Celtic literature: The Counter-Reformation: …Welsh primer, the work of Gruffydd Robert (c. 1522–c. 1610), and several religious works, many of which were published on the Continent.

Henry Martyn Robert was a U.S. Army officer, known as the author of the standard manual on parliamentary procedure in the United States, known as Robert’s Rules of Order. A graduate (1857) of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., Robert was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers and retired

Hubert Robert was a French landscape painter sometimes called Robert des Ruines because of his many romantic representations of Roman ruins set in idealized surroundings. Robert left Paris for Rome in 1754 and studied at the French Academy there. He also met the French painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard

Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin was a French magician who is considered to be the father of modern conjuring. He was the first magician to use electricity; he improved the signalling method for the “thought transference” trick; and he exposed “fakes” and magicians who relied on supernatural explanations

Marseille faience: The factory of Joseph-Gaspard Robert was known for its faience and, from 1777, for porcelain with elaborate floral decoration. The greatest technical feat was a decoration entirely in gold, which is unique in French pottery.

Nicolas-Louis Robert was an inventor who, with his brother and Jacques Charles, launched the first hydrogen balloon in Paris in 1783. The same year he and Charles ascended in a gondola carried by the same kind of balloon. In 1798, Robert invented the first machine to produce paper in continuous

Paul Robert was a French lexicographer who followed Émile Littré and Pierre Larousse in creating a French dictionary that became a household name. Robert studied law before publishing the first installment of his dictionary. When the dictionary won an award from the French Academy, he was able to

Paul Robert was a French lexicographer who followed Émile Littré and Pierre Larousse in creating a French dictionary that became a household name. Robert studied law before publishing the first installment of his dictionary. When the dictionary won an award from the French Academy, he was able to

Buffalo Sabres: …Rick Martin, and right wing René Robert. The French Connection led Buffalo to a division championship in 1974–75, and the team advanced to the Stanley Cup finals in just its fifth season of existence, where it lost to the defending-champion Philadelphia Flyers. Along with left wing Craig Ramsay, the French…

Shaaban Robert was a popular Swahili writer. Robert was the product of two cultures—his father was a Christian, but Shaaban returned to Islam. His work ranges from poetry to essay and didactic tale, influenced in style by the Oriental tradition. Many poems follow the form of utendi verse (used for

Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin was a French magician who is considered to be the father of modern conjuring. He was the first magician to use electricity; he improved the signalling method for the “thought transference” trick; and he exposed “fakes” and magicians who relied on supernatural explanations

William A. Seiter: …director also had success with Roberta (1935), a popular adaptation of the Jerome Kern–Otto A. Harbach musical; it nominally starred Irene Dunne, but arguably the best scenes were those with Rogers and Fred Astaire. Rogers returned for In Person (1935), an amusing satire of the movie industry. Seiter’s credits from…

Ercole de’ Roberti was an Italian painter of the Ferrarese school whose work is characterized by a highly personal style of sensibility and deep pathos. Roberti is believed to have studied with Cosmè Tura, a court painter to the Este family of Ferrara, and he is known to have studied with Tura’s

Roberto Carlos: …popularity—bolstered by a top-selling album, Roberto Carlos canta para a juventude (1965; “Roberto Carlos Sings to the Youth”), and a string of hit songs that tapped into the rebellious zeitgeist—swiftly earned him the nickname “the King.”

Robert was an Angevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader who ruled Naples as king for 34 years (1309–43). Robert’s early years were clouded by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–88), in which his father, Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. By the terms of the treaty

Robert was an Angevin prince and Guelf (papal party) leader who ruled Naples as king for 34 years (1309–43). Robert’s early years were clouded by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–88), in which his father, Charles II of Anjou, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. By the terms of the treaty

Italian literature: The veristi and other narrative writers: Another verista, Federico De Roberto, in his novel I vicerè (1894; The Viceroys), has given a cynical and wryly funny account of an aristocratic Sicilian family that adapted all too well to change. Capuana, the founder of verismo and most rigorous adherent to its impersonal method of…

