Francesco Sforza was a condottiere who played a crucial role in 15th-century Italian politics and, as duke of Milan, founded a dynasty that ruled for nearly a century. The illegitimate son of a mercenary commander, Muzio Attendolo Sforza, Francesco grew up at the court of Ferrara and accompanied

Fernando Francesco de Avalos, marquis di Pescara: The duke of Milan, Francesco Sforza, refused, whereupon Pescara besieged the Castello Sforzesco. He died, however, before the duke yielded, and on his deathbed he recommended clemency for Morone.

Sforza Family: Francesco’s eldest son, Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1444–76), succeeded his father in 1466. Though traditionally characterized as despotic, extravagant, and dissolute, Galeazzo Maria was apparently a capable ruler who took an active interest in agriculture, constructed canals for irrigation and transportation, introduced the cultivation of rice, and encouraged commerce,…

Ludovico Sforza: Early life and assumption of power: …duchy to his seven-year-old son, Gian Galeazzo, Ludovico first revealed his appetite for power, plotting to win the regency from the child’s mother, Bona of Savoy. The plot failed, and Ludovico was exiled but eventually, through threats and flattery, won a reconciliation with Bona and brought about the execution of…

Lucrezia Borgia: …was in 1493 married to Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro. When Alexander allied himself with Naples, and Milan with the French, Giovanni, fearing for his life, fled from Rome and became an enemy of the Borgias, later charging incestuous relations between Lucrezia and Alexander. Alexander annulled the marriage in 1497…

Ludovico Sforza was an Italian Renaissance regent (1480–94) and duke of Milan (1494–98), a ruthless prince and diplomatist and a patron of Leonardo da Vinci and other artists. Ludovico Sforza was the second son of Francesco Sforza, who had made himself duke of Milan. While still a child, he

Charles V: Imperialist goals, rivalry with Francis I, and fight against Protestantism: After defeating Duke Massimiliano Sforza at the Battle of Marignano in 1515, Francis I of France compelled him, in the Treaty of Noyon, to renounce his claim to the duchy of Milan. The vanquished Sforza turned for help to Pope Leo X and Charles V, with whom he…

Muzio Attendolo Sforza was a soldier of fortune who played an important role in the wars of his period and whose son Francesco became duke of Milan. The son of Giovanni Attendolo, a prosperous farmer of the Romagna (in north-central Italy), Muzio left home in 1384 to join a mercenary band,

Sforzesco Castle, in Milan, castle built in the 15th century by Francesco Sforza and now home of a fine art collection. Collections of the Castello Sforzesco include those of the Museum of Antique Art, of the Museum of Musical Instruments, and of the Picture Gallery. The “Rondanini Pietà,”

Filarete: …describes a model city called Sforzinda. Among the projects he envisioned for this ideal Renaissance city was the tower of Vice and Virtue—a 10-story structure with a brothel on the first floor and an astronomical observatory on the 10th. An English translation by John R. Spencer was published in two…

sfumato, (from Italian sfumare, “to tone down” or “to evaporate like smoke”), in painting or drawing, the fine shading that produces soft, imperceptible transitions between colours and tones. It is used most often in connection with the work of Leonardo da Vinci and his followers, who made subtle

Nebula Award: …annual awards presented by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA). Although the SFWA is open to writers, editors, illustrators, agents, and others, only “active members” (published writers) are eligible to vote for the awards, which are currently given for best novel, novella, novelette, short story, and script.…

seaborgium (Sg), an artificially produced radioactive element in Group VIb of the periodic table, atomic number 106. In June 1974, Georgy N. Flerov of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia, U.S.S.R., announced that his team of investigators had synthesized and identified element

aqueduct: Ductile iron, a stronger and more elastic type of cast iron, is one of the most common materials now used for smaller underground pipes (secondary feeders), which supply water to local communities.

furniture: Italy: …type of chair called a sgabello was much favoured at this time in Italy. The seat was a small wooden slab, generally octagonal, supported at front and back by solid boards cut into an ornamental shape; an earlier variety was supported by two legs at the front and one in…

Bka’-brgyud-pa: …turn transmitted the teachings to Sgam-po-pa, whose own disciples established six separate schools of Bka’-brgyud-pa thought, known for the most part by the names of their monasteries but differing little in doctrine. Of these, the Karma-pa was, during the 15th to early 17th century, the chief rival of the now-predominant…

Giovanni Sgambati was a pianist, conductor, and composer who promoted a revival of instrumental and symphonic music in Italy during the second half of the 19th century. A piano student of Liszt, Sgambati included in his recitals works by German composers hitherto neglected in Italy. In 1866 he

Molière: Early life and beginnings in theatre: Les Précieuses, as well as Sganarelle (first performed in October 1660), probably had its premiere at the Théâtre du Petit-Bourbon, a great house adjacent to the Louvre. The Petit-Bourbon was demolished (apparently without notice), and the company moved early in 1661 to a hall in the Palais-Royal, built as a…

Karen languages: …and southern (including Pwo and Sgaw); only Pwo and Sgaw of the southern group have written forms.

