the term extrasensory perception (ESP) in the course of researching such phenomena as mental telepathy, precognition, and clairvoyance. Rhine initially studied to be a botanist but became fascinated with "psychic

Johann Christian, baron von Boyneburg: …a principal negotiator of the League of the Rhine (1658), whereby a number of German states, both Roman Catholic and Protestant, secured a French guarantee against any attempt by the new Holy Roman emperor, Leopold I, to restore Habsburg domination. In 1664, however, while he was concerned with asserting the…

Rhine River: Navigational improvements: …place is taken by the Rhine–Herne Canal, completed in 1916 between Duisburg and Herne and linking the Rhine through the Dortmund–Ems Canal with the German North Sea coast and through the Mittelland Canal with the waterways of central and eastern Germany and eastern Europe; and by the less important Wesel–Datteln–Hamm…

Rhineland-Palatinate: Geography: …the southeast contains the treeless Rhein-Hesse Plateau and the Rhine River valley. The plateau is covered by loess, while the valley contains fertile alluvial soils.

Main-Danube Canal, commercial waterway in the southern German state of Bavaria. Completed in 1992, the canal is 171 km (106 miles) long and runs from Bamberg on the Main River (a tributary of the Rhine River) to Kelheim on the Danube River, permitting traffic to flow between the North Sea and the

canals and inland waterways: Major inland waterways of Europe: …were also made on the Marne-Rhine waterway, which provides an important internal trade route connecting the Paris Basin with the industrial regions of Alsace-Lorraine. The improvements included major works on either side of the Vosges summit level, replacing 23 old locks. At Réchicourt a new lock with a lift of…

canals and inland waterways: Europe: …from Paris to Lyon; the Rhine-Rhône Canal, opened in 1834, provided a direct north-to-south route; while the Sambre-Oise Canal linked the French canal system with the Belgian network via the Meuse. Toward the end of the 19th century, France embarked on the standardization of its canal system to facilitate through…

Germanic languages: The emergence of Germanic languages: …North Sea and in Jutland; Rhine-Weser Germanic, along the middle Rhine and Weser; Elbe Germanic, along the middle Elbe; and East Germanic, between the middle Oder and the Vistula rivers.

rhinegraves, wide breeches worn by men in the mid-17th century in Europe. The breeches were probably named for Karl Florentin, Rheingraf von Salm. Not unlike a divided skirt, they were sometimes called “petticoat breeches.” They were usually fastened above the knee and decorated with ribbons. In

Rhineland, historically controversial area of western Europe lying in western Germany along both banks of the middle Rhine River. It lies east of Germany’s border with France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Apart from the strip from Karlsruhe southward to the Swiss frontier (west of

Holocaust: Victims of Nazism: …descent—many of whom, called “Rhineland bastards” by the Nazis, were the offspring of German mothers and French colonial African troops who had occupied the Rhineland after World War I—were also persecuted by the Nazis. Although their victimization was less systematic, it included forced sterilization and, often, internment in concentration…

20th-century international relations: Allied politics and reparations: The Allied Rhineland Commission (Britain dissenting) seized all executive, legislative, and judicial power in the occupied territories, expelled 16,000 uncooperative German officials (and more than 100,000 persons in all), and sequestered all German government property, energy resources, and transportation. France began covertly subsidizing separatist agitation. The Ruhr…

20th-century international relations: Security and the League of Nations: The main treaty, the Rhineland Pact, enjoined France, Belgium, and Germany to recognize the boundaries established by the Treaty of Versailles as inviolate and never again to resort to force in an attempt to change them. Moreover, the pact was guaranteed by Britain and Italy, who pledged to resist…

Rhineland-Palatinate, Land (state) situated in southwestern Germany. It is bordered by the states of North Rhine–Westphalia to the north, Hessen to the east, Baden-Württemberg to the southeast, and Saarland to the southwest and by France, Luxembourg, and Belgium to the south and west. Its

Rhinelander, city, seat (1887) of Oneida county, northern Wisconsin, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Wisconsin and Pelican rivers, about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Wausau. It is surrounded by a heavy concentration of lakes, and Nicolet National Forest lies to the east. The city, originally

Rhinelander: …later it was renamed for F.W. Rhinelander, president of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western Railway. The city subsequently developed as a centre of a busy year-round resort area. In addition to tourism, the economy is based on the production of wood products, specialty and packaging paper, high-speed drills, potatoes,…

rhinestone, colourless, faceted glass used in jewelry; also foil-backed or silvered cut glass used to imitate diamonds. Originally used to designate gemstones cut from rock crystal obtained from the Rhine River, Germany, the name historically has been applied to faceted rock crystal in general. See

Glen Campbell: …for his hit song “Rhinestone Cowboy,” which topped both the pop and country charts in 1975.