Latin American architecture: Brazil: …Press Association Building (1938), by Marcelo and Milton Roberto, incorporated the idea of a fixed brise-soleil that would provide natural light without the heat and glare of the strong tropical sun; it was the first large-scale modern building constructed in Brazil. Future Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek, then the mayor of…

Latin American architecture: Brazil: …Building (1938), by Marcelo and Milton Roberto, incorporated the idea of a fixed brise-soleil that would provide natural light without the heat and glare of the strong tropical sun; it was the first large-scale modern building constructed in Brazil. Future Brazilian president Juscelino Kubitschek, then the mayor of Belo Horizonte,…

Canada: Domestic policies: Roberts Bank, one of the world’s largest ocean coal depots, was built near Vancouver to expedite the shipment of British Columbian coal to Japan. Saskatchewan’s potash and uranium commanded premium prices during those years, and international demand for wheat, beef, and other farm products brought…

Redmond: Redmond is the site of Roberts Field, formerly the World War II-era Redmond Army Air Base and now a commercial airport serving three counties in central Oregon. The city’s population has grown considerably since the 1990s. Inc. 1910. Pop. (2000) 13,481; (2010) 26,215.

Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts was a British field marshal, an outstanding combat leader in the Second Afghan War (1878–80) and the South African War (1899–1902), and the last commander in chief of the British Army (1901–04; office then abolished). Foreseeing World War I, he was one of

Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts was a British field marshal, an outstanding combat leader in the Second Afghan War (1878–80) and the South African War (1899–1902), and the last commander in chief of the British Army (1901–04; office then abolished). Foreseeing World War I, he was one of

Andy Roberts is a West Indian cricketer who is considered the father of modern West Indian fast bowling. Roberts was the first player from Antigua to represent the West Indies. He was a vital member of the four-pronged pace (fast-bowling) attack that made the West Indies such a feared team in the

Andy Roberts is a West Indian cricketer who is considered the father of modern West Indian fast bowling. Roberts was the first player from Antigua to represent the West Indies. He was a vital member of the four-pronged pace (fast-bowling) attack that made the West Indies such a feared team in the

Free Methodist Church of North America: B.T. Roberts and several associates after they were expelled from the Methodist Episcopal Church, which they had criticized for not maintaining the original standards of Methodism. In addition to sanctification, the Free Methodist Church stresses evangelical beliefs, such as substitutionary atonement (that Christ’s suffering and…

Barbie, an 11-inch- (29-cm-) tall plastic doll with the figure of an adult woman that was introduced on March 9, 1959, by Mattel, Inc., a southern California toy company. Ruth Handler, who cofounded Mattel with her husband, Elliot, spearheaded the introduction of the doll. Barbie’s physical

Bartholomew Roberts was a pirate captain of a succession of ships—the “Royal Rover,” “Fortune,” “Royal Fortune,” and “Good Fortune”—who burned and plundered ships from the coasts of West Africa to the coasts of Brazil and the Caribbean and as far north as Newfoundland. His conquests are said to

urban culture: The neocolonial city: …can play an equivalent role: Bryan Roberts in Cities of Peasants (1978) shows that the growth of Pentecostal and other Protestant sects in Guatemala fulfills needs for mutual support networks in poor neighbourhoods and for those without kin ties.

Pat Roberts is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and began his first term representing Kansas in that body the following year. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1981–97). Roberts’s family was involved in journalism and

To Sir, with Love: Cast: Assorted References

explosive: Dynamite: E.A.L. Roberts in that country obtained a patent covering this procedure and later acquired the right to manufacture and use nitroglycerin under the Nobel patents. Theoretically, this gave him a monopoly on shooting oil wells, and his company dominated the field, but many of his…

Ed Roberts was an American disability rights activist who is considered the founder of the independent-living movement. Roberts contracted polio at age 14 and was paralyzed from the neck down. Requiring an iron lung or a respirator to breathe, he attended high school in California by telephone

Ed Roberts was an American disability rights activist who is considered the founder of the independent-living movement. Roberts contracted polio at age 14 and was paralyzed from the neck down. Requiring an iron lung or a respirator to breathe, he attended high school in California by telephone

