Marvin Gaye: …Belgium, where he wrote “Sexual Healing” (1982), the song that signaled his comeback and led to his only competitive Grammy Award.

impotence, in general, the inability of a man to achieve or maintain penile erection and hence the inability to participate fully in sexual intercourse. In its broadest sense the term impotence refers to the inability to become sexually aroused; in this sense it can apply to women as well as to

sexual intercourse, reproductive act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals) enters the female reproductive tract. If the reproductive act is complete, sperm cells are passed from the male body into the female, in the process fertilizing the female’s egg and

sex: Abnormal chromosome effects: …are known as gynandromorphs, or sexual mosaics, and result from aberration in the distribution of the X chromosomes among the first cells to be formed during the early development of the embryo.

sexual motivation, the impulse to gratify sexual needs, either through direct sexual activity or through apparently unrelated activities (sublimation). The term libido was coined by Sigmund Freud and used by him to encompass the seeking of pleasure in general, one of the major motivating forces for

Wolfenden Report: …recommendations was enacted in the Sexual Offences Act (1967).

pedophilia: …urges generally commits a serious sexual offense. Patients who are diagnosed with the disorder are expected to participate in treatment programs. To the extent that they are successful, however, such programs, involving both cognitive and behavioral therapies (see cognitive behaviour therapy), have served mainly to strengthen the affected individual’s ability…

sexual orientation, the enduring pattern of an individual’s emotional, sexual, and/or romantic attraction. In science, sexual orientation is often divided into the three components of attraction, behaviour, and self-identification. There are myriad ways to describe sexual orientation, but the most

John Rechy: The nonfictional The Sexual Outlaw (1977) is Rechy’s “prose documentary” of three days and nights in the sexual underground. In The Miraculous Day of Amalia Gómez (1991), set in the barrio of Los Angeles, Rechy makes use of the techniques of magic realism. His other novels included…

parasitism: Sexual parasitism, which is actually a type of specialized reproduction, is most commonly associated with deep-sea anglerfish, where it occurs in more than 20 species. In these fish, males are much smaller than females. (In the case of the northern seadevil, or deep-sea angler, Ceratias…

Camille Paglia: …that embodied her unconventional opinions: Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson (1990), Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays (1992), and Vamps & Tramps: New Essays (1994). Her public persona and iconoclastic views angered many academics and feminists and titillated audiences of television talk shows and college…

David Mamet: In Sexual Perversity in Chicago (produced 1974; filmed as About Last Night… [1986]), a couple’s budding sexual and emotional relationship is destroyed by their friends’ interference. American Buffalo (produced 1975; film 1996) concerns dishonest business practices; A Life in the Theatre (produced 1977) explores the

Kate Millett: …liberation movement, whose first book, Sexual Politics, began her exploration of the dynamics of power in relation to gender and sexuality.

adrenal gland: Diseases of the adrenal glands: …in premature sexual development (sexual precocity).

propagation: Sexual propagation.: With crops that produce seed freely and come true closely enough for the purposes in view, growing from seed usually is the cheapest and most satisfactory method of plant propagation. Many types of seeds may be sown in open ground and, barring extreme…

sexual reproduction, the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes. In most species the genetic information is carried on chromosomes in the nucleus of reproductive cells called gametes, which then fuse to form a diploid zygote. The

sexual response cycle, pattern of physiologic events occurring during sexual arousal and intercourse. In both men and women, these events may be identified as occurring in a sequence of four stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. The basic pattern of these stages is similar in both

Playboy: …it contributed to the so-called sexual revolution in the United States in the 1960s, marked by greatly more permissive attitudes toward sexual interest and activity than had been prevalent in earlier generations. The magazine’s format and approach were widely imitated.

sexual selection, theory in postulating that the evolution of certain conspicuous physical traits—such as pronounced coloration, increased size, or striking adornments—in animals may grant the possessors of these traits greater success in obtaining mates. From the perspective of natural selection,

sex slavery, condition in which one human being is owned by another and is forced or otherwise coerced into working in the sex trade. Activities associated with sex slavery include prostitution, pornography, child sex rings, sex tourism, and such occupations as nude dancing and modeling. Sex