SGI, former American manufacturer of high-performance computer workstations, supercomputers, and advanced graphics software with headquarters in Mountain View, California. Silicon Graphics, Inc., was founded in 1982 by James Clark, an electrical engineering professor at Stanford University who had

Sōka-gakkai: …the equivalent organization is called Soka Gakkai International–USA (SGI-USA).

SGML, an international computer standard for the definition of markup languages; that is, it is a metalanguage. Markup consists of notations called “tags,” which specify the function of a piece of text or how it is to be displayed. SGML emphasizes descriptive markup, in which a tag might be

Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy, located in the constellation Sagittarius and having a mass equivalent to four million Suns. Sagittarius A* is a strong source of radio waves and is embedded in the larger Sagittarius A complex. Most of the radio

Central Asian arts: Performing arts: dance and theatre: The Tibetan guitar sgra-synan (pleasant sound) is a stringed instrument used almost exclusively by Himalayan peoples for folk song and dance.

sgraffito, (Italian: “scratched”), in the visual arts, a technique used in painting, pottery, and glass, which consists of putting down a preliminary surface, covering it with another, and then scratching the superficial layer in such a way that the pattern or shape that emerges is of the lower

mezza majolica: …is more correctly classified as sgraffito. That is, it is decorated by incision through the slip to reveal differently coloured clay beneath.

Tara: The White Tara (Sanskrit: Sitatara; Tibetan: Sgrol-dkar) was incarnated as the Chinese princess. She symbolizes purity and is often represented standing at the right hand of her consort, Avalokiteshvara, or seated with legs crossed, holding a full-blown lotus. She is generally shown with a third eye.…

Tara: The Green Tara (Sanskrit: Shyamatara; Tibetan: Sgrol-ljang) was believed to be incarnated as the Nepali princess. She is considered by some to be the original Tara and is the female consort of Amoghasiddhi (see Dhyani-Buddha), one of the “self-born” buddhas. She is generally shown seated on…

Tara, Buddhist saviour-goddess with numerous forms, widely popular in Nepal, Tibet, and Mongolia. She is the feminine counterpart of the bodhisattva (“buddha-to-be”) Avalokiteshvara. According to popular belief, she came into existence from a tear of Avalokiteshvara, which fell to the ground and

Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, studio album recorded by British rock band the Beatles, released in 1967. The album proved revolutionary for its psychedelic tone, experimental studio effects, and musical contribution to the countercultural zeitgeist of the late 1960s. The success of the

Pat Boone: …such as the Ventures and Sha Na Na. He also released his own music on the label, including the patriotic American Glory (2002) and an album of love songs, Near (2011). He later issued Legacy (2014), a collection of original religious songs. In another change of direction, he then recorded…

Fujian: Drainage: The third source, the Sha, flows from the south and southwest, arising on the eastern slopes of another section of the Wuyi range. The three streams, converging from the north, south, and west, meet at Nanping, their waters uniting to form the Min, which flows southeast past Fuzhou to…

Yarkand, oasis city, southwestern Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, far western China. It is situated in an oasis watered by the Yarkand River at the western end of the Tarim River basin, southeast of Kashgar (Kashi), at the junction of roads to Aksu to the northwest and to Hotan (Khotan) to the

Shajing culture, blade-tool culture that existed along the present region of the Great Wall in northwestern China as early as 1000 bce. The Shajing remains were first uncovered by the Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson in 1923 in the village of Shajing in north-central Gansu province.