Florida worm lizard, (Rhineura floridana), pale or pinkish wormlike lizard characterized by the absence of limbs, external eyes, or ear openings, representing the only living member of the amphisbaenian family Rhineuridae. (Amphisbaenians are a group of burrowing, limbless lizards with concealed

dace: …genus Rhinichthys, among them the black-nosed dace (R. atratulus), a fine-scaled, black-banded, 7.5-centimetre-long fish found from New England to Minnesota, and the long-nosed dace (R. cataractae), a widely distributed species with a comparatively long snout. The creek chub is often known also as the horned dace, because of the hornlike…

dace: …England to Minnesota, and the long-nosed dace (R. cataractae), a widely distributed species with a comparatively long snout. The creek chub is often known also as the horned dace, because of the hornlike projections that develop on the head of the male during breeding season.

rhinitis, generic term for inflammation of the mucous tissue of the nose. Rhinitis may be allergic in origin and is called hay fever (q.v.); acute rhinitis is a synonym for head cold. See common

common cold, acute viral infection that starts in the upper respiratory tract, sometimes spreads to the lower respiratory structures, and may cause secondary infections in the eyes or middle ears. More than 200 agents can cause symptoms of the common cold, including parainfluenza, influenza,

rhinoceros, (family Rhinocerotidae), any of five or six species of giant horn-bearing herbivores that include some of the largest living land mammals. Only African and Asian elephants are taller at the shoulder than the two largest rhinoceros species—the white, or square-lipped, rhinoceros

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Family Rhinobatidae Caudal fin not bilobed; posterior edges of pectoral fins extending rearward at least as far as the origin of the pelvics. Small, rounded, closely set teeth. Size to about 1.8 metres (about 6 feet). About 7 genera and 26 species; tropical and warm temperate…

guitarfish, an order (Rhinobatiformes) of fish closely related to the rays. The order contains some 47 to 50 species arranged in three families (Platyrhinidae, Rhinobatidae, and Rhynchobatidae). Guitarfish have a flattened forebody with pectoral fins fused to the sides of the head. The hindbody

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Suborder Rhinobatoidei (guitarfishes) Electric organs are lacking; well-developed dorsal and caudal fins are present; base of tail is stout, not sharply marked off from rest of body. Most species are ovoviviparous, some perhaps oviparous. Early Jurassic to present. Family Rhynchobatidae Distinguished by caudal

rhinoceros, (family Rhinocerotidae), any of five or six species of giant horn-bearing herbivores that include some of the largest living land mammals. Only African and Asian elephants are taller at the shoulder than the two largest rhinoceros species—the white, or square-lipped, rhinoceros

Brahmaputra River: Plant and animal life: …swamps in Assam is the one-horned rhinoceros, which has become extinct in other parts of the world; Kaziranga National Park (designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1985) provides a refuge for the rhinoceros and for other wildlife in the valley, including elephants, Bengal tigers, leopards, wild buffalo, and deer.…

rhinoceros, (family Rhinocerotidae), any of five or six species of giant horn-bearing herbivores that include some of the largest living land mammals. Only African and Asian elephants are taller at the shoulder than the two largest rhinoceros species—the white, or square-lipped, rhinoceros

Rhinoceros, quasi-allegorical play in three acts by Eugène Ionesco, produced in Germany in 1959 and published in French the same year as Le Rhinocéros. At the play’s outset, Jean and Bérenger sit at a provincial café when a solitary rhinoceros runs by them. The next day, townspeople are talking

rhinoceros beetle, (subfamily Dynastinae), any of numerous species of beetles, some of which are among the largest beetles on Earth, named for the impressive hornlike structures on the frontal portions of males. These beetles have rounded, convex backs, and their coloration varies from black to

rhinoceros beetle: The Hercules beetle and rhinoceros beetle (D. neptunus) are spectacular, resembling an enormous pair of pincers. Found in American tropical forests, these two species have double horns that are oriented vertically. The upper horn curves forward from behind the head, whereas the lower emerges from the head itself. Another…

Javan rhinoceros, (Rhinoceros sondaicus), one of three Asian species of rhinoceroses, found only on the island of Java in Indonesia. It is the rarest living rhinoceros and one of the world’s most endangered mammals. The species is restricted to Ujung Kulon National Park, a protected area on a small

