Luca della Robbia was a sculptor, one of the pioneers of Florentine Renaissance style, who was the founder of a family studio primarily associated with the production of works in enameled terra-cotta. Before developing the process with which his family name came to be associated, Luca apparently

Margot Robbie is an Australian actress who is known for her scene-stealing magnetism and the depth of her performances in a variety of roles. Robbie’s parents divorced when she was a small child, and she grew up living with her mother, a physiotherapist, in the Gold Coast area of Australia. She

Margot Robbie is an Australian actress who is known for her scene-stealing magnetism and the depth of her performances in a variety of roles. Robbie’s parents divorced when she was a small child, and she grew up living with her mother, a physiotherapist, in the Gold Coast area of Australia. She

Nancy Reagan was an American first lady (1981–89)—the wife of Ronald Reagan, 40th president of the United States—and actress, noted for her efforts to discourage drug use by American youths. Christened Anne Frances, she was quickly nicknamed Nancy by her mother and used that name throughout her

Tony Robbins is an American motivational speaker and “life coach” who created a multifaceted business empire by preaching a gospel of self-improvement. Robbins was born Anthony J. Mahavorick to a working-class family. In childhood he adopted the surname of a stepfather. During his youth he

Frederick Chapman Robbins was an American pediatrician and virologist who received (with John Enders and Thomas Weller) the 1954 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for successfully cultivating poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures. This accomplishment made possible the production of polio

Harold Robbins was an American author credited with popularizing a prurient style of mass-market fiction that traded on the public appetite for tales of profligate Hollywood stars and glamorous criminals. Robbins was known to have fabricated numerous episodes that were repeated by journalists and

Jerome Robbins was one of the most popular and imaginative American choreographers of the 20th century. Robbins was first known for his skillful use of contemporary American themes in ballets and Broadway and Hollywood musicals. He won acclaim for highly innovative ballets structured within the

Lionel Charles Robbins, Baron Robbins was an economist and leading figure in British higher education. Robbins was educated at the University of London and the London School of Economics (LSE). After periods of teaching at New College, Oxford, and LSE, he was appointed professor of economics at the

An American singer, songwriter, music publisher, and NASCAR driver, Marty Robbins was one of the most popular country music performers in the 1950s through 1980s. Martin David Robinson was born on September 26, 1925, in a shack in the desert outside Glendale, Arizona, then an agricultural outlier

A Boy Named Charlie Brown: …marked the final time that Peter Robbins, the original voice of Charlie Brown, voiced the character. The continuing popularity of Charlie Brown and his friends and of their annual holiday TV special, A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965), in particular, proves the enduring nature of Schulz’s characters.

Tom Robbins is an American novelist noted for his eccentric characters, playful optimism, and self-conscious wordplay. Robbins was educated at Washington and Lee University, Richmond Professional Institute, and the University of Washington. He served in the U.S. Air Force, hitchhiked across the

Tim Robbins is an American actor and director known for his versatility and for his outspoken liberal political views. Robbins, whose father was a folk musician, grew up in the Greenwich Village neighbourhood of New York City. As a teenager, he performed with the then-new Theatre for the New City.

Tim Robbins is an American actor and director known for his versatility and for his outspoken liberal political views. Robbins, whose father was a folk musician, grew up in the Greenwich Village neighbourhood of New York City. As a teenager, he performed with the then-new Theatre for the New City.

Tom Robbins is an American novelist noted for his eccentric characters, playful optimism, and self-conscious wordplay. Robbins was educated at Washington and Lee University, Richmond Professional Institute, and the University of Washington. He served in the U.S. Air Force, hitchhiked across the

