electric motor: Shaded-pole motors: The shaded-pole motor is provided with a main winding connected to the single-phase electric supply. In addition, it has a permanently short-circuited winding located ahead of the main winding in the direction of rotation. This second winding is known as a shading coil…

Grand River: Shadehill Dam (1950) impounds a reservoir in the Grand’s upper course.

Jennifer Lopez: Hustlers, Super Bowl performance, and later projects: …role in the law-enforcement procedural Shades of Blue (2016–18), portraying a conflicted police officer. In Second Act (2018) she took a comedic turn as a woman who lands a covetable executive position at a Manhattan cosmetics firm after her friends embellish her résumé. Lopez then joined a largely female cast…

mayfly, (order Ephemeroptera), any member of a group of insects known for their extremely short life spans and emergence in large numbers in the summer months. Other common names for the winged stages are shadfly, sandfly, dayfly, fishfly, and drake. The aquatic immature stage, called a nymph or

al-Shādhilī was a Sufi Muslim theologian who was the founder of the order of the Shādhilīyah. The details of al-Shādhilī’s life are clouded by legend. He is said to have been a direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad and to have gone blind in his youth because of excessive study. In 1218/19 he

Mocha: …with the Muslim holy man Shaykh Shādhilī, who is supposed to have introduced coffee drinking to Arabia. An important trade centre through the 17th century, it was regularly visited by Indian traders, who traded finished metal products for Yemeni coffee and myrrh. It also dealt with Egyptian merchants, who sailed…

Shādhilīyah, widespread brotherhood of Muslim mystics (Ṣūfīs), founded on the teachings of Abū al-Ḥasan ash-Shādhilī (d. 1258) in Alexandria. Shādhilī teachings stress five points: fear of God, living the sunna (practices) of the Prophet, disdain of mankind, fatalism, and turning to God in times of

Shādhilīyah, widespread brotherhood of Muslim mystics (Ṣūfīs), founded on the teachings of Abū al-Ḥasan ash-Shādhilī (d. 1258) in Alexandria. Shādhilī teachings stress five points: fear of God, living the sunna (practices) of the Prophet, disdain of mankind, fatalism, and turning to God in times of

computer graphics: Shading and texturing: Visual appearance includes more than just shape and colour; texture and surface finish (e.g., matte, satin, glossy) also must be accurately modeled. The effects that these attributes have on an object’s appearance depend in turn on the illumination, which may be diffuse,…

electric motor: Shaded-pole motors: …winding is known as a shading coil and consists of one or more shorted turns. The shading coil delays the establishment of magnetic flux in the region that it encircles and thus produces a small component of rotating field at standstill.

shadkhan, one who undertakes to arrange a Jewish marriage. Such service was virtually indispensible during the Middle Ages when custom frowned on courtships and numerous Jewish families lived in semi-isolation in small communities. Shadkhanim were thus relied upon to gather and evaluate information

shaduf, hand-operated device for lifting water, invented in ancient times and still used in India, Egypt, and some other countries to irrigate land. Typically it consists of a long, tapering, nearly horizontal pole mounted like a seesaw. A skin or bucket is hung on a rope from the long end, and a

Zhang Yimou: Ying (2018; Shadow) is an action drama inspired by China’s Three Kingdoms. Zhang’s subsequent movies included Yi miao zhong (2020; One Second) and Cliff Walkers (2021).

American literature: Literary biography and the new journalism: …on race and culture in Shadow and Act (1964) and Going to the Territory (1986) were immensely influential. Norman Mailer’s “new journalism” proved especially effective in capturing the drama of political conventions and large protest demonstrations. The novelist Joan Didion published two collections of incisive social and literary commentary, Slouching…

eclipse: Solar eclipse phenomena: …of the Sun remains, so-called shadow bands can often be seen on plain light-coloured surfaces, such as floors and walls. These are striations of light and shade, moving and undulating, several centimetres wide. Their speed and direction depend on air currents at various heights, because they are caused by refraction…

shadow biosphere, hypothetical life-supporting system on Earth, consisting of microorganisms of unique or unusual molecular structure and biochemical properties and representing the possibility that life on Earth originated more than once. The unusual biochemical nature of theoretical shadow