Carolus Linnaeus: The sexual system of classification: A few days after arriving in the Dutch town of Harderwijk in May 1735, Linnaeus completed his examinations and received his medical degree following the submission of a thesis he had prepared in advance on the topic of intermittent fevers. Linnaeus…

sexual-predator law, statute that mandates lengthy periods of civil commitment for habitual sexual offenders and sexual psychopaths beyond the completion of their criminal sentences. Sexual-predator laws became popular in the United States in the 1990s, and their passage raised constitutional

sexuality, the quality or state of being sexual, encompassing a spectrum of sexual identities. Terms associated with sexuality include sexual attraction, which refers to the desire for physical intimacy, and romantic attraction, which encompasses emotional closeness and is not always tied to

sexually transmitted disease (STD), any disease (such as syphilis, gonorrhea, AIDS, or a genital form of herpes simplex) that is usually or often transmitted from person to person by direct sexual contact. It may also be transmitted from a mother to her child before or at birth or, less frequently,

sexually transmitted disease (STD), any disease (such as syphilis, gonorrhea, AIDS, or a genital form of herpes simplex) that is usually or often transmitted from person to person by direct sexual contact. It may also be transmitted from a mother to her child before or at birth or, less frequently,

Institute for Sexual Science, German research clinic and medical practice in operation from 1919 to 1933 in Tiergarten, Berlin, known as the first sexology institute in the world. The Institute for Sexual Science assisted thousands of individuals with counseling, sex education, treatment for

Justin Timberlake: Solo music career and acting roles: …best dance recording for “SexyBack,” which spent seven weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. During his early solo career, Timberlake was not always treated kindly by critics, but few would argue that his solo work, solidly in the vein of rhythm and blues (R&B) and…

Ben Kingsley: For his scene-stealing performance in Sexy Beast (2000), in which he played an acerbic over-the-top gangster, he earned a third Academy Award nomination. Kingsley garnered another Oscar nomination for his role as an Iranian immigrant being harassed by the former owner of his new home in House of Sand and…

Oumou Sangaré: …an album of new material, Seya (“Joy”). The following year she was one of the artists featured on a remake of the John Lennon song “Imagine,” from the album The Imagine Project by Herbie Hancock. The single earned a Grammy Award for best pop collaboration with vocals. Sangaré later released…

Evliya Çelebi: …travels was his masterwork, the Seyahatname (1898–1939; “Book of Travels”). This work is also referred to as the Tarihi seyyah (“Chronicle of a Traveler”).

Niẓām al-Mulk: The Seyāsat-nāmeh: Shortly before his assassination and at Malik-Shāh’s request, Niẓām al-Mulk wrote down his views on government in the Seyāsat-nāmeh. In this remarkable work, he barely refers to the organization of the dewan (administration) because he had been able, with the help of his well-chosen…

clintonite, mica mineral, a basic aluminosilicate of calcium, magnesium, and iron. It occurs in chlorite schist (with talc) and in altered limestones. Clintonite is the primary member of a group of micas (also including margarite) in which calcium substitutes for potassium and the silicon content

Wadi Seybouse, river of northeastern Algeria, rising as the Wadi Cherf at the eastern edge of the Sétif plains just east of Aïn Beïda. Meandering north to Guelma, the river turns abruptly east and rushes through a narrow gorge in Mount Nador of the Tell Atlas to Bouchegouf and its confluence with

Seychelles, island republic in the western Indian Ocean, comprising about 115 islands, with lush tropical vegetation, beautiful beaches, and a wide variety of marine life. Situated between latitudes 4° and 11° S and longitudes 46° and 56° E, the major islands of Seychelles are located about 1,000

owl: General features: …owl (Pyrroglaux podargina) and the Seychelles owl (Otus insularis), are endemic island species with small populations. Owls often attain higher population densities than hawks and have survived better in areas of human activity. Their nocturnal habits and inconspicuous daytime behaviour provide them some protection from shooting. The greatest population densities…

flag of Seychelles: …under the leadership of the Seychelles People’s United Party (SPUP). The new flag had red-over-green horizontal stripes separated by a wavy white band, which was the same as the SPUP flag except for the omission of a yellow sun in the centre.

