cormorant, any member of about 26 to 30 species of water birds constituting the family Phalacrocoracidae (order Pelecaniformes or Suliformes). In the Orient and elsewhere these glossy black underwater swimmers have been tamed for fishing. Cormorants dive for and feed mainly on fish of little value

Shagamu, town, Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies along the Ibu River and the Eruwuru Stream, between Lagos and Ibadan. Founded in the mid-19th century by members of the Remo branch of the Yoruba people, it soon became a major market centre of the Remo (Ijebu-Remo) kingdom. Following the

Shehu Shagari was a Nigerian politician, president of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983. Shagari’s great-grandfather founded the village from which the family took its name. Shagari was educated at Kaduna College and taught school briefly. As one of the few northerners to show an interest in national

Shehu Shagari was a Nigerian politician, president of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983. Shagari’s great-grandfather founded the village from which the family took its name. Shagari was educated at Kaduna College and taught school briefly. As one of the few northerners to show an interest in national

hickory: Major species: …“nuts” are those of the shagbark hickory (C. ovata), the shellbark hickory (C. laciniosa), and the mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa). The nuts of the bitternut hickory (C. cordiformis) and the water hickory (C. aquatica) are bitter-tasting and inedible, because the skin covering the kernels contains tannin

Cardi B: Love & Hip Hop: New York and first mixtapes: …singer Popcaan on reggae singer Shaggy’s song “Boom Boom.” The following year she released her first mixtape, Gangsta Bitch Music Vol. 1, which included one of her first hits, “Foreva.” Her next mixtape, Gangsta Bitch Music Vol. 2, was released in 2017 and featured rapper Offset (Kiari Kendrell Cephus), who…

inky cap: comatus (shaggy mane, or shaggy cap) are edible when young, before the gills turn black.

Robert Stevenson: Films for Disney: His last film was The Shaggy D.A. (1976), a follow-up to the popular The Shaggy Dog (1959).

inky cap: comatus (shaggy mane, or shaggy cap) are edible when young, before the gills turn black.

chondrichthyan: Other shark products: …value, as a leather called shagreen, for polishing hard wood. When heated and polished, shagreen is used for decorating ornaments and, in Japan, for covering sword hilts.

shāh, title of the kings of Iran, or Persia. When compounded as shāhanshāh, it denotes “king of kings,” or emperor, a title adopted by the 20th-century Pahlavi dynasty in evocation of the ancient Persian “king of kings,” Cyrus II the Great (reigned 559–c. 529 bc). Another related title or form of

Sindhi literature: …greatest poet in Sindhi is Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit (1690–1752), known for his collection of poems Risalo. Latif criticized all forms of religious orthodoxies and preached the oneness of God and the universal brotherhood in a language charged with Sufi emotionalism. He was followed by another poet, also a…

Sindhi literature: …greatest poet in Sindhi is Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit (1690–1752), known for his collection of poems Risalo. Latif criticized all forms of religious orthodoxies and preached the oneness of God and the universal brotherhood in a language charged with Sufi emotionalism. He was followed by another poet, also a…

Shah Alam, city, western Peninsular (West) Malaysia. Shah Alam lies about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Kuala Lumpur and just east of Klang (Kelang). The city has an industrial estate where food and tobacco products are processed and electrical machinery, cement, chemical, and textile products are

Shah Cheragh Shrine, mosque complex in Shiraz, Iran, built around the tombs of Aḥmad ibn Mūsā and Muḥammad ibn Mūsā, imāmzādehs, or children of one of the imams, of the Twelver Shiʿi tradition. Known especially for its fabulous interior of mirror mosaics, the Shah Cheragh shrine is one of the most

Shah diamond, yellow-tinged stone of about 89 carats that bears three ancient Persian inscriptions, indicating it was discovered before 1591, probably in the Golconda mines in India. The inscriptions are to Neẓām Shāh Borhān II, 1591; Shāh Jahān, son of Shāh Jahāngīr, 1641; and Fatḥ ʿAlī Shāh,

Nepal: Modern period: The Shah (or Sah) rulers faced tremendous and persistent problems in trying to centralize an area long characterized by extreme diversity and ethnic and regional parochialism. They established a centralized political system by absorbing dominant regional and local elites into the central administration at Kathmandu. This…

Shah Jahān was the Mughal emperor of India (1628–58) who built the Taj Mahal. He was the third son of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr and the Rajput princess Manmati. In 1612 he married Arjūmand Bānū Begum, niece of Jahāngīr’s wife Nūr Jahān, and became, as Prince Khurram, a member of the influential

India: Struggle for a new power center: …al-Darajāt and Rafīʿ al-Dawlah (Shah Jahān II), died of consumption. The third, who assumed the title Muḥammad Shah, exhibited sufficient vigour to set about freeing himself from the brothers’ control.