Joseph Cornell: …(Soap Bubble Set), his first shadow box of the type for which he became best known. Cornell’s shadow boxes—or “memory boxes” or “poetic theatres,” as he called them—took the form of glass-fronted boxes containing found objects and collaged elements arranged in enigmatic, often poetic, juxtaposition. Recurrent themes and motifs included…

Paul Newman: Directing: The potent The Shadow Box (1980) was a made-for-TV movie about the interaction among three terminally ill patients and their visiting families; it starred Woodward, Valerie Harper, and Christopher Plummer.

sundial: The shadow clock consists of a straight base with a raised crosspiece at one end. The base, on which is inscribed a scale of six time divisions, is placed in an east-west direction with the crosspiece at the east end in the morning and at the…

Yves Tanguy: In works such as Shadow Country (1927), he depicted groups of imaginary objects that resemble marine invertebrates or sculpturesque rock formations. He painted these ambiguous forms with painstaking detail and set them in barren, brightly lit landscapes that have an infinite horizon.

Peter Matthiessen: …volumes into a single novel, Shadow Country (2008), which won the National Book Award for fiction. In Paradise (2014) details the reflections of a Holocaust scholar on a meditative retreat at Auschwitz.

shadow docket, the body of decisions, usually in the form of orders issued by a single justice of the United States Supreme Court (acting in his or her capacity as a circuit justice for a particular United States Court of Appeals) or by the Supreme Court as a whole, that are independent of the

underground economy, transaction of goods or services not reported to the government and therefore beyond the reach of tax collectors and regulators. The term may refer either to illegal activities or to ordinarily legal activities performed without the securing of required licenses and payment of

automotive industry: The automotive industry in World War II: The British government built “shadow factories” adjacent to their automotive plants, equipped to go into military production (principally aircraft) when war came, with managerial and technical personnel drawn from the automotive industry. France attempted conversion, but belatedly and inefficiently. The German automotive industry, which built the military vehicles needed…

Adoor Gopalakrishnan: In Shadow Kill, a hangman grapples with the knowledge that he executed an innocent man.

Diane Johnson: The Shadow Knows (1974) concerns a divorced mother whose secure life is shattered when she becomes convinced that she is marked for violence. In Lying Low (1978), Johnson chronicled four days in the lives of three markedly different women.

Amitav Ghosh: The Shadow Lines (1988) is a sweeping history of two families (one Indian and the other English) that are deeply shaped by events following the departure of the British from India in 1947. The Circle of Reason and The Shadow Lines, both written in English,…

Mary Gordon: She also wrote the memoirs The Shadow Man (1996), Seeing Through Places (2000), and Circling My Mother (2007).

river: Size, morphology, and surface characteristics: For example, on the Shadow Mountain fan in Death Valley, California, washes of various types make up almost 70 percent of the surface area, but only a few of them are occupied by present-day streamflow. These are modern washes and represent the primary areas of deposition on the fan…

Shadow of a Doubt, American thriller film, released in 1943, that Alfred Hitchcock reportedly ranked as his personal favourite of the movies he directed. (Read Alfred Hitchcock’s 1965 Britannica essay on film production.) “Young Charlie” (played by Teresa Wright) is bored with her small town. Her

The Shadow of a Gunman, drama in two acts by Sean O’Casey, performed at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin in 1923 and published in 1925. Originally titled “On the Run,” it was the fifth play O’Casey wrote but the first to be produced. The comic-tragic play is set in the tenement slums of Dublin in 1920

W.S. Merwin: …universal themes as mortality in The Shadow of Sirius (2008), which earned a Pulitzer Prize. Much of his oeuvre was published by the Library of America (LOA) as the two-volume The Collected Poems of W.S. Merwin (2013). Merwin was only the second living writer to be so surveyed by the…

Willem Dafoe: …role as Max Schreck in Shadow of the Vampire (2000), a fictionalized account of the making of the classic vampire film Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens (1922; “Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror”).