Elizabeth Madox Roberts was a Southern American novelist, poet, and short story writer noted especially for her vivid, impressionistic depiction of her protagonists’ inner life and for her accurate portrayal of life in Kentucky. Educated in schools in Springfield, a village near her birthplace,

Julia Roberts: …by her older brother, actor Eric Roberts, for a bit part as his on-screen sister in Blood Red (1989), a drama set in the late 1800s; although the film was completed in 1986, its release was delayed for several years. She next made several television appearances before securing her first…

Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts was a British field marshal, an outstanding combat leader in the Second Afghan War (1878–80) and the South African War (1899–1902), and the last commander in chief of the British Army (1901–04; office then abolished). Foreseeing World War I, he was one of

Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts was a British field marshal, an outstanding combat leader in the Second Afghan War (1878–80) and the South African War (1899–1902), and the last commander in chief of the British Army (1901–04; office then abolished). Foreseeing World War I, he was one of

Oral Roberts was an American Pentecostal evangelist known for his televised faith-healing ministry. Roberts was one of the first proponents of the “prosperity gospel,” a theology teaching that God desires temporal happiness and security for his faithful and rewards devotion and generous tithing or

Isaac Roberts was a British astronomer who was a pioneer in the photography of nebulae. In 1883 Roberts began experimenting with astronomical photography, taking pictures of stars, the Orion and Andromeda nebulae, and the Pleiades cluster. Although the photographs proved difficult to interpret,

John G. Roberts, Jr. is the 17th chief justice of the United States (2005– ). Roberts was the second of four children born to John (Jack) G. Roberts, Sr., and Rosemary Roberts (née Podrasky) in Buffalo, New York, in 1955. Roberts, Sr., worked as an executive for the Bethlehem Steel Corporation,

John G. Roberts, Jr. is the 17th chief justice of the United States (2005– ). Roberts was the second of four children born to John (Jack) G. Roberts, Sr., and Rosemary Roberts (née Podrasky) in Buffalo, New York, in 1955. Roberts, Sr., worked as an executive for the Bethlehem Steel Corporation,

Joseph Jenkins Roberts was an American-born individual who became the first president of Liberia (1848–56). A native of Virginia, Roberts was the son of free “blacks” whose heritage was more than seven-eighths white. At the age of 20 he immigrated to Liberia with his mother and younger brothers,

Julia Roberts is an American actress whose deft performances in varied roles helped make her one of the highest-paid and most-influential actresses in the 1990s and early 2000s. Although Roberts’s parents briefly ran an actors’ workshop when she was a child, she had no acting experience or formal

Julia Roberts is an American actress whose deft performances in varied roles helped make her one of the highest-paid and most-influential actresses in the 1990s and early 2000s. Although Roberts’s parents briefly ran an actors’ workshop when she was a child, she had no acting experience or formal

Kate Roberts was one of the outstanding Welsh-language novelists and short-story writers of the 20th century and the first woman to be recognized as a major figure in the history of Welsh literature. Roberts set her early works in the quarrying districts of North Wales and in the mining villages of

Kenneth Roberts was an American journalist and novelist who wrote fictional reconstructions of the American Revolution. Roberts worked as a journalist until 1917, when he began service as a captain in the Intelligence Section of the U.S. Army’s Siberian Expeditionary Force. He was a staff

Kenneth Roberts was an American journalist and novelist who wrote fictional reconstructions of the American Revolution. Roberts worked as a journalist until 1917, when he began service as a captain in the Intelligence Section of the U.S. Army’s Siberian Expeditionary Force. He was a staff

Lawrence Roberts was an American computer scientist who supervised the construction of the ARPANET, a computer network that was a precursor to the Internet. Roberts received bachelor’s (1959), master’s (1960), and doctoral (1963) degrees in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of

Lawrence Roberts was an American computer scientist who supervised the construction of the ARPANET, a computer network that was a precursor to the Internet. Roberts received bachelor’s (1959), master’s (1960), and doctoral (1963) degrees in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of