Tony Robbins is an American motivational speaker and “life coach” who created a multifaceted business empire by preaching a gospel of self-improvement. Robbins was born Anthony J. Mahavorick to a working-class family. In childhood he adopted the surname of a stepfather. During his youth he

bird: Importance to man: Feather robes were made by Polynesians and Eskimos; and down quilts, mattresses, and pillows are part of traditional European folk culture. Large feathers have often been used in fans, thereby providing an example of an object put to opposite uses—for cooling as well as for conserving…

coronation of British monarchs: Procession from Westminster Abbey: The monarch now wears the Imperial State Robe (also called the Robe of Estate) of purple velvet and the Imperial State Crown. He or she also holds the Sovereign’s Sceptre with Cross and the Sovereign’s Orb. Once again the sovereign is transported via the Gold State Coach in another state…

Henry Koster: The 1950s: …1953 Koster directed the groundbreaking The Robe, the first feature film made in CinemaScope. The biblical epic starred Burton as the Roman tribune who presides over the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The film was a blockbuster hit and received an Oscar nomination for best picture. But Koster’s next costume drama,…

Luigi Robecchi-Bricchetti was an Italian explorer, the first European to cross the Somali peninsula (the Horn of East Africa). On his first African expedition he reached the oasis of Siwa (in western Egypt) in 1886, where he found a vast necropolis from which he collected skulls for European

Japanese art: Sculpture: …the temple of the monk Rōben, who, working in tandem with Emperor Shōmu, was the driving force in the construction of Tōdai. At present a curious mélange of 16 sculptural works is found on the altar platform in the temple. A hollow-core lacquer sculpture of the Fukūkenjaku Kannon functions as…

Robert Henryson: …mood and style; a pastourelle, Robene and Makyne, in which a traditional French genre assimilates the speech and humour of the Scottish peasantry; and a number of fine moral narratives and meditations.

Binghamton: The city’s Roberson Center is a museum complex (arts, science, and history) and includes a planetarium and civic theatre. Binghamton is the home of two operating wood-carved carousels from the 1920s. Inc. village, 1834; city, 1867. Pop. (2000) 47,380; Binghamton Metro Area, 252,320; (2010) 47,376; Binghamton Metro…

Robert was a Norman adventurer who settled in Apulia, in southern Italy, about 1047 and became duke of Apulia (1059). He eventually extended Norman rule over Naples, Calabria, and Sicily and laid the foundations of the kingdom of Sicily. Robert was born into a family of knights. Arriving in Apulia,

Robert was the Latin emperor of Constantinople from 1221 to 1228. He was so ineffective that the Latin Empire (consolidated by his uncle, Henry of Flanders) was largely dissolved at the end of his reign. Robert was a younger son of Peter of Courtenay (died early 1219?) and Yolande of Flanders and

Robert was an Angevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader who ruled Naples as king for 34 years (1309–43). Robert’s early years were clouded by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–88), in which his father, Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. By the terms of the treaty

Robert Runcie was the archbishop of Canterbury and titular head of the Anglican Communion from 1980 to 1991. Runcie attended a Scottish local council school and Merchant Taylors’ School in Crosby before entering Brasenose College, Oxford. His education was interrupted after one year by the outbreak

Grand Valley State University: …Energy Center (MAREC) and the Robert B. Annis Water Resources Institute (AWRI), both in Muskegon, also operate under the aegis of the university. MAREC is dedicated to the research and development of alternative energy technologies, while AWRI studies freshwater resources and their preservation.

Las Vegas: Municipal services and health: The massive Southern Nevada (now Robert B. Griffith) Water Project, funded jointly by the federal and state governments and built between 1968 and the early 1980s (with subsequent expansion), is a complex of distribution and treatment facilities that draws from Lake Mead and now supplies the bulk of regional water…

Delta: Robert Bank, a superport built for the bulk handling of coal and completed in 1970, occupies a 55-acre (22-hectare) man-made island in the Strait of Georgia off the suburb’s western shore. Delta has several fine beaches and ferry service to Vancouver Island. Inc. 1879. Pop.…

Bosch GmbH, German company that is Europe’s largest auto-parts brand manufacturer and one of the world’s leading makers of auto ignition, fuel injection, and antilock braking systems. The company also produces industrial hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, telecommunications equipment and systems,