Shatuo Turk, any member of a nomadic people who came to the aid of the Tang dynasty (618–907) after the rebel Huang Zhao captured the capitals of Luoyang and Chang’an in 880 and 881. Their leader, Li Keyong (856–908), became one of the aspirants to imperial power during the collapse of the Tang

Shaanxi, sheng (province) of north-central China. It is bordered by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north, Shanxi province to the east, Henan and Hubei provinces to the southeast, Chongqing municipality and Sichuan province to the south, Gansu province to the west, and the Hui

Shaanxi, sheng (province) of north-central China. It is bordered by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north, Shanxi province to the east, Henan and Hubei provinces to the southeast, Chongqing municipality and Sichuan province to the south, Gansu province to the west, and the Hui

Shaanxi province earthquake of 1556, massive earthquake in Shaanxi province in northern China, believed to be the deadliest earthquake ever recorded. The earthquake (estimated at magnitude 8) struck Shaanxi and neighbouring Shanxi province to the east early on Jan. 23, 1556, killing or injuring an

Huda Sharawi was an Egyptian feminist and nationalist who established numerous organizations dedicated to women’s rights and is considered the founder of the women’s movement in Egypt. Sharawi was born into a prosperous family in the Egyptian city of Al-Minyā and was raised in Cairo. Her father,

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Relief: …ridges of the plateaus of Katanga (Shaba) province tower over the region; they include Kundelungu at 5,250 feet (1,600 metres), Mitumba at 4,920 feet (1,500 metres), and Hakansson at 3,610 feet (1,100 metres). The Katanga plateaus reach as far north as the Lukuga River and contain the Manika Plateau, the…

Katanga, historical region in southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, bordering Lake Tanganyika to the east, Zambia to the south, and Angola to the west. The name Shaba, the region’s name during the Zairean period, comes from the Swahili word for copper, and the region’s mines yield most of

al-Shabaab, Somali-based Islamist militant group with links to al-Qaeda. Beginning in 2006, the group waged an insurgency against Somalia’s Transitional Federal Government (TFG). Al-Shabaab originated as a militia affiliated with the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), a federation of local and clan-based

al-Shabaab, Somali-based Islamist militant group with links to al-Qaeda. Beginning in 2006, the group waged an insurgency against Somalia’s Transitional Federal Government (TFG). Al-Shabaab originated as a militia affiliated with the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), a federation of local and clan-based

Sikhism: Devotional and other works: …the fate of the four-volume Shabadarath Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, published between 1936 and 1941. Although published anonymously, it was mainly the work of Teja Singh. Vir Singh published seven volumes of commentary between 1958 and 1962 but left Santhya Sri Guru Granth Sahib unfinished. Another commentator, Sahib Singh,…

Shabaka was a Kushite king who conquered Egypt and founded its 25th (Kushite) dynasty (see ancient Egypt: The 24th and 25th dynasties). He ruled Egypt from about 722 to 707 bce. Succeeding his brother Piye, in Kush (in modern Sudan), Shabaka moved north, captured Bocchoris, the second king of the

Ladysmith Black Mambazo: …group founded in 1964 by Joseph Shabalala, a young musician who hoped to bring new interpretations to traditional Zulu music. The a cappella group’s compelling performance style was a unique melding of indigenous Zulu songs and dances with South African isicathamiya, a soft, shuffling style of dance accompanied by ragtime-influenced…

ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Ḥāfiẓ was an Egyptian singer who was noted for his emotional renditions of romantic and nationalistic songs. Orphaned at an early age, Ḥāfiẓ displayed a gift for music as a child and in 1948 graduated from the Academy of Arabic Music. In 1952 he performed a series of public concerts,

shabunder, in the Malay states, the official who supervised merchants, controlled the port, and collected customs duties. Although the title shabunder was of Persian-Arabic origin, the position itself existed on the Malay Peninsula prior to the coming of Islāmic traders. To handle the greatly

Zvishavane, town, south-central Zimbabwe. Its name is derived from shavani, a Sindebele word meaning “finger millet” or “trading together.” Surrounded by low hills, it is on direct rail links to Harare (formerly Salisbury) and Bulawayo in Zimbabwe and to Maputo in Mozambique. The adjacent asbestos

Indian philosophy: The Purva-mimamsa-sutras and Shabara’s commentary: For both Jaimini and Shabara (3rd century), his chief commentator, performance of the Vedic sacrifices is conducive to the attainment of heaven; both emphasize that nothing is a duty unless it is instrumental to happiness in the long run.

Ayyappan: …most prominent shrine is at Sabarimala, in the southern Indian state of Kerala, where he is most popular, though the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka also house many Ayyappan temples. Ayyappan may bear a historical relationship to the tutelary deity Aiyanar of Tamil Nadu.