Margaret Thatcher was a British Conservative Party politician and prime minister (1979–90), Europe’s first woman prime minister. The only British prime minister in the 20th century to win three consecutive terms and, at the time of her resignation, Britain’s longest continuously serving prime

Mary Roberts Rinehart was an American novelist and playwright best known for her mystery stories. Mary Roberts graduated from the Pittsburgh Training School for Nurses in 1896. That same year she married physician Stanley M. Rinehart. She and her husband started a family, and she took up writing in

Harlem Hellfighters: The Hellfighters at war: Needham Roberts of the 369th were on sentry duty when their post was attacked by a German patrol. The two men fought off as many as two dozen Germans in brutal hand-to-hand combat. Johnson sustained 21 wounds in the engagement, and the French military awarded…

Nora Roberts is an American romance novelist who is one of the most successful and prolific authors of the genre. As a child, Roberts was an avid reader and frequently formulated her own stories. After graduating from high school, she married and later had two sons. Confined to her home with her

Billy the Kid was an American outlaw who was one of the most notorious gunfighters of the American West. Although he claimed to have killed 21 men, the actual number is likely less than 10. At about age 21, Billy the Kid was gunned down by Sheriff Pat Garrett. Born on New York City’s East Side,

Oral Roberts was an American Pentecostal evangelist known for his televised faith-healing ministry. Roberts was one of the first proponents of the “prosperity gospel,” a theology teaching that God desires temporal happiness and security for his faithful and rewards devotion and generous tithing or

Owen Josephus Roberts was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1930–45). Roberts was the son of hardware merchant Josephus R. Roberts and Emma Lafferty Roberts. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1895 from the University of Pennsylvania and then entered the university’s law

Pat Roberts is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and began his first term representing Kansas in that body the following year. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1981–97). Roberts’s family was involved in journalism and

Patricia Roberts Harris was an American public official, the first African American woman named to a U.S. ambassadorship and the first as well to serve in a presidential cabinet. Harris grew up in Mattoon and in Chicago. She graduated from Howard University, Washington, D.C., in 1945, pursued

Rachel Roberts was a Welsh actress probably best known for her British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award-winning performance as Brenda—an unhappily married woman who becomes pregnant with another man’s child—in the Karel Reisz film Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960). She also

Richard Roberts was a British inventor known for his great versatility. Roberts began his career as an uneducated quarryman. He had remarkable mechanical ability, however, and worked at various times for the industrialist John Wilkinson and the inventor Henry Maudslay. He was one of the inventors

Richard J. Roberts is a molecular biologist, the winner, with Phillip A. Sharp, of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his independent discovery of “split genes.” Roberts received a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Sheffield, Eng., in 1968. After postdoctoral

Richard J. Roberts is a molecular biologist, the winner, with Phillip A. Sharp, of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his independent discovery of “split genes.” Roberts received a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Sheffield, Eng., in 1968. After postdoctoral

the Flying Burrito Brothers: ), and Rick Roberts (b. August 31, 1949, Clearwater, Florida).

Sir Charles G.D. Roberts was a poet who was the first to express the new national feeling aroused by the Canadian confederation of 1867. His example and counsel inspired a whole nationalist school of late 19th-century poets, the Confederation group. Also a prolific prose writer, Roberts wrote

Sir Charles G.D. Roberts was a poet who was the first to express the new national feeling aroused by the Canadian confederation of 1867. His example and counsel inspired a whole nationalist school of late 19th-century poets, the Confederation group. Also a prolific prose writer, Roberts wrote

Sir Gilbert Roberts was a British civil engineer who pioneered new design and construction methods in a series of major bridges including the 3,300-foot (1,006-metre) Firth of Forth highway bridge in Scotland, the seventh longest in the world. After attending City and Guilds College of the

Little Rock Nine: Elizabeth Eckford, Minnijean Brown, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, and Thelma Mothershed—became the centre of the struggle to desegregate public schools in the United States, especially in the South. The events that followed their enrollment in Little Rock Central High School provoked intense national debate about…