José Bianco: Shadow Play is a fantastic tale in the manner of Borges and Bioy Casares, written in a classic, unobtrusive style that allows for the unsettling of reality to occur almost unnoticed by the reader. The novella was included in the Antología de la literatura fantástica…

shadow play, type of theatrical entertainment performed with puppets, probably originating in China and on the Indonesian islands of Java and Bali. Flat images are manipulated by the puppeteers between a bright light and a translucent screen, on the other side of which sits the audience. Shadow

price system: Noncapitalist price systems: …these implicit exchange ratios “shadow prices,” and they appear in all areas of life in which deliberate choices are made.

Southeast Asian arts: Shadow-puppet theatre: It is uncertain whether the shadow theatre is indigenous to Java or was brought from India, but the wayang kulit technique of having a single seated puppeteer who manipulates puppets, sings, chants narration, and speaks dialogue seems to be an Indonesian invention. Unlike…

Louise Erdrich: …and their white neighbours, and Shadow Tag (2010), which chronicles the unraveling of a marriage and the effect it has on the children. The Round House (2012), in which an Ojibwa teenager seeks justice after his mother is raped, won the National Book Award. LaRose (2016) investigates tragedy, grief, and…

seawater: Acoustic properties: Refraction also produces shadow zones that sound waves do not penetrate because of their curvature.

the Shadow, American pulp-magazine vigilante created in 1931 by Walter Gibson for the publishing company Street & Smith. Inspired by the radio character of the same name, the Shadow went on to become one of the most influential and enduring characters of the pulp era. In 1930 Street & Smith began

The Shadow, American radio program that ran from 1937 to 1954. The title character, a caped vigilante who was also featured in The Shadow Magazine, was one of the most enduring and influential creations of the pulp era. The Shadow was originally created as the narrator of the 1930 radio show

television: Shadow masks and aperture grilles: The sorting out of the three beams so that they produce images of only the intended primary colour is performed by a thin steel mask that lies directly behind the phosphor screen. This mask contains about 200,000 precisely located holes,…

Mo’Nique: …as a dramatic actress in Shadowboxer (2005), in which she played a drug addict. She then lent her voice to Farce of the Penguins (2006), a coarse spoof of the nature documentary The March of the Penguins (2005), and starred in Phat Girlz (2006), a romantic comedy. She attained further…

Nikola Tesla: He experimented with shadowgraphs similar to those that later were to be used by Wilhelm Röntgen when he discovered X-rays in 1895. Tesla’s countless experiments included work on a carbon button lamp, on the power of electrical resonance, and on various types of lighting.

Richard Attenborough: …Chaplin biopic Chaplin (1992), and Shadowlands (1993), a depiction of the relationship between American poet Joy Gresham and English writer C.S. Lewis. He also helmed Closing the Ring (2007), a World War II romance told in flashbacks.

John Cassavetes: Early work: Cassavetes’s low-budget directorial debut, Shadows (1959), was financed partly by some $20,000 sent to the fledgling filmmaker after he made an appeal for donations during an appearance on a radio program. Made over a period of about two and a half years and shot on 16-mm film stock, this…

Woody Allen: The 1990s and sexual-abuse allegations: …Allen made the Kafkaesque thriller Shadows and Fog (1991), which was generally regarded as forgettable.

Bob Dylan: The resulting albums—Shadows in the Night (2015), Fallen Angels (2016), and the three-disc Triplicate (2017)—earned Dylan praise for his deeply felt interpretations. He returned to spectacular lyrical form yet again with Rough and Rowdy Ways (2020).

Sergey Yosifovich Paradzhanov: …was Teni zabytykh predkov (1964; Shadows of Our Forgotten Ancestors), a richly impressionistic fantasy based on a novella by Mykhaylo Kotsyubysky with a Ukrainian setting. Although it won 16 international awards, including the grand prize at the 1965 Mar del Plata Festival in Argentina, his overt rejection of the official…

Jennifer Johnston: Shadows on Our Skin (1977) and The Railway Station Man (1984) focus on violence in Northern Ireland, and The Old Jest (1979; filmed as The Dawning, 1988) and Fool’s Sanctuary (1987) are set during the emergence of modern Ireland in the 1920s. The protagonist of…

Isaac Bashevis Singer: Shadows on the Hudson, translated into English and published posthumously in 1998, is a novel on a grand scale about Jewish refugees in New York in the late 1940s. The book had been serialized in the Forverts in the 1950s.