Indian rhinoceros, (Rhinoceros unicornis), the largest of the three Asian rhinoceroses. The Indian rhinoceros weighs between 1,800 and 2,700 kg (4,000 and 6,000 pounds). It stands 2 metres (7 feet) high at the shoulder and is 3.5 metres (11.5 feet) long. The Indian rhinoceros is more or less

rhinoceros viper, (Bitis nasicornis), brightly coloured venomous snake of the family Viperidae that inhabits rainforests and swamps of West and Central Africa. It prefers wet or damp environments and can even be found on plantations. The body is massive with rough and strongly keeled scales. It

Rhinoceros, quasi-allegorical play in three acts by Eugène Ionesco, produced in Germany in 1959 and published in French the same year as Le Rhinocéros. At the play’s outset, Jean and Bérenger sit at a provincial café when a solitary rhinoceros runs by them. The next day, townspeople are talking

rhinoceros, (family Rhinocerotidae), any of five or six species of giant horn-bearing herbivores that include some of the largest living land mammals. Only African and Asian elephants are taller at the shoulder than the two largest rhinoceros species—the white, or square-lipped, rhinoceros

rhinoceros, (family Rhinocerotidae), any of five or six species of giant horn-bearing herbivores that include some of the largest living land mammals. Only African and Asian elephants are taller at the shoulder than the two largest rhinoceros species—the white, or square-lipped, rhinoceros

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Family Rhinochimaeridae (long-nosed chimaeras) Snout projecting into a long, straight point. Lateral line an open groove. Size to about 1.3 metres (about 4 feet). 3 genera, about 8 species. Probably cosmopolitan in middle latitudes of both hemispheres, taken in depths of 685–2,000 metres (2,250 to 6,560 feet).…

Al-ʿArīsh, town and largest settlement of the Sinai Peninsula in the northeastern section, on the Mediterranean coast, the capital of Egypt’s Shamāl Sīnāʾ (Northern Sinai) muḥāfaẓah (governorate). It was under Israeli military administration from 1967 until 1979, when it returned to Egyptian rule.

Al-ʿArīsh, town and largest settlement of the Sinai Peninsula in the northeastern section, on the Mediterranean coast, the capital of Egypt’s Shamāl Sīnāʾ (Northern Sinai) muḥāfaẓah (governorate). It was under Israeli military administration from 1967 until 1979, when it returned to Egyptian rule.

tapaculo, any of about 55 species of ground-dwelling birds distributed across 12 genera in the family Rhinocryptidae (order Passeriformes) of Central and South America. When disturbed they scurry for cover with tail lifted. Tapaculos are wren- to thrush-sized, with short wings, longish legs, and

Darwin’s frog, (Rhinoderma darwinii), a small Argentinian and Chilean frog that is one of the few species in the family Rhinodermatidae. Charles Darwin discovered the frog on his world voyage. Darwin’s frog is unique among amphibians for its brooding habits. Males pick up eggs about to hatch and

frog and toad: Annotated classification: Family Rhinodermatidae No fossil record; 8 presacral vertebrae, 1st and 2nd fused; pectoral girdle partly firmisternal; maxillary teeth, intercalary cartilages, and Bidder’s organ absent; omosternum cartilaginous; southern South America; 2 species; adult length 2.5 cm (1 inch). Family Sooglossidae No fossil record; 8 presacral vertebrae; vertebrae

speech disorder: Cleft palate speech: This type of organic dysglossia has also been named rhinoglossia (Greek rhin, rhis: “nose”) because it is an organic cause of excessively nasal speech. Clefts of the lip, upper jaw, and hard and soft palate occur in various types and combinations. Cleft…

bat: Annotated classification: Family Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats) 77 small to moderately large species in 1 Old World genus. Complex nose leaf; large, highly mobile ears; wings short and rounded; well-developed interfemoral membrane, supported by tail. Unable to walk. Fur generally brown (occasionally red). Dark, humid roosts selected, especially caves,…

horseshoe bat, (genus Rhinolophus), any of more than 100 species of large-eared insect-eating bats that make up the sole genus of the family Rhinolophidae. Their taxonomic name refers to the large complex nose leaf consisting of a fleshy structure on the muzzle. Of the three “leaf” sections, one

bat: Life cycle: …little brown (Myotis lucifugus), and greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) that have lived more than 20 years, and a few have lived more than 30. Probably many bats in temperate climates live more than 10 years. Longevity has not been established for most tropical species, but a few are known…

algae: Annotated classification: Falcomonas, Plagioselmis, Rhinomonas, and Teleaulax. Division Rhodophyta (red algae) Predominantly filamentous; mostly photosynthetic, a few parasitic; photosynthetic species with chlorophyll a; chlorophyll d present in some species; phycobiliproteins (phycocyanin and phycoerythrin) in discrete