Tom Roberts was a painter who introduced Impressionism to Australia. Arriving in Melbourne at age 13, Roberts worked as a photographer, supplementing his meagre earnings with paintings produced as an evening art student. In 1881 he went to England to study at the Royal Academy in London and toured

Tom Roberts was a painter who introduced Impressionism to Australia. Arriving in Melbourne at age 13, Roberts worked as a photographer, supplementing his meagre earnings with paintings produced as an evening art student. In 1881 he went to England to study at the Royal Academy in London and toured

Annie Hall: Alvy’s friend Rob (Tony Roberts) suggests that they move to California, but Alvy is not interested. Then Alvy and Annie (Keaton) go to a movie. Later that night, Annie mentions that Alvy has been married before, introducing a flashback to Alvy’s first marriage, to Allison (Carol Kane). Another…

Western painting: Cubism and its consequences: …striking clarity and force, and William Roberts combined a Cubist formulation with social commentary analogous to that of the 18th-century painter William Hogarth.

Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen was an English metallurgist noted for his research on the physical properties of metals and their alloys. He was knighted in 1899. As professor of metallurgy at the Royal School of Mines in London from 1882 to 1902, Roberts-Austen conducted extensive studies on

American Airlines: Two nucleate companies were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. Robertson Aircraft, first organized in 1921 in Missouri as a general flying service and manufacturer, flew its first mail route on April 15, 1926, between Chicago and St. Louis, Missouri; the pilot on the first flight was Charles…

New South Wales: Economic developments: The Robertson Land Acts, once wrongly regarded as a failure, did succeed in areas suitable for dairying or intensive cultivation and helped promote these branches of rural industry. Elsewhere, however, selectors often failed or were reduced to poverty. This economic climate helped provide the conditions in…

Frederick William Robertson was an Anglican clergyman who became widely popular particularly among the working class because of the oratory and psychological insight in his sermons preached from 1847 at Trinity Chapel, Brighton. Appealing to a broad religious consensus within Anglican belief by

unidentified flying object: The Robertson Panel and the Condon Report: An American obsession with the UFO phenomenon was under way. In the hot summer of 1952 a provocative series of radar and visual sightings occurred near National Airport in Washington, D.C. Although these events were attributed to temperature inversions…

Agnes Arber was a botanist noted chiefly for her studies in comparative anatomy of plants, especially monocotyledons. She attended the universities of London (B.Sc., 1899; D.Sc., 1905) and Cambridge (M.A.) and in 1909 married Edward Alexander Newell Arber, a paleobotanist who had been her teacher

Alice Mary Robertson was an American educator and public official, remembered for her work with Native American and other schools in Oklahoma and as a U.S. congressional representative from that state. Robertson was the daughter of missionary teachers among the Creek Indians. She attended Elmira

golf: The gutta-percha era: Andrews Allan Robertson, a leading manufacturer of feather balls, would have nothing to do with gutties at first; but “Old Tom” Morris, who was then his assistant, wisely foresaw the possibilities of the new ball, and on this issue the two actually parted company in 1852,…

Grandma Moses was an American folk painter who was internationally popular for her naive documentation of rural life in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Anna Robertson had only sporadic periods of schooling during her childhood. At age 12 she left her parents’ farm and

Cliff Robertson was an American actor who enjoyed a creditable career onstage and in television and movies. After high school, Robertson longed to go to sea and signed aboard the freighter Admiral Cole. The freighter was bombed but not sunk by a Japanese plane off the coast of the Philippines on

Cliff Robertson was an American actor who enjoyed a creditable career onstage and in television and movies. After high school, Robertson longed to go to sea and signed aboard the freighter Admiral Cole. The freighter was bombed but not sunk by a Japanese plane off the coast of the Philippines on

Texas: The arts: …of the best-known fiddlers was Eck Robertson from Amarillo, who made the first country recording with the fiddle in 1922. Texas also has an important legacy of blues music stretching from the country blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson and Lightnin’ Hopkins to the rhythm and blues of Bobby (“Blue”) Bland—who…