Shadows on the Rock, novel by Willa Cather, published in 1931. The novel is a detailed study of the lives of French colonists in the late 1600s on the “rock” that is Quebec city, Quebec, Canada. Like many of Cather’s novels, Shadows on the Rock evokes the pioneer spirit and emphasizes the

the Shadows, London-based instrumental rock group whose distinctive sound exerted a strong influence on other young British musicians in the 1960s and beyond. The original members were lead guitarist Hank B. Marvin (original name Brian Robson Rankin; b. October 28, 1941, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne

Jennifer Johnston: Shadowstory (2011) chronicles an Irish family’s struggles, and A Sixpenny Song (2013) centres on a woman who uncovers family secrets after inheriting her estranged father’s house following his death. She also wrote short stories and plays, such as Three Monologues: Twinkletoes; Mustn’t Forget High Noon;…

Shadrafa, ancient West Semitic benevolent deity. His name may possibly be translated as “Spirit of Healing.” He was often represented as a youthful, beardless male, standing on a lion above mountains, wearing a long, trailing garment and a pointed headdress, and holding a small lion in one hand

Shadrinsk, city and centre of Shadrinsk rayon (sector) of Kurgan oblast (region), west-central Russia, on the Iset River and the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Founded in 1662, it was chartered in 1781 and today is a manufacturing and agricultural centre, with transport functions. Light engineering,

shaduf, hand-operated device for lifting water, invented in ancient times and still used in India, Egypt, and some other countries to irrigate land. Typically it consists of a long, tapering, nearly horizontal pole mounted like a seesaw. A skin or bucket is hung on a rope from the long end, and a

Thomas Shadwell was an English dramatist and poet laureate, known for his broad comedies of manners and as the butt of John Dryden’s satire. Educated at Caius College, Cambridge, and at the Middle Temple, London, after the Restoration (1660) Shadwell became one of the court wits and an acquaintance

Anglo-American Chain of Command in Western Europe, June 1944: Eisenhower’s Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) had authority over all the branches (air, sea, and land) of the armed forces of all countries whose contribution was necessary to the success of Operation Overlord (the planned Normandy invasion). These were grouped for the invasion under the…

Helen Almira Shafer was an American educator, noted for the improvements she made in the curriculum of Wellesley College both as mathematics chair and as school president. Shafer graduated in 1863 from Oberlin (Ohio) College. After two years of teaching in New Jersey she joined the faculty of St.

Tibeto-Burman languages: History of scholarship: …until the late 1930s, when Robert Shafer headed a project called Sino-Tibetan Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley. This project assembled all the lexical material then available on TB languages, enabling Shafer to venture a detailed subgrouping of the family at different taxonomic levels, called (from higher to lower)…

India: The appearance of Indo-Aryan speakers: …by such scholars as American Jim G. Shaffer and Indian B.B. Lal suggests that Aryan civilization did not migrate to the subcontinent but was an original ethnic and linguistic element of pre-Vedic India. This theory would explain the dearth of physical signs of any putative Aryan conquest and is supported…

David Letterman: …and his comic foil, bandleader Paul Shaffer; nonsensical skits, notably “Stupid Pet Tricks”; and roving cameras that captured ordinary people and placed them in the limelight. Letterman also became known for antagonizing some notable guests; Cher, for example, was moved to curse him on camera. If his behaviour turned off…

Sir Peter Shaffer was a British playwright of considerable range who moved easily from farce to the portrayal of human anguish. Shaffer was educated at St. Paul’s School in London and Trinity College, Cambridge. He initially worked at the New York Public Library and for a music publisher. His first

Sir Peter Shaffer was a British playwright of considerable range who moved easily from farce to the portrayal of human anguish. Shaffer was educated at St. Paul’s School in London and Trinity College, Cambridge. He initially worked at the New York Public Library and for a music publisher. His first

Shāfiʿī, in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of religious law, derived from the teachings of Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī (767–820). This legal school (madhhab) stabilized the bases of Islamic legal theory, affirming the authority of both divine law-giving and human speculation regarding the