India: The Afghan-Maratha struggle for northern India: …vizier, who now proclaimed Prince Muḥī al-Millat, a grandson of Kām Bakhsh, as emperor under the title of Shah Jahān III (November 1759); he was soon replaced by ʿĀlamgīr II’s son Shah ʿĀlam II. In one way or another, the Marathas played a role in all these accessions. Maratha power…

Shah Jahān period architecture, Indian building style that flourished under the patronage of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (reigned 1628–58), its crowning achievement being the magnificent mausoleum at Agra, the Taj Mahal. Among the other landmarks of the style are several mosques at the emperor’s

Shah Jahān was the Mughal emperor of India (1628–58) who built the Taj Mahal. He was the third son of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr and the Rajput princess Manmati. In 1612 he married Arjūmand Bānū Begum, niece of Jahāngīr’s wife Nūr Jahān, and became, as Prince Khurram, a member of the influential

Afghanistan: Mohammad Zahir Shah (1933–73): Shah Mahmud, prime minister from 1946 to 1953, sanctioned free elections and a relatively free press, and the so-called “liberal parliament” functioned from 1949 to 1952. Conservatives in government, however, encouraged by religious leaders, supported the seizure of power in 1953 by Lieutenant General Mohammad…

Afghanistan: Zamān Shah (1793–1800): The shah went a step further by helping Maḥmūd, governor of Herāt and a brother of Zamān, with men and money and encouraging him to advance on Kandahār. Maḥmūd, assisted by his vizier, Fatḥ Khan Bārakzay, eldest son of Sardār Pāyenda Khan, and by Fatḥ ʿAlī…

Uzbekistan: The early Uzbeks: …fortunes under the leadership of Emir Maʿsum (also known as Shah Murād; reigned 1785–1800), a remarkable dervish emir who forwent wealth, comfort, and pomp. In the khanate of Khiva, the Qonghirat tribe succeeded the Ashtarkhanid dynasty and prevailed until 1920, leaving Khiva a museum capital of architectural, cultural, and literary…

Munger: …tomb of the Muslim saint Shah Mushk Nafā (died 1497). In 1763 Mīr Qasīm, nawab of Bengal, made Munger his capital and built an arsenal and several palaces. It was constituted a municipality in 1864.

Āqā Mīrak: …also was the teacher of Shāh Qūlī, a Persian painter later active at the court of the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent.

Mashhad: Cultural life: …Shād—wife of the Timurid ruler, Shāh Rokh (ruled 1405–47). The city maintains parks, a zoo, museums, and libraries. Just outside Mashhad is the mausoleum of Abū Qāsim Ferdowsī (c. 935–c. 1020–26), the incomparable poet and author of the Shāh-nāmeh (“Book of Kings”).

Shāh Rokh was a Timurid ruler of much of Central Asia, best known as a patron of the arts. Shāh Rokh was the fourth son of Timur (Tamerlane), founder of the Timurid dynasty. At Timur’s death in 1405, a struggle for control of his empire broke out among members of his family. Shāh Rokh gained

Shāh Rokh was a Timurid ruler of much of Central Asia, best known as a patron of the arts. Shāh Rokh was the fourth son of Timur (Tamerlane), founder of the Timurid dynasty. At Timur’s death in 1405, a struggle for control of his empire broke out among members of his family. Shāh Rokh gained

Shāh Rokh was a Timurid ruler of much of Central Asia, best known as a patron of the arts. Shāh Rokh was the fourth son of Timur (Tamerlane), founder of the Timurid dynasty. At Timur’s death in 1405, a struggle for control of his empire broke out among members of his family. Shāh Rokh gained

Shāh Shojāʿ was the shāh, or king, of Afghanistan (1803–10; 1839–42) whose alliance with the British led to his death. Shojāʿ ascended the throne in 1803 after a long fratricidal war. In 1809 he concluded an alliance with the British against an expected Franco-Russian invasion of India but, the