Betty Shabazz was an American educator and civil rights activist, who is perhaps best known as the wife of slain Black nationalist leader Malcolm X. Sanders was raised in Detroit by adoptive parents in a comfortable middle-class home and was active in a Methodist church. Upon high school

Malcolm X was an African American leader and prominent figure in the Nation of Islam who articulated concepts of race pride and Black nationalism in the early 1960s. After his assassination, the widespread distribution of his life story—The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965)—made him an ideological

Sabbath, (from shavat, “cease,” or “desist”), day of holiness and rest observed by Jews from sunset on Friday to nightfall of the following day. The time division follows the biblical story of creation: “And there was evening and there was morning, one day” (Genesis 1:5). The sacredness of the

Sabbath: Finally, there are Shabbat Bereshit (“Sabbath of the beginning”), when the annual cycle of Torah readings recommences with Genesis 1; Shabbat Shira (“Sabbath song”), when the triumphal song of Moses is read from Exodus 15; and the two Sabbaths of ḥol ha-moʿed (“intermediate days”), falling between the initial…

Sabbath: …Hafṭara chanted on that day: Shabbat Ḥazon (Isaiah 1:1), preceding the 9th day of Av (Tisha be-Av)—a fast day; Shabbat Naḥamu (Isaiah 40:1) following the 9th of Av; and Shabbat Shuva (Hosea 14:2), immediately preceding Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).

Sabbath: …Av (Tisha be-Av)—a fast day; Shabbat Naḥamu (Isaiah 40:1) following the 9th of Av; and Shabbat Shuva (Hosea 14:2), immediately preceding Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).

Sabbath: …readings recommences with Genesis 1; Shabbat Shira (“Sabbath song”), when the triumphal song of Moses is read from Exodus 15; and the two Sabbaths of ḥol ha-moʿed (“intermediate days”), falling between the initial and final days of the Passover and Sukkot festivals.

Sabbath: …the 9th of Av; and Shabbat Shuva (Hosea 14:2), immediately preceding Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement).

Shabbetai Tzevi was a false messiah who developed a mass following and threatened rabbinical authority in Europe and the Middle East. As a young man, Shabbetai steeped himself in the influential body of Jewish mystical writings known as the Kabbala. His extended periods of ecstasy and his strong

Shabbetaianism, in Judaism, a 17th-century messianic movement that, in its extreme form, espoused the sacredness of sin. The leader of the movement was Shabbetai Tzevi, a self-proclaimed messiah and charismatic mystic. Coerced by the sultan of Constantinople to accept Islam, Shabbetai Tzevi shocked

shabda, in Indian philosophy, verbal testimony as a means of obtaining knowledge. In the philosophical systems (darshans), shabda is equated with the authority of the Vedas (the most-ancient sacred scriptures) as the only infallible testimony, since the Vedas are deemed to be eternal, authorless,

Bhartrihari: …of language according to the shabdadvaita (“word nondualism”) school of Indian philosophy.

Shebeli River, river in eastern Africa, rising in the Ethiopian Highlands and flowing southeast through the arid Ogaden Plateau. The Shebeli River crosses into Somalia north of Beledweyne (Beletwene) and continues south to Balcad, about 20 miles (32 km) from the Indian Ocean, turning southwest

Shebeli River, river in eastern Africa, rising in the Ethiopian Highlands and flowing southeast through the arid Ogaden Plateau. The Shebeli River crosses into Somalia north of Beledweyne (Beletwene) and continues south to Balcad, about 20 miles (32 km) from the Indian Ocean, turning southwest

Saʿd od-Dīn Maḥmūd Shabestarī was a Persian mystic whose poetic work Golshan-e rāz (The Mystic Rose Garden) became a classic document of Ṣūfism (Islāmic mysticism). The details of Shabestarī’s life are obscure; apparently he spent most of it in Tabrīz. He grew up in an age of spiritual confusion,

Shabonee was a Potawatomi Indian chief, hero of a Paul Revere-style ride through northern Illinois in 1832, the purpose of which was to warn white settlers of an imminent Indian raid during the Black Hawk War. By birth an Ottawa Indian, Shabonee married the daughter of a Potawatomi chief and