Durriyyah Shafīq was an Egyptian educator, journalist, and reformer who campaigned for women’s rights in Egypt and founded (1948) the Egyptian women’s organization Bint al-Nīl (“Daughter of the Nile”). Shafīq was born in Lower Egypt and received a Western-style education in French and Italian

Ahmed Shafiq is an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as prime minister from January to March 2011 and stood as an independent in Egypt’s 2012 presidential election. Shafiq was born into a politically well-connected family, with a father who served in Egypt’s Ministry of

Ahmed Shafiq is an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as prime minister from January to March 2011 and stood as an independent in Egypt’s 2012 presidential election. Shafiq was born into a politically well-connected family, with a father who served in Egypt’s Ministry of

Durriyyah Shafīq was an Egyptian educator, journalist, and reformer who campaigned for women’s rights in Egypt and founded (1948) the Egyptian women’s organization Bint al-Nīl (“Daughter of the Nile”). Shafīq was born in Lower Egypt and received a Western-style education in French and Italian

Shāfiʿī, in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of religious law, derived from the teachings of Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī (767–820). This legal school (madhhab) stabilized the bases of Islamic legal theory, affirming the authority of both divine law-giving and human speculation regarding the

Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shāfiʿī was a Muslim legal scholar who played an important role in the formation of Islamic legal thought and was the founder of the Shāfiʿiyyah school of law. He also made a basic contribution to religious and legal methodology with respect to the use of traditions. Little is

Shāfiʿī, in Islam, one of the four Sunni schools of religious law, derived from the teachings of Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī (767–820). This legal school (madhhab) stabilized the bases of Islamic legal theory, affirming the authority of both divine law-giving and human speculation regarding the

Jones-Shafroth Act: Senator John Shafroth of Colorado.

Chefchaouene, town, northern Morocco, situated in the Rif mountain range. Founded as a holy city in 1471 by the warrior Abū Youma and later moved by Sīdī ʿAlī ibn Rashīd to its present site at the base of Mount El-Chaouene, it became a refuge for Moors expelled from Spain. A site long closed to

Samuel L. Jackson: supernatural thriller Unbreakable, and in Shaft he resumed the role of John Shaft. That year he also starred in The Last Full Measure, about a U.S. soldier’s bravery during the Vietnam War and the conspiracy that delayed his being awarded the Medal of Honor. Jackson’s credits from 2020 included The…

order: The shaft, which rests upon the base, is a long, narrow, vertical cylinder that in some orders is articulated with fluting (vertical grooves). The shaft may also taper inward slightly so that it is wider at the bottom than at the top.

tunnels and underground excavations: …opening is usually called a shaft. Tunnels have many uses: for mining ores, for transportation—including road vehicles, trains, subways, and canals—and for conducting water and sewage. Underground chambers, often associated with a complex of connecting tunnels and shafts, increasingly are being used for

hydraulic transmission: …device that links two rotatable shafts. It consists of a vaned impeller on the drive shaft facing a similarly vaned runner on the driven shaft, both impeller and runner being enclosed in a casing containing a liquid, usually oil (see figure). If there is no resistance to the turning of…

blaxploitation movies: …the most-popular subgenre, action (Shaft, 1971). But from the outset, African American critics found the stereotypes made possible by the behaviours of the heroes and heroines of the films—which often included drug dealing, violence, and easy sex—to be the most-pervasive and damaging effect of the movies; also damaging was…

John Singleton: …of the landmark blaxploitation film Shaft (2000); the action film 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003); and Four Brothers (2005), starring Mark Wahlberg and Tyrese Gibson.

bone disease: Deficient blood supply to bone: …may involve the shaft (diaphysis) or the ends (epiphyses) of the long bones. Sometimes the bone marrow of the diaphysis is primarily involved, and in osteomyelitis it is usually the compact (cortical) bone of the shaft that undergoes necrosis. For mechanical reasons, and because there is a poorer blood…

shaft coupling, in machinery, a device for providing a connection, readily broken and restored, between two adjacent rotating shafts. A coupling may provide either a rigid or a flexible connection; the flexibility may permit misalignment of the connected shafts or provide a torsionally flexible

iron processing: History: Stone-built shaft furnaces, on the other hand, relied on natural draft, although they too sometimes used tuyeres. In both cases, smelting involved creating a bed of red-hot charcoal to which iron ore mixed with more charcoal was added. Chemical reduction of the ore then occurred, but,…