United Kingdom: Edward’s wars: …being John de Balliol and Robert de Bruce, both descendants of David, 8th Earl of Huntingdon, brother of William I the Lion. Balliol was the grandson of David’s eldest daughter, and Bruce was the son of his second daughter. A court of 104 auditors, of whom 40 were chosen by…

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: …in the world is the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) located in Green Bank, West Virginia. This 110-by-100-metre (360-by-330-foot) off-axis radio telescope was completed in 2000 and operates at wavelengths as short as a few millimetres. The moving structure, which weighs 7.3 million kg (16 million pounds), points…

Robin Maugham was an English novelist, playwright, and travel writer, who achieved some fame and no little notoriety with his first novel, The Servant (1948). The only son of the 1st Viscount, Lord Chancellor Herbert Romer Maugham (whom he succeeded in 1958), Robin Maugham was educated at Eton and

Bulgaria: Spread of education: Many of the students at Robert College (founded 1861) in Istanbul, Turkey, were young Bulgarians who, after the liberation from Ottoman rule in 1878, took important political and economic positions in Bulgaria. Additionally, a considerable number of young Bulgarians were sent by their families or by sponsors to study in…

Robert II was the duke of Normandy (1087–1106), a weak-willed and incompetent ruler whose poor record as an administrator of his domain was partly redeemed by his contribution to the First Crusade (1096–99). The eldest son of William I the Conqueror, Robert was recognized in boyhood as his father’s

Robert II was the duke of Normandy (1087–1106), a weak-willed and incompetent ruler whose poor record as an administrator of his domain was partly redeemed by his contribution to the First Crusade (1096–99). The eldest son of William I the Conqueror, Robert was recognized in boyhood as his father’s

Oxford: Robert d’Oilly was appointed the first Norman governor of Oxford and was responsible for building Oxford Castle, of which all that remains is the motte (mound) and the tower of the Church of St. George in the castle. The site today is occupied by the…

Robert de Boron was a French poet, originally from the village of Boron, near Delle. He was important for his trilogy of poems (Joseph d’Arimathie, Merlin, Perceval). It told the early history of the Grail and linked this independent legend more firmly with Arthurian legend, using the prophetic

United Kingdom: Edward’s wars: …being John de Balliol and Robert de Bruce, both descendants of David, 8th Earl of Huntingdon, brother of William I the Lion. Balliol was the grandson of David’s eldest daughter, and Bruce was the son of his second daughter. A court of 104 auditors, of whom 40 were chosen by…

Clement (VII) was the first antipope (1378–94) of the Western (Great) Schism that troubled the Roman Catholic church for 40 years. After serving as bishop of Thérouanne, county of Artois, from 1361, he became archbishop of Cambrai, in the Low Countries, in 1368 and cardinal in 1371. As papal legate

Amiens Cathedral: …the direction of the architect Robert de Luzarches. The nave and western facade were completed by 1236, and most of the main construction was finished about 1270. Many later additions took place, including the installation of the grand organ in 1549 and the erection of a 367-foot (112-metre) spire during…

Robert De Torigni was a Norman chronicler whose records are an important source both for Anglo-French history and the intellectual renaissance in the 12th century. Robert was born to a family apparently of high rank. In 1128 he joined the monastery at Bec, where he was ordained deacon (1131) and

Feast of Corpus Christi: …Christi originated in 1246 when Robert de Torote, bishop of Liège, ordered the festival celebrated in his diocese. He was persuaded to initiate the feast by St. Juliana, prioress of Mont Cornillon near Liège (1222–58), who had experienced a vision. It did not spread until 1261, when Jacques Pantaléon, formerly…

Michael Rumaker: …nonfiction works included the memoirs Robert Duncan in San Francisco (1996)—which details the city’s gay community in the 1950s and his relationship with various Beat writers, especially Duncan—and Black Mountain Days (2003). He also wrote poetry.

Mississippi River: Development of the river’s commerce: …between the Natchez and the Robert E. Lee . The latter won by dint of stripping out all unnecessary superstructure and taking on extra fuel supplies from tenders while steaming upriver at full speed. Yet even as the river was at its most flamboyant, the same westward expansion that had…

Mary Augusta Arnold Ward: …English novelist whose best-known work, Robert Elsmere, created a sensation in its day by advocating a Christianity based on social concern rather than theology.

Claude Lelouch: for Life), Mariage (1974; Marriage), Robert et Robert (1978; “Robert and Robert”), and À nous deux (1979; Us Two). For Toute une vie (1974; And Now My Love), he and Uytterhoeven received Oscar nominations for their original screenplay. Lelouch’s later notable movies included the musical Les Uns et les autres…

Othmar Herman Ammann: …Triborough Bridge (later renamed the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge), New York City. He also sat on the Board of Engineers in charge of San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge, which opened in 1937.

Ethel Kennedy: Later life: …and Human Rights (now called Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights), which honors exemplary work by journalists and human rights advocates.

Ethel Kennedy: Later life: …and Human Rights (now called Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights), which honors exemplary work by journalists and human rights advocates.

John Ericsson: …a small iron vessel, the Robert F. Stockton, to be fitted by Ericsson with engines and screw; it reached New York City in May 1839.

Heinrich von Kleist: …also working on the play Robert Guiskard, an ambitious work in which he attempted to unite ancient Sophoclean tragedy and the Shakespearean drama of character, but it would remain a fragment. He set out on a new journey and in Paris, overcome by despair, burned his manuscript of Guiskard (though…

Robert I was the younger son of Robert the Strong of Neustria and briefly king of France (922–923), or West Francia. His decisive victory over the Northmen at Chartres (911) led to a treaty settling one group of these fierce warriors in Normandy. Robert faithfully served his older brother, King

Robert I was the count of Flanders (1071–93), the second son of Count Baldwin V. In 1063 he married Gertrude and became guardian of her son, who had inherited Frisia east of the Scheldt River. Upon this marriage, Robert’s father also invested him with Imperial Flanders, including the islands of

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert the Bruce was the king of Scotland (1306–29), who freed Scotland from English rule, winning the decisive Battle of Bannockburn (1314) and ultimately confirming Scottish independence in the Treaty of Northampton (1328). The Anglo-Norman family of Bruce, which had come to Scotland in the early

Robert II was the king of France who took Burgundy into the French realm. The son of Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty, and Adelaide of Aquitaine, Robert was educated at the episcopal school of Reims under Gerbert of Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II. Soon after his own coronation (July

Robert II was the count of Flanders (1093–1111), one of the most celebrated of crusaders. The son of Robert I, he sailed for the Holy Land on the First Crusade in 1096 and earned fame perhaps second only to that of Godfrey of Bouillon. Returning to Flanders in 1100, he fought with his suzerain,

Robert II was the king of Scots from 1371, first of the Stewart (Stuart) sovereigns in Scotland. Heir presumptive for more than 50 years, he had little effect on Scottish political and military affairs when he finally acceded to the throne. On the death (1326) of his father, Walter the Steward, in

Robert II was the duke of Normandy (1087–1106), a weak-willed and incompetent ruler whose poor record as an administrator of his domain was partly redeemed by his contribution to the First Crusade (1096–99). The eldest son of William I the Conqueror, Robert was recognized in boyhood as his father’s

Robert III was the king of Scots from 1390, after having ruled Scotland in the name of his father, Robert II, from 1384 to 1388. Physically disabled by a kick from a horse, he was never the real ruler of Scotland during the years of his kingship. The eldest son of Robert the Steward (the future

Robert The Devil: …the legend as given in Robert le Diable, a late 12th-century romance; other versions are told in two 14th-century poems, and in the 19th century a distorted version of the legend supplied a libretto for Giacomo Meyerbeer’s opera Robert le Diable.

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert The Devil: …libretto for Giacomo Meyerbeer’s opera Robert le Diable.

Robert the Strong was the ancestor of the Capetian kings of France. A member of a powerful aristocratic family and a count of various regions between the Seine and Loire rivers, Robert served the Carolingian king of France Charles II the Bald; by his bold and inspiring military leadership he

Robert I was the count of Flanders (1071–93), the second son of Count Baldwin V. In 1063 he married Gertrude and became guardian of her son, who had inherited Frisia east of the Scheldt River. Upon this marriage, Robert’s father also invested him with Imperial Flanders, including the islands of

Robert II was the count of Flanders (1093–1111), one of the most celebrated of crusaders. The son of Robert I, he sailed for the Holy Land on the First Crusade in 1096 and earned fame perhaps second only to that of Godfrey of Bouillon. Returning to Flanders in 1100, he fought with his suzerain,

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert II was the king of France who took Burgundy into the French realm. The son of Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty, and Adelaide of Aquitaine, Robert was educated at the episcopal school of Reims under Gerbert of Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II. Soon after his own coronation (July

Robert Mapplethorpe: A posthumous retrospective exhibition, “Robert Mapplethorpe: The Perfect Moment,” was planned for the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C., but stirred a political debate in 1990 that caused the museum to cancel the show. Because the exhibition—which featured Mapplethorpe’s still lifes as well as his nudes—was partly funded by a…

Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, nonprofit educational institution established at Santa Barbara, Calif., in 1959 and based in Los Angeles from 1988. The educator Robert M. Hutchins (q.v.) organized the centre and headed it and its parent corporation, the Fund for the Republic

Columbia: …1930) and the Robert Mills Historic House (1823) and Park; the house, which is also called Ainsley Hall Mansion, was designed by Mills, who also designed the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C. The State House, or capitol (begun c. 1855), is a gray granite structure built in Italian Renaissance style.

The following article was written for the 1982 Britannica Book of the Year (events of 1981) by Robert Mugabe, who became the first prime minister of Zimbabwe in 1980. In it he recounts the black majority’s struggle for independence and details his government’s plans to address the problems facing

Robert was an Angevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader who ruled Naples as king for 34 years (1309–43). Robert’s early years were clouded by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–88), in which his father, Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. By the terms of the treaty

Crusades: The Crusades of St. Louis: …by his queen; his brothers Robert of Artois and Charles of Anjou; many distinguished French nobles, including Jean, sire de Joinville, author of The Life of St. Louis (1309); and a small English contingent. His army was a formidable one, numbering perhaps 15,000. France was left in the experienced hands…

Philip VI: When shortly thereafter Robert of Artois, who had helped Philip to win the crown, claimed the countship of Artois against a member of the royal family, Philip was forced to institute judicial proceedings against Robert, who became his bitter enemy. In 1334 Robert went to England and began…

Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shropshire or Shrewsbury was a Norman magnate, soldier, and outstanding military architect, who for a time was the most powerful vassal of the English crown under the second and third Norman kings, William II Rufus and Henry I. His contemporary reputation for sadism

Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shropshire or Shrewsbury was a Norman magnate, soldier, and outstanding military architect, who for a time was the most powerful vassal of the English crown under the second and third Norman kings, William II Rufus and Henry I. His contemporary reputation for sadism

Robert was the Latin emperor of Constantinople from 1221 to 1228. He was so ineffective that the Latin Empire (consolidated by his uncle, Henry of Flanders) was largely dissolved at the end of his reign. Robert was a younger son of Peter of Courtenay (died early 1219?) and Yolande of Flanders and

Robert I was the count of Flanders (1071–93), the second son of Count Baldwin V. In 1063 he married Gertrude and became guardian of her son, who had inherited Frisia east of the Scheldt River. Upon this marriage, Robert’s father also invested him with Imperial Flanders, including the islands of

Clement (VII) was the first antipope (1378–94) of the Western (Great) Schism that troubled the Roman Catholic church for 40 years. After serving as bishop of Thérouanne, county of Artois, from 1361, he became archbishop of Cambrai, in the Low Countries, in 1368 and cardinal in 1371. As papal legate

Robert Of Gloucester was an early Middle English chronicler known only through his connection with the work called “The Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester”—a vernacular history of England from its legendary founding by Brut (Brutus), great-grandson of Aeneas, to the year 1270. It was written,

Robert of Jumièges was one of the Normans given high position by the English king Edward the Confessor. Robert was prior of Saint-Ouen, Rouen, France, when elected abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Jumièges in 1037 to succeed his kinsman William. Taken to England by King Edward in 1042, he was made

St. Robert of Molesme ; canonized 1222; feast day April 29) was a French Benedictine monk and abbot, monastic reformer, and founder of Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium) Abbey (1098), which developed into the Cistercian Order. The son of noble parents, Robert entered the Benedictine monastery of

Robert II was the duke of Normandy (1087–1106), a weak-willed and incompetent ruler whose poor record as an administrator of his domain was partly redeemed by his contribution to the First Crusade (1096–99). The eldest son of William I the Conqueror, Robert was recognized in boyhood as his father’s

Defense Production Act: …preparedness activities” (defined by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act [1988] as “all those activities and measures designed or undertaken to prepare for or minimize the effects of a hazard upon the civilian population”).

Chicago: People of Chicago: The Robert Taylor Homes in Bronzeville was the largest such project ever built in the country, and it is widely considered one of the most conspicuous failures in the history of public housing. Chronically underfunded and overcrowded, the Robert Taylor Homes was demolished (the last building…

Robert the Bruce was the king of Scotland (1306–29), who freed Scotland from English rule, winning the decisive Battle of Bannockburn (1314) and ultimately confirming Scottish independence in the Treaty of Northampton (1328). The Anglo-Norman family of Bruce, which had come to Scotland in the early

Robert The Devil, legendary son of a duke of Normandy, born in answer to prayers addressed to the devil. He uses his immense strength only for crime. Directed by the pope to consult a certain holy hermit, he is delivered from his curse by maintaining absolute silence, feigning madness, taking his

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert I was the count of Flanders (1071–93), the second son of Count Baldwin V. In 1063 he married Gertrude and became guardian of her son, who had inherited Frisia east of the Scheldt River. Upon this marriage, Robert’s father also invested him with Imperial Flanders, including the islands of

Robert II was the count of Flanders (1093–1111), one of the most celebrated of crusaders. The son of Robert I, he sailed for the Holy Land on the First Crusade in 1096 and earned fame perhaps second only to that of Godfrey of Bouillon. Returning to Flanders in 1100, he fought with his suzerain,

Robert I was the duke of Normandy (1027–35), the younger son of Richard II of Normandy and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England. On the death of his father (1026), Robert contested the duchy with his elder brother Richard III, legally the heir, until the latter’s

Robert II was the king of France who took Burgundy into the French realm. The son of Hugh Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty, and Adelaide of Aquitaine, Robert was educated at the episcopal school of Reims under Gerbert of Aurillac, later Pope Sylvester II. Soon after his own coronation (July

Robert II was the king of Scots from 1371, first of the Stewart (Stuart) sovereigns in Scotland. Heir presumptive for more than 50 years, he had little effect on Scottish political and military affairs when he finally acceded to the throne. On the death (1326) of his father, Walter the Steward, in

Robert the Strong was the ancestor of the Capetian kings of France. A member of a powerful aristocratic family and a count of various regions between the Seine and Loire rivers, Robert served the Carolingian king of France Charles II the Bald; by his bold and inspiring military leadership he

Robert was an Angevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader who ruled Naples as king for 34 years (1309–43). Robert’s early years were clouded by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–88), in which his father, Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. By the terms of the treaty

Center for Science in the Public Interest: …by foundations, such as the Robert Wood Johnson and Rockefeller foundations.

parliamentary procedure: Origins and development: Robert’s Rules of Order (1876), codified by U.S. Army officer General Henry M. Robert (1837–1923), which has gone through various editions and reprintings and continues to be published in periodic editions, has had a lasting impact on the development of parliamentary procedure.