Shāh Shojāʿ was the shāh, or king, of Afghanistan (1803–10; 1839–42) whose alliance with the British led to his death. Shojāʿ ascended the throne in 1803 after a long fratricidal war. In 1809 he concluded an alliance with the British against an expected Franco-Russian invasion of India but, the

Ḥusayn I was the shah of Iran from 1694 to 1722, the last independent ruler of the Ṣafavid dynasty, whose unfitness led to its disintegration. Ḥusayn was reared in the harem and had no knowledge of state affairs. He depleted the treasury for personal expenses and allowed the mullahs (clergy) to

vase carpet, any of the most widely known group of floor coverings among the “classic” Kermāns of the 16th and 17th centuries. At their best these carpets are extremely handsome, combining an elaborate overall repeat pattern of ogival lozenges with a profusion of extravagantly styled blossoms of

Bahādur Shah I was the Mughal emperor of India from 1707–12. As Prince Muʿaẓẓam, the second son of the emperor Aurangzeb, he was the prospective heir after his elder brother defected to join their father’s brother and rival, Shah Shujāʿ. Prince Muʿaẓẓam was sent in 1663 to represent his father in

Shah ʿĀlam II was the nominal Mughal emperor of India from 1759 to 1806. Son of the emperor ʿĀlamgīr II, he was forced to flee Delhi in 1758 by the minister ʿImād al-Mulk, who kept the emperor a virtual prisoner. He took refuge with Shujāʿ al-Dawlah, nawab of Oudh (Ayodhya), and after his father’s

history of publishing: The emergence of national newspapers: …launched in 1986 by publisher Eddie Shah. Entitled Today, it was the first national British paper produced entirely with the new technology and without cooperation from the traditional print unions. The paper was purchased in 1987 by Rupert Murdoch, who closed it in 1995. Before the end of the 20th…

Naseeruddin Shah is an Indian film and stage actor whose sensitive and subtle performances earned him critical acclaim and several prestigious awards. Shah was trained at the National School of Drama and became one of the most-visible faces of the movement known as the New Indian cinema, or

Prithvi Nārāyaṇ Shah was a member of the ruling Shah family of the Gurkha (Gorkha) principality, Nepal, who conquered the three Malla kingdoms of Kāthmāndu, Pātan, and Bhādgaon in 1769 and consolidated them to found the modern state of Nepal. He also established the capital of Nepal at Kāthmāndu.

Islamic arts: Architecture: While the Shāh-e Zendah in Samarkand—a long street of mausoleums comparable to the Mamluk cemetery of Cairo—is perhaps the most accessible of the sites of Timurid commemorative architecture, more spectacular ones are to be seen at Mashhad, Torbat-e Jām, and Mazār-e Sharīf. The Timurid princes also erected…

Shāh-nāmeh, celebrated work of the epic poet Ferdowsī, in which the Persian national epic found its final and enduring form. Written for Sultan Maḥmūd of Ghazna and completed in 1010, the Shāh-nāmeh is a poem of nearly 60,000 verses, mainly based on the Khvatay-nāmak, a history of the kings of

South Asian arts: Rajasthani style: Mewār: The name of Sāhabadī is intimately connected with this phase; another well-known painter is Manohar. The intensity and richness associated with their atelier began to fade toward the close of the 17th century, and a wave of Mughal influence began to affect the school in the opening years…

shahādah, the Muslim profession of faith: “There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Prophet of God.” The shahādah is the first of the five Pillars of Islam (arkān al-Islām). It must be recited by every Muslim at least once in a lifetime, aloud, correctly, and purposively, with a full understanding

shāh: When compounded as shāhanshāh, it denotes “king of kings,” or emperor, a title adopted by the 20th-century Pahlavi dynasty in evocation of the ancient Persian “king of kings,” Cyrus II the Great (reigned 559–c. 529 bc). Another related title or form of address is padshāh, or “lord king.”…