shaft graves, late Bronze Age (c. 1600–1450 bc) burial sites from the era in which the Greek mainland came under the cultural influence of Crete. The graves were those of royal or leading Greek families, unplundered and undisturbed until found by modern archaeologists at Mycenae. The graves,

horsepower: …turbine, or motor is termed brake horsepower or shaft horsepower, depending on what kind of instrument is used to measure it. Horsepower of reciprocating engines, particularly in the larger sizes, is often expressed as indicated horsepower, which is determined from the pressure in the cylinders. Brake or shaft horsepower is…

textile: Horizontal frame looms: …between bars and called a shaft. The advantages of this type of loom were many. First, in the two-bar loom, though more than two heddle rods could be used, the number of groupings of warp threads was limited. Although highly complex patterns could be woven, it was not practical to…

tunnels and underground excavations: …opening is usually called a shaft. Tunnels have many uses: for mining ores, for transportation—including road vehicles, trains, subways, and canals—and for conducting water and sewage. Underground chambers, often associated with a complex of connecting tunnels and shafts, increasingly are being used for

mining: Underground mining: When any ore body lies a considerable distance below the surface, the amount of waste that has to be removed in order to uncover the ore through surface mining becomes prohibitive, and underground techniques must be considered. Counting against underground mining are the…

tunnels and underground excavations: Shaft raising: Handling cuttings is simplified when the shaft can be raised from an existing tunnel, since the cuttings then merely fall to the tunnel, where they are easily loaded into mine cars or trucks. This advantage has long been recognized in mining; where once…

shaft seal, in machinery, a device that prevents the passage of fluids along a rotating shaft. Seals are necessary when a shaft extends from a housing (enclosure) containing oil, such as a pump or a gear box. A common type of shaft seal consists of an elastomer (elastic rubberlike) ring bonded to a

tunnels and underground excavations: Shaft sinking and drilling: Mining downward, generally from the surface, although occasionally from an underground chamber, is called shaft sinking. In soil, shallow shafts are frequently supported with interlocking steel sheetpiling held by ring beams (circular rib sets); or a concrete caisson may be built…

D.M. Thomas: His later collections, including The Shaft (1973), Love and Other Deaths (1975), and The Honeymoon Voyage (1978), won praise for their examinations of death, loss, and aspects of sexuality. For Mrs. English and Other Women (2014), Thomas drew inspiration from his own life. Vintage Ghosts (2012) is a verse…

Spanish-American War: Fighting in the Philippines and Cuba: William R. Shafter, considered withdrawing to await reinforcements. This idea was abandoned on July 3 when Cervera, under orders from Havana, led his squadron out of Santiago harbour and tried to escape westward along the coast. In the ensuing battle, all of Cervera’s ships, under…

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st earl of Shaftesbury was an English politician, a member of the Council of State (1653–54; 1659) during the Commonwealth, and a member of Charles II’s “Cabinet Council” and lord chancellor (1672–73). Seeking to exclude the Roman Catholic duke of York (the future James II)

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st earl of Shaftesbury was an English politician, a member of the Council of State (1653–54; 1659) during the Commonwealth, and a member of Charles II’s “Cabinet Council” and lord chancellor (1672–73). Seeking to exclude the Roman Catholic duke of York (the future James II)

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury was an English politician and philosopher, grandson of the famous 1st earl and one of the principal English Deists. His early education was directed by John Locke, and he attended Winchester College. He entered Parliament in 1695 and, succeeding as 3rd

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury was an English politician and philosopher, grandson of the famous 1st earl and one of the principal English Deists. His early education was directed by John Locke, and he attended Winchester College. He entered Parliament in 1695 and, succeeding as 3rd

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury was one of the most effective social and industrial reformers in 19th-century England. He was also the acknowledged leader of the evangelical movement within the Church of England. He was the eldest son of Cropley Cooper (a younger brother of the 5th

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury was one of the most effective social and industrial reformers in 19th-century England. He was also the acknowledged leader of the evangelical movement within the Church of England. He was the eldest son of Cropley Cooper (a younger brother of the 5th