Hebrew literature: Israeli literature: Yehoshua, Yaʿakov Shabtai, and Amos Oz—made attempts in their early work to distance themselves from preoccupations with Israeli reality. In Yehoshua’s stories the narrator’s tone is remote and the people are drained of emotion. Occasionally, an act of feeling or meaning breaks the mood of boredom…

ushabti figure, any of the small statuettes made of wood, stone, or faience that are often found in large numbers in ancient Egyptian tombs. The figures range in height from approximately 4 to 20 inches (10 to 50 cm) and often hold hoes in their arms. Their purpose was to act as a magical

sukiyaki: >shabu-shabu, became popular after World War II. Vegetables are placed into a pot of boiling water, and strips of thin beef are swirled in the water (the word shabu-shabu is an onomatopoeia for this swirling action), removed, dipped in a sauce, and eaten. The vegetables…

ancient Iran: Manichaeism: …with his first book, the Shāpuragān (Shabuhragan), a summary of his teachings (“dedicated to Shāpūr”) written in the Middle Persian language, which provides further evidence of a degree of royal favour. During Shāpūr’s reign the religion of Mani was thus propagated in and beyond Iran. The heir to the throne,…

shabunder, in the Malay states, the official who supervised merchants, controlled the port, and collected customs duties. Although the title shabunder was of Persian-Arabic origin, the position itself existed on the Malay Peninsula prior to the coming of Islāmic traders. To handle the greatly

Shavuot, (“Festival of the Weeks”), second of the three Pilgrim Festivals of the Jewish religious calendar. It was originally an agricultural festival, marking the beginning of the wheat harvest. During the Temple period, the first fruits of the harvest were brought to the Temple, and two loaves of

Shavuot, (“Festival of the Weeks”), second of the three Pilgrim Festivals of the Jewish religious calendar. It was originally an agricultural festival, marking the beginning of the wheat harvest. During the Temple period, the first fruits of the harvest were brought to the Temple, and two loaves of

history of Arabia: Hadramites: …collected at the Hadramite capital, Shabwah, on the eastern fringe of the Ṣayhad sands, and taxed there before being handed over to the caravans that carried it to the Mediterranean and Mesopotamia. In addition, Hadhramaut was an entrepôt for Indian goods brought by sea and then forwarded by land. The…

shaharith, (“dawn”), in Judaism, the first of three periods of daily prayer; the other daily services are minhah and maarib. They are all ideally recited in the synagogue so that a quorum (minyan) can be formed to pray as a corporate body representing “Israel.” Shaharith is considered a substitute

shaharith, (“dawn”), in Judaism, the first of three periods of daily prayer; the other daily services are minhah and maarib. They are all ideally recited in the synagogue so that a quorum (minyan) can be formed to pray as a corporate body representing “Israel.” Shaharith is considered a substitute

Hindu Kush: Physiography: …Langar (23,162 feet [7,060 metres]), Shachaur (23,346 feet [7,116 metres]), Udrem Zom (23,376 feet [7,125 metres]), and Nādīr Shāh Zhāra (23,376 feet [7,125 metres]), leads to the three giant mountains of the Hindu Kush, which are Mounts Noshaq (Nowshāk; 24,557 feet [7,485 metres]), Istoro Nal (24,242 feet [7,389 metres]), and…

Yarkand, oasis city, southwestern Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, far western China. It is situated in an oasis watered by the Yarkand River at the western end of the Tarim River basin, southeast of Kashgar (Kashi), at the junction of roads to Aksu to the northwest and to Hotan (Khotan) to the

Michael Harrington: Shift to Trotskyism and The Other America: …Party that was controlled by Max Shachtman, the leading Trotskyist organizer. At that time the Trotskyists were preoccupied with proving that the Soviet Union was no longer a revolutionary workers’ state but had become a “bureaucratic collectivist” parody of socialism. Deeply anti-Stalinist yet committed to socialism, Harrington became a key…

Tim McGraw: Strong (2010), Tomorrowland (2015), and The Shack (2017). He also costarred with his wife and Sam Elliott in the TV series 1883 (2021– ), a western drama that was a prequel to the hit show Yellowstone.

baseball: Baseball and the arts: …Stratemeyer (as Lester Chadwick), and Harvey Shackleford (as Hal Standish) created all-American baseball heroes like Frank Merriwell, Baseball Joe, and Fred Fearnot to inspire and delight their readers. This tradition reached its height of popularity in the 1940s with the adolescent novels of John R. Tunis that featured the Brooklyn…

Shackleton Ice Shelf, sheet of floating ice bordering Queen Mary Coast, Antarctica, on the Indian Ocean. It was discovered and named for Ernest Shackleton, the British explorer, by Douglas Mawson’s expedition, 1911–14. It lies between the main Russian Antarctic station Mirnyy and the Polish station