frog and toad: Annotated classification: Family Rhinophrynidae (burrowing toad) Oligocene (33.9 million–23.03 million years ago) to present; 8 presacral vertebrae; ribs absent; coccyx free, with 2 articulating surfaces; tongue free and protrusible; body robust; burrowing; aquatic larvae present; Mexico and Central America; 1 species; adult length to about 7 cm (3 inches).…

rhinophyma, extensive overgrowth of the lower part of the nose. The sebaceous (oil-producing) glands seem to be the site of origin. Growth is characteristic of a nodular, or many-lobed, mass. There is overgrowth of the glands, expansion of the ducts, an extensive blood supply, inflammatory fluids,

snub-nosed monkey, (genus Rhinopithecus), any of four species of large and unusual leaf monkeys (see langur) found in highland forests of central China and northern Vietnam. They have a broad, short face with wide-set slanting eyes and a short, flat nose with forward-facing nostrils. The golden

snub-nosed monkey: The Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (R. avunculus) is the smallest and has a long tail and long, slender fingers and toes. It is black above and strikingly white below and around the face, with the face itself being dark greenish with prominent brick-red lips. This species is…

primate: Distribution and abundance: …(Rhinopithecus roxellana) and black (R. bieti), are confined to high altitudes (up to 3,000 metres in the case of the former and to 4,500 metres in the latter), where the temperature drops below 0 °C (32 °F) every night and often barely rises above it by day.

snub-nosed monkey: The gray snub-nosed monkey (R. brelichi) is somewhat smaller, long-tailed, and dark gray with a red patch on the crown and a white patch between the shoulders. It lives only on Mount Fanjing in southern China (Guizhou province) at about 1,500 metres.

primate: Distribution and abundance: …snub-nosed monkey, the golden (Rhinopithecus roxellana) and black (R. bieti), are confined to high altitudes (up to 3,000 metres in the case of the former and to 4,500 metres in the latter), where the temperature drops below 0 °C (32 °F) every night and often barely rises above it…

snub-nosed monkey: …to the genus, the so-called Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (R. strykeri); the species was discovered in northern Myanmar. It is black with white regions on its ear tufts, chin, and perineal area. The species has an estimated population of only a few hundred individuals, and it appears to be extremely susceptible…

bat: Annotated classification: Family Rhinopomatidae (mouse-tailed bats) 4 small species in 1 genus (Rhinopoma) of North Africa and tropical Asia. Tail very long and largely free beyond a narrow interfemoral membrane. Ears large; small nose leaf; primitive shoulder girdle. Family Thyropteridae (disk-winged bats) 3 species in 1 genus (

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Family Rhinopteridae (cow-nosed rays) Similar to eagle rays except that the projecting head is deeply incised at the midline, forming 2 distinct lobes. Ovoviviparous. Maximum breadth about 2 metres (about 6.5 feet). 1 genus (Rhinoptera) and at least 4 species. Coastal waters of tropical and warm…

charadriiform: Shorebirds (suborder Charadrii): …lay two eggs, but the double-banded courser (Rhinoptilus africanus) lays only one, often located near antelope droppings, for concealment on otherwise bare ground. In that species, incubation by both sexes lasts about 26 days, and eggshells are removed. The chick has sparse down and is fed for about six weeks,…

courser: The bronze-winged courser (Rhinoptilus chalcopterus), largest of several species in sub-Saharan Africa, frequents woodlands and is chiefly nocturnal. It is about 30 cm (12 inches) long.

rhinoceros, (family Rhinocerotidae), any of five or six species of giant horn-bearing herbivores that include some of the largest living land mammals. Only African and Asian elephants are taller at the shoulder than the two largest rhinoceros species—the white, or square-lipped, rhinoceros

ground squirrel: Tropical ground squirrels: The shrew-faced ground squirrel (R. laticaudatus) of the Sunda Islands, for example, is highly specialized to eat earthworms and insects with its greatly elongated snout, long tongue, and weak incisor teeth. The three-striped ground squirrel (L. insignis), also of the Sunda Islands, is reported to eat…

termite: Importance: Subterranean termites are dependent on contact with soil moisture and normally reach the wood in man-made structures through the foundations. The most common traditional control used around a structure is to flood a shallow trench with an insecticide and cover it with soil. Insecticides also…

Justinian II was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty. Although possessed of a despotic temperament and capable of acts of cruelty, Justinian was in many ways an able ruler, who recovered for the empire areas of Macedonia that had previously been conquered by Slavic tribesmen. On the

rhinovirus, a group of viruses capable of causing common colds in human adults and children. They belong to the family Picornaviridae (see picornavirus). The virus is thought to be transmitted to the upper respiratory tract by airborne droplets. After an incubation period of 2 to 5 days, the acute

Galloway: The Rhins is a hammer-shaped peninsula in the extreme southwest of Wigtownshire. At the southern end of the Rhins is the Mull of Galloway, the most southerly point in Scotland. Its cliffs stand 210 feet (64 metres) above the Irish Sea and are surmounted by…

tick: …a few, such as the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), are household pests. Soft ticks differ from hard ticks by feeding intermittently, laying several batches of eggs, passing through several nymphal stages, and carrying on their developmental cycles in the home or nest of the host rather than in fields.