flag of Seychelles: …under the leadership of the Seychelles People’s United Party (SPUP). The new flag had red-over-green horizontal stripes separated by a wavy white band, which was the same as the SPUP flag except for the omission of a yellow sun in the centre.

national flag consisting of blue, yellow, red, white, and green rays extending from the lower hoist corner of the flag to its upper and fly edges. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.Formerly a British colony, Seychelles became independent on June 29, 1976. The flag hoisted at that time had

history of Seychelles, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Seychelles. The country, in the western Indian Ocean, comprises about 115 islands, and has lush tropical vegetation, beautiful beaches, and a wide variety of marine life. Situated between latitudes 4° and 11° S and

Seychelles-Mauritius Plateau, submarine plateau, made up of a very shallow, extensive ridge in the Indian Ocean that forms a crescent through the Seychelles and Amirante islands. The ridge extends from latitude 4° to 21° S and from longitude 54° to 63° E. It is believed to be a small continental

Friedrich Wilhelm, baron von Seydlitz was a Prussian cavalry commander who contributed greatly to Frederick II the Great’s victories during the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) and made the Prussian cavalry into a force superior to any of its rivals abroad. After serving as page at the court of the

20th-century international relations: Allied politics and reparations: Jacques Seydoux, an economist in France’s foreign ministry, had predicted this outcome as early as November 1923: “There is no use hiding the fact that we have entered on the path of the ‘financial reconstruction of Europe.’ We will not deal with Germany as conqueror…

Omer Seyfeddin was a short-story writer who is considered to be one of the greatest modern Turkish authors. Seyfeddin studied in the military schools of Edirne and Constantinople and then entered the army, eventually taking part in the Balkan Wars (1912–13). After leaving the army, he devoted

Seyfert galaxy, any of a class of galaxies known to have active nuclei. Such galaxies were named for the American astronomer Carl K. Seyfert, who first called attention to them in 1944. Two types are recognized. The nuclear spectra of Type 1 Seyfert galaxies show broad emission lines, which are

Seyfert galaxy: …named for the American astronomer Carl K. Seyfert, who first called attention to them in 1944. Two types are recognized. The nuclear spectra of Type 1 Seyfert galaxies show broad emission lines, which are indicative of a central concentration of hot gas that is expanding at speeds of up to…

Ottoman Empire: Classical Ottoman society and administration: …Ottoman system; the military (seyfiye or askeriye) institution, which was responsible for expanding and defending the empire and keeping order and security within the sultan’s dominions; the administrative, or scribal (kalemiye), institution, organized as the imperial treasury (hazine-i amire), which was in charge of collecting and spending the imperial…

Ignaz Xaver, Ritter von Seyfried was an Austrian musician who composed more than 100 stage works and much instrumental and church music that was extremely popular in his own time, although it is almost entirely absent from the modern repertoire. Seyfried, who knew Mozart, studied with Johann Georg

Gâlib Dede was a Turkish poet, one of the last great classical poets of Ottoman literature. Gâlib Dede was born into a family that was well-connected with the Ottoman government and with the Mawlawīyah, or Mevlevîs, an important order of Muslim dervishes. Continuing in the family tradition by

Turkey: Rivers: Two much larger rivers—the Seyhan and the Ceyhan—flow into the Gulf of Iskenderun; their broad combined delta forms the greater part of the fertile Adana Plain.

Sinan Şeyhi was a poet who was one of the most important figures in early Ottoman literature. Little is known of his life. Besides being a poet, Şeyhi seems to have been a man of great learning and a disciple of the famous Turkish mystic and saint Haci (Hajji) Bayram Veli of Ankara, founder of the

Seylac, town and port, extreme northwest Somalia, on the Gulf of Aden; Seylac also falls under the jurisdiction of the Republic of Somaliland (a self-declared independent state without international recognition that falls within the recognized borders of Somalia). From the 9th century to the end of

Seymour, town (township), New Haven county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S. It lies along the Naugatuck River near New Haven. The area was settled about 1678 as part of Derby on land purchased from the Pequot Indians, who called it Naugatuck. It was known successively as Rimmon (1670); Chusetown