Sahaptin, linguistic grouping of North American Indian tribes speaking related languages within the Penutian family. They traditionally resided in what are now southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and west-central Idaho, U.S., in the basin of the Columbia River and its tributaries. Major

shaharith, (“dawn”), in Judaism, the first of three periods of daily prayer; the other daily services are minhah and maarib. They are all ideally recited in the synagogue so that a quorum (minyan) can be formed to pray as a corporate body representing “Israel.” Shaharith is considered a substitute

shaharith, (“dawn”), in Judaism, the first of three periods of daily prayer; the other daily services are minhah and maarib. They are all ideally recited in the synagogue so that a quorum (minyan) can be formed to pray as a corporate body representing “Israel.” Shaharith is considered a substitute

shabunder, in the Malay states, the official who supervised merchants, controlled the port, and collected customs duties. Although the title shabunder was of Persian-Arabic origin, the position itself existed on the Malay Peninsula prior to the coming of Islāmic traders. To handle the greatly

Turkmen literature: Makhtumquli’s contemporaries included Abdulnazar Shahbende and Gurbanali Maghrupī. Shahbende, who studied in Khiva, was also a musician who performed his own works. He was famous for his destāns Gul-Bulbul; Shahbehrām, taken from classical Persian themes; and Khojamberdi Khan, which deals with the Turkmen response to Āghā Moḥammad Khān,…

Shahdol, town, eastern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies along the Murna River (a tributary of the Son River) about 110 miles (177 km) northwest of Bilaspur. The town is an agricultural market and a rail and road junction. It has a government college and a law school affiliated with

Jeanne Shaheen is an American politician who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 2008 and began representing New Hampshire the following year. She was the first woman to serve as governor of the state (1997–2003). Shaheen grew up in the suburbs of St. Louis, Missouri, where her father

Cyrene: …by the modern village of Shaḥḥāt in al-Jabal al-Akhḍar, eight miles southwest of Marsa Sūsah. Three main areas of the city have been excavated: the fountain and sanctuary of Apollo, where the Venus of Cyrene and a colossal statue of Apollo were found; the upper city, site of a forum…

Shāhi Family, dynasty of some 60 rulers who governed the Kābul valley (in Afghanistan) and the old province of Gandhāra from the decline of the Kushān empire in the 3rd century ad. The word Shāhi, the title of the rulers, is related to the old Kushān form shao, or “king.” The dynasty probably

martyr: Islam: The Islāmic designation shahīd (Arabic: “witness”) is equivalent to and in a sense derivative of the Judaeo-Christian concept of martyr. The full sense of “witness unto death” does not appear in the Qurʾān but receives explicit treatment in the subsequent Ḥadīth literature, in which it is stated that…

Khosrow II: Expansion of the empire: …by another of Khosrow’s generals, Shāhīn, finally fell to the Persians.

Shāhi Family, dynasty of some 60 rulers who governed the Kābul valley (in Afghanistan) and the old province of Gandhāra from the decline of the Kushān empire in the 3rd century ad. The word Shāhi, the title of the rulers, is related to the old Kushān form shao, or “king.” The dynasty probably

Shah Jahān was the Mughal emperor of India (1628–58) who built the Taj Mahal. He was the third son of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr and the Rajput princess Manmati. In 1612 he married Arjūmand Bānū Begum, niece of Jahāngīr’s wife Nūr Jahān, and became, as Prince Khurram, a member of the influential

Delhi: History of Delhi: Shahjahanabad today is Old Delhi. The greater part of Old Delhi is still confined within the space of Shah Jahān’s walls, and several gates built during his rule—the Kashmiri Gate, the Delhi Gate, the Turkman Gate, and the Ajmeri Gate—still stand.

Shahjahanpur, city, north-central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies on the Garra (Deoha) River, about 45 miles (72 km) southeast of Bareilly and 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Lucknow. The city was founded in 1647 and named for the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān. It is a road and rail

Shajapur, town, northwest-central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is situated on the Malwa Plateau on the Lakunda River. Shajapur was founded about 1640 ce by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān, its name being a derivation of Shahjahanpur. A well-preserved fort there contains the palace of Tara

India: Early history: Shahji Bhonsle, the first prominent member of the clan, drew substantial revenues from the Karnataka region, in territories that had once been controlled by the rulers of Mysore and other chiefs who derived from the collapsing Vijayanagar kingdom. One of his children, Shivaji Bhonsle, emerged…

Elburz Mountains: The Eastern, or Shāhkūh, Elburz runs about 185 miles (300 km) in a northeasterly direction. Since two ranges branch off on its southern side and no compensatory elements appear on