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Rhipiceridae (cedar beetles) Antennae flabellate (fanlike); noselike projection between mandibles; about 180 species; widely distributed; 2 families, Rhipiceridae (cedar beetles), Callirhipidae; example Sandalus. Superfamily Derodontoidea (tooth-necked fungus beetles) Head

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Rhipidiales Aquatic, saprotrophic, often found in polluted waters; thallus contains cellulin plugs, usually branched and inflated; example genus is Rhipidium. Order Salilagenidiales Marine, parasitic on prawns and lobsters; mycelia penetrate exoskeleton; example

Rhipidistia, extinct group of lobe-finned bony fishes of the order Crossopterygii that included the ancestors of amphibians and the other terrestrial vertebrates. The Rhipidistia were common during the Devonian (the Devonian Period lasted from 416 million to 359 million years ago) but became

gastropod: Food and feeding: …Archaeogastropoda still retain the basic rhipidoglossan radula, in which many slender marginal teeth are arranged in transverse rows. During use, the outer, or marginal, denticles swing outward, and the radula is curled under the anterior end of the odontophore. The latter is pressed against the feeding surface, and, one row…

fantail: …of gray, black, brown, or rufous, often accented with areas of white, especially on the belly, eyebrows, and tail. They are named from their habit of constantly wagging and spreading their long, rounded tails. They build small cup nests, which are so finely bound in cobweb that they seem shellacked.

fantail, any of numerous birds of the family Rhipiduridae. The fantails constitute the genus Rhipidura. Fantails are native to forest clearings, riverbanks, and beaches from southern Asia to New Zealand; some have become tame garden birds. Most of the two dozen species are coloured in shades of

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Ripiphoridae (wedge-shaped beetles) About 400 species, many with specialized parasitic habits on other insects; complicated life cycle; examples Pelecotoma, Metoecus. Family Salpingidae (narrow-waisted bark beetles) Superficial resemblance to Carabidae (ground beetles); adults and larvae predatory; adults

Rhipsalis, cactus genus of about 39 epiphytic species (family Cactaceae), native to tropical and subtropical America with one species also found throughout tropical Africa, Madagascar, and Sri Lanka. Several Rhipsalis species are cultivated as much for their strange form as for their small but

Rhipsalis: The mistletoe cactus, Rhipsalis baccifera, is the only Old World representative of the cactus family. Given that the plant is also found in the Americas, its unusual distribution has long puzzled scientists. Theories proposed to account for this curious distribution include: (1) dispersal of the genus…

Réthymno, town, dímos (municipality), and capital of the pereferiakí enótita (regional unit) of Réthymno, on the north coast of Crete, Greece. A town and port on Almyroú (Almiroú) Bay, it lies north of the ancient Mycenaean town of Rhithymna. Réthymno was a stronghold during the Venetian period in

Rafflesiaceae: …subtropics: Rafflesia (about 28 species), Rhizanthes (4 species), and Sapria (1 or 2 species). The taxonomy of the family has been contentious, especially given the difficulty in obtaining specimens to study. The group formerly comprised seven genera, based on morphological similarities, but molecular evidence led to a dramatic reorganization by…

Rafflesiaceae: One species, Rhizanthes lowii, is known to generate heat with its flowers and buds, an adaptation that may aid in attracting pollinators. Species of both Sapria and Rhizanthes are considered rare and are threatened by habitat loss.

protozoan: Annotated classification: Rhizaria Consist of amoebae and amoeboflagellates with thin pseudopods (filopods), often microtubule-reinforced; often live within tests. Filose pseudopods typically involved in prey capture and food selection. Cercozoa Diverse clade. Tubular mitochondrial cristae. Cysts are common. Kinetosomes connect to nucleus with cytoskeleton. Usually contain

lichen: …substrate by hairlike growths called rhizines. There are three main lichen body types: crustose, fruticose, and foliose. Lichens that form a crustlike covering that is thin and tightly bound to the substrate are called crustose. Squamulose lichens are small and leafy with loose attachments to the substrate and are usually…