Seymour, town, central Victoria, Australia, on the Goulburn River. Founded in 1837 and proclaimed a town in 1841, it was named after Edward Adolphus Seymour, 12th duke of Somerset and first lord of the Admiralty. The town developed as a river-crossing point. Now a focus of road (Hume and Goulburn

Seymour Island, island in the Weddell Sea, lying off the coast of and near the northern tip of Graham Land (Antarctic Peninsula). Seymour Island is 13 miles (21 km) long and from 2 to 5 miles (3 to 8 km) wide. It lies east of James Ross Island and within the Antarctic territory claimed by

Seymour Island, one of the smaller (area 1 sq mi [3 sq km]) of the Galapagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean directly north of Baltra Island, about 600 mi (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. A large colony of land iguanas has been imported from Baltra because of the island’s better food

Seymour Narrows, strait in Canada, between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia, site in 1958 of a large-scale blast to remove the top of Ripple Rock, a submerged

Caroline Maria Seymour Severance was an American reformer and clubwoman who was especially active in woman suffrage and other women’s issues of her day. Caroline Seymour married Theodoric C. Severance in 1840 and settled in Cleveland, Ohio. From her husband’s family she quickly absorbed an interest

David Seymour was a Polish-born American photojournalist who is best known for his empathetic pictures of people, especially children. Seymour studied graphic arts in Warsaw and in 1931 went to Paris to study at the Sorbonne, where he became interested in photography. During this period he

Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford was an English lord whose secret marriage to an heir to the throne angered Queen Elizabeth I and probably influenced her choice of James VI of Scotland as her successor. Seymour was the eldest son of the Protector (Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset) by his second

Horatio Seymour was a governor of New York and the Democratic candidate for president in 1868. Seymour was admitted to the New York state bar in 1832. He then served as military secretary to Governor William L. Marcy (1833–39), was a member of the New York Assembly (1842–46), and was elected mayor

Jane Seymour was the third wife of King Henry VIII of England and mother of King Edward VI. She succeeded—where Henry’s previous wives had failed—in providing a legitimate male heir to the throne. Jane’s father was Sir John Seymour of Wolf Hall, Savernake, Wiltshire. She became a lady in waiting to

Lynn Seymour was a Canadian prima ballerina known for her performances with the Royal Ballet, London, from the late 1950s through the ’70s. As a teenager, Seymour went to England (1954), where she enrolled at the Sadler’s Wells School. She danced with the Covent Garden Opera Ballet (1956) before

Edward Seymour, 1st duke of Somerset was the Protector of England during part of the minority of King Edward VI (reigned 1547–53). While admiring Somerset’s personal qualities and motives, scholars have generally blamed his lack of political acumen for the failure of his policies. After the

Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour was the lord high admiral of England from 1547 to 1549. His political intrigues led to his execution for treason and thereby contributed to the downfall in 1549 of his elder brother, Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset, who was lord protector (regent) for the young king

Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour was the lord high admiral of England from 1547 to 1549. His political intrigues led to his execution for treason and thereby contributed to the downfall in 1549 of his elder brother, Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset, who was lord protector (regent) for the young king

Los Angeles: People: William J. Seymour, an African American preacher, created the Azusa Street revival in 1906 and sparked the Pentecostal religious movement that, for the next century, would spread like wildfire throughout the Western Hemisphere and other parts of the world. In 1921 the prominent California newspaperman…

Ethan Hawke: Hawke also directed the documentary Seymour: An Introduction (2014), about pianist Seymour Bernstein, and the docuseries The Last Movie Stars (2022), which centers on Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward.

Seymouria, extinct genus of terrestrial tetrapod found as fossils in Permian rocks (251 million to 299 million years old) in North America and named for fossil deposits near Seymour, Texas. Seymouria had many skeletal characteristics in common with amniotes (reptiles, mammals, and certain sets of

La Seyne-sur-Mer, town, Var département, Provence–Alpes–Côte d’Azur région, southeastern France, a southwestern industrial suburb of Toulon. The town is located on Cape Sicié, which forms the Toulon roadstead in the Mediterranean and contains naval shipyards. Its Balaguier Fortress was built in the

Delphine Seyrig was a French actress celebrated for her mysterious beauty and distinctive characterizations. Seyrig grew up in Lebanon, Greece, France, and the United States and studied drama in Paris and at the Actors Studio in New York. Initially a stage actress, she was cast in director Alain

Delphine Seyrig was a French actress celebrated for her mysterious beauty and distinctive characterizations. Seyrig grew up in Lebanon, Greece, France, and the United States and studied drama in Paris and at the Actors Studio in New York. Initially a stage actress, she was cast in director Alain

Erich Tschermak von Seysenegg was an Austrian botanist, one of the co-discoverers of Gregor Mendel’s classic papers on his experiments with the garden pea. Tschermak interrupted his studies in Vienna to work at the Rotvorwerk Farm near Freiberg, Saxony. He completed his education at the University

Arthur Seyss-Inquart was an Austrian Nazi leader who was chancellor of Austria during the Anschluss (annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938). Seyss-Inquart served in the Austro-Hungarian army during World War I and was seriously wounded. Returning to Vienna after the war, he became a lawyer there

special economic zone (SEZ), any of several localities in which foreign and domestic trade and investment are conducted without the authorization of the Chinese central government in Beijing. Special economic zones are intended to function as zones of rapid economic growth by using tax and business

Yiddish literature: Writers in New York: …early poem, “Sezame” (1921; “Sesame”), takes on the voice of Ali Baba’s doomed brother-in-law: “Open, sesame. / It darkens in the cave. / And I, / Weakened under the weight / Of the sacks of gold, silver, and diamonds, / Whisper without strength: / Open, sesame.” Other poems emphasize…

Omotic languages: …3 million (for Hozo and Seze, both of the Mao group). Woylatta has about 2 million speakers; Kaficho, Yemsa, and possibly Gamo have about 500,000 speakers or more.

Sezession, name for several groups of progressive artists that broke away from established and conservative artists’ organizations in Austria and Germany. The first Sezession group was formed in Munich in 1892. It was followed by the Berlin Sezession movement, formed by Max Liebermann in 1892,

Western architecture: Art Nouveau: …his classicism and formed the Sezessionists. Joseph Olbrich joined the art colony at Darmstadt, in Germany, where his houses and exhibition gallery of about 1905 were boxlike, severe buildings. Josef Hoffmann left Wagner to found the Wiener Werkstätte, an Austrian equivalent of the English Arts and Crafts Movement; his best

Art Nouveau, ornamental style of art that flourished between about 1890 and 1910 throughout Europe and the United States. Art Nouveau is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line and was employed most often in architecture, interior design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and

siyyum: Because a special meal (seʿuddat mitzva) follows a study of the final passage, the firstborn is exempt from his usual fast on that day. When a Torah scroll is near completion, males are generally allowed the privilege of writing one of the final letters on the sacred manuscript. This…

science fiction, a form of fiction that deals principally with the impact of actual or imagined science upon society or individuals. The term science fiction was popularized, if not invented, in the 1920s by one of the genre’s principal advocates, the American publisher Hugo Gernsback. The Hugo

Sinn Féin, political party that long was widely regarded as the political wing of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), though from at least the 1990s both organizations emphasized their separateness. Organized in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, Sinn Féin strives for an end to

sulfur: Compounds: …most useful of which is sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, a gas employed as an insulator in various electrical devices. Sulfur also forms oxyhalides, in which the sulfur atom is bonded to both oxygen and halogen atoms. When such compounds are named, the term thionyl is used to designate those containing the…

Bay of Navarino: The historic island of Sfaktiría (Sphacteria), scene of an engagement in the Peloponnesian War, functions as a giant breakwater for the bay’s inner lagoon or shipping lane, leaving a broad channel on the south and the Sikiás Channel on the north. The bay is one of the safest anchorages…

Sfântu Gheorghe, town, capital of Covasna județ (county), east-central Romania, on the Olt River. Occupied in the Middle Ages by Szekler settlers brought in to guard the eastern frontier of Transylvania, the town has a strong Hungarian tradition. The regional museum contains examples of local

Danube River: Physiography: …for 16 percent; and the Sfântu Gheorghe (St. George), which carries the remainder. Navigation is possible only by way of the Sulina Channel, which has been straightened and dredged along its 39-mile (63-km) length. Between the channels, a maze of smaller creeks and lakes are separated by oblong strips of…

Moldova: World War I and the Russian Revolution: …a council known as the Sfatul Țării (Sfat) was set up on the model of the Kiev Rada. On December 15, 1917, the Sfat proclaimed Bessarabia an autonomous constituent republic of the Federation of Russian Republics. Disorders caused by the revolutionary Russian soldiery led the Sfat to appeal to the…

Sfax, major port town situated in east-central Tunisia on the northern shore of the Gulf of Gabes. The town was built on the site of two small settlements of antiquity, Taparura and Thaenae, and grew as an early Islamic trading centre for nomads. It was temporarily occupied in the 12th century by

jet engine: The prime mover: …of specific fuel consumption (SFC) for an engine producing gas horsepower is 0.336 (pound per hour)/horsepower, or 0.207 (kg per hour)/kilowatt. In actual practice, the SFC is even higher than this lower limit because of inefficiencies, losses, and leakages in the individual components of the prime mover.

separation and purification: Supercritical-fluid methods: Supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE) is an important method for large-scale purification of complex liquid or solid matrices, such as polluted streams. The major advantage of this method over liquid-liquid extraction is that the supercritical fluid can easily be removed after extraction by lowering the temperature or…

French Communist Party, French political party that espouses a communist ideology and has joined coalition governments with the French Socialist Party. Founded in 1920 by the left wing of the French Socialist Party and affiliated with the Soviet-run Communist International, the PCF did not gain

Danube River: Physiography: …for 16 percent; and the Sfântu Gheorghe (St. George), which carries the remainder. Navigation is possible only by way of the Sulina Channel, which has been straightened and dredged along its 39-mile (63-km) length. Between the channels, a maze of smaller creeks and lakes are separated by oblong strips of…

Sfântu Gheorghe, town, capital of Covasna județ (county), east-central Romania, on the Olt River. Occupied in the Middle Ages by Szekler settlers brought in to guard the eastern frontier of Transylvania, the town has a strong Hungarian tradition. The regional museum contains examples of local

Socialist Party (PS), major French political party formally established in 1905. The Socialist Party traces its roots to the French Revolution. Its predecessor parties, formed in the 19th century, drew inspiration from political and social theorists such as Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon,

California: Cultural institutions: …in Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1935). The Music Center of Los Angeles County is a concert and theatre complex that was constructed during the 1960s by private contributions. Tax-supported state institutions, most prominently the University of California and its extension program, are active in…

Gregory XIV was the pope from 1590 to 1591. Appointed bishop of Cremona in the duchy of Milan (1560), he was made cardinal by Pope Gregory XIII (1583) and elected pope on Dec. 5, 1590. He continued the policies of his immediate predecessors, particularly in furthering the internal reform of the

Sforza Family, Italian family, first named Attendoli, that produced two famous soldiers of fortune and founded a dynasty that ruled Milan for almost a century. The Attendoli were prosperous farmers of the Romagna (near Ravenna) who first assumed the name Sforza (“Force”) with the founder of the

Donato Bramante: Lombard period: …architects, was asked by Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, brother of Ludovico Sforza and bishop of Pavia, to draw up a new plan for the cathedral of Pavia. Bramante went many times to that city during this period, and it was probably under his direction that the crypt and the lower portion…

Conte Carlo Sforza was an Italian diplomat and statesman, an exile during the Fascist era, who became a major figure in post-World War II foreign affairs. Sforza entered the diplomatic service in 1896 and served in Cairo, Paris, Constantinople, Beijing, Bucharest, Madrid, London, and Belgrade. He

Caterina Sforza was an Italian noblewoman who ruled the cities of Forlì and Imola (now in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy) during the late 15th century. During her lifetime she became famous for her cunning, audacity, and extreme brutality as a warrior and a ruler. Her actions