Ernest Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who attempted to reach the South Pole. Educated at Dulwich College (1887–90), Shackleton entered the mercantile marine service in 1890 and became a sublieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. He joined Capt. Robert Falcon Scott’s British

Ernest Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who attempted to reach the South Pole. Educated at Dulwich College (1887–90), Shackleton entered the mercantile marine service in 1890 and became a sublieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve in 1901. He joined Capt. Robert Falcon Scott’s British

whitefish: …by such other names as Lake Superior whitefish, whiting, and shad. It averages about 2 kg (4.5 pounds) in weight.

shad, any of several saltwater food fishes of the herring family (Clupeidae) that swim up rivers to spawn. Shad of the genus Alosa are rather deep bodied and have a notch in the upper jaw into which the tip of the lower fits. Young shad have small teeth, but the adults are toothless. The flesh of

Qazvīn, city, capital of Qazvīn province, north-central Iran. The city sits in a wide, fertile plain at the southern foot of the Elburz Mountains. Originally called Shad Shāhpūr, it was founded by the Sāsānian king Shāpūr I about 250 ce. It flourished in early Muslim times (7th century), serving as

Democratic Republic of the Congo: The Democratic Republic of the Congo: …and Democracy; PPRD) would be Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary, a former government minister and provincial governor. Shadary was one of 21 approved presidential candidates. Notable opposition figures Jean-Pierre Bemba and Moïse Katumbi were not part of that group, as Bemba had been disqualified by the electoral commission over International Criminal Court…

serviceberry: Common species: …(10 feet); the Canadian, or shadblow, serviceberry (A. canadensis), which reaches up to about 8 metres (26 feet); and the Allegheny serviceberry (A. laevis), which is similar to A. canadensis but is taller and has more nodding flower clusters. The downy serviceberry (A. arborea) is also similar to A. canadensis…

Maurice Shadbolt was a New Zealand author of novels and short stories set in his native land, which he called “a last frontier for the human race, and a paradise lost.” As a young man, Shadbolt worked as a documentary-film scriptwriter and a director and then turned to journalism. He became a

Maurice Shadbolt was a New Zealand author of novels and short stories set in his native land, which he called “a last frontier for the human race, and a paradise lost.” As a young man, Shadbolt worked as a documentary-film scriptwriter and a director and then turned to journalism. He became a

serviceberry, (genus Amelanchier), genus of some 20 species of flowering shrubs and small trees of the rose family (Rosaceae). Most species are North American; exceptions include the snowy mespilus (Amelanchier ovalis), which ranges over Europe, and the Asian serviceberry, or Korean juneberry (A.

Mary Ann Shadd was an American educator, publisher, and abolitionist who was the first Black female newspaper publisher in North America. She founded The Provincial Freeman in Canada in 1853. Mary Ann Shadd was born to free parents in Delaware, a slave state, and was the eldest of 13 children. She

phylactery: …together form the divine name Shaddai. The hand phylactery (tefillin shel yad) has one compartment with the texts written on a single parchment; the head phylactery (tefillin shel rosh) has four compartments, each with one text. The extracts are Exodus 13:1–10, 11–16; and Deuteronomy 6:4–9, 11:13–21. Reform Jews interpret the…

pummelo, (Citrus maxima), citrus tree of the family Rutaceae, grown for its large sweet fruits. It is native to mainland Southeast Asia and the Malaysian portion of the island of Borneo. It is sometimes called shaddock, a name that is said to have derived from that of a captain who introduced the

rocket and missile system: Antiship: …of 25 miles, and the SS-N-3 Shaddock, a much larger system resembling a swept-wing fighter aircraft with a range of 280 miles. The SS-N-12 Sandbox, introduced in the 1970s on the Kiev-class antisubmarine carriers, was apparently an improved Shaddock. The SS-N-19 Shipwreck, a small, vertically launched, flip-out wing supersonic missile…

painting: Colour: …or of black, producing the shades, or earth colours, such as mustard and moss green; or of both white and black, creating the neutralized hues, or colour-tinged grays, such as oatmeal and charcoal.

horticulture: Structures: Shade houses are usually walk-in structures with shading provided by lath or screening. Summer propagation is often located in shade houses to reduce excessive water loss by transpiration.

Josephine Jacobsen: The Shade-Seller (1974) and In the Crevice of Time (1995) were both nominated for a National Book Award. In her verse Jacobsen often examined the relationship between the physical and spiritual and explored universal themes such as fear and hope, love and death. In addition…