Henry Handel Richardson was an Australian novelist whose trilogy The Fortunes of Richard Mahony, combining description of an Australian immigrant’s life and work in the goldfields with a powerful character study, is considered the crowning achievement of modern Australian fiction to that time. From

Frederick William Robertson was an Anglican clergyman who became widely popular particularly among the working class because of the oratory and psychological insight in his sermons preached from 1847 at Trinity Chapel, Brighton. Appealing to a broad religious consensus within Anglican belief by

astronomy: Development of the big-bang theory: …work, American mathematician and physicist Howard P. Robertson summarized the most general space-time metric that is possible under the assumption that the universe is homogeneous (of the same density everywhere) and isotropic (the same in all spatial directions). (A metric is a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem that describes the…

Bob Dylan: …from the Hawks, Canadian guitarist Robbie Robertson and drummer Levon Helm). Dylan and the band were booed throughout the performance; incongruously, the audience sang along with “Like a Rolling Stone,” the number two song in the United States that week, and then booed at its conclusion.

Nashville: History: …he sent a party under James Robertson to investigate the Cumberland Valley. They settled at French Lick and were joined in the spring of 1780 by another group under John Donelson. Fort Nashborough, built at the site and named for American Revolutionary War general Francis Nash, became the centre of…

punctuation: Punctuation in English since 1600: …Robert Monteith in 1704 and Joseph Robertson in 1795. Excessive punctuation was common in the 18th century: at its worst it used commas with every subordinate clause and separable phrase. Vestiges of this attitude are found in a handbook published in London as late as 1880. It was the lexicographers…

Lisa Robertson is a Canadian poet and essayist whose poetry is known for its subversive engagement with the classical traditions of Western poetry and philosophy. An influential figure amongst Canada’s experimental writers, Robertson is one of the country’s most celebrated and internationally

Dame Margaret Kendal and William Hunter Kendal: Madge Kendal was a brilliant actress with a wide emotional range who, unlike most dramatic actors of her day, performed in a relatively natural manner. On the stage she overshadowed her husband partly because she was a better performer and partly because he chose plays…

Pat Robertson was an American evangelist who was noted for his conservative views. He founded (1960) what became the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), which aired his talk show, The 700 Club. Robertson was born into a political family; his father, Absalom Willis Robertson, served in both the

Dame Anna Neagle was a British actress and dancer, known for her work in stage plays, musicals, and films. Her motion-picture career was guided by her husband, producer-director Herbert Wilcox. Neagle debuted as a dancer in The Wonder Tales (London, 1917). Her first real lead was as a juvenile with

Oscar Robertson is an American basketball player who starred in both the collegiate and professional ranks and was considered one of the top players in the history of the game. As a player with the Cincinnati (Ohio) Royals of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1961–62, he averaged double

Oscar Robertson is an American basketball player who starred in both the collegiate and professional ranks and was considered one of the top players in the history of the game. As a player with the Cincinnati (Ohio) Royals of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1961–62, he averaged double

Pat Robertson was an American evangelist who was noted for his conservative views. He founded (1960) what became the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), which aired his talk show, The 700 Club. Robertson was born into a political family; his father, Absalom Willis Robertson, served in both the

Bob Dylan: …from the Hawks, Canadian guitarist Robbie Robertson and drummer Levon Helm). Dylan and the band were booed throughout the performance; incongruously, the audience sang along with “Like a Rolling Stone,” the number two song in the United States that week, and then booed at its conclusion.

antiglobalization: Definitions of globalization: …David Held and colleagues, and Roland Robertson shows that they concentrate on quite similar aspects. Giddens portrayed globalization in 1990 as intensified worldwide social relations where local events are shaped by distant occurrences. Held and colleagues wrote in 1999 that globalization exemplifies interconnectedness of regions near and far, allowing for…

Sir Dennis Holme Robertson was a British economist who was an early supporter of John Maynard Keynes but later produced cogent criticisms of his work. Robertson was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with first class honours in 1912. Between 1938 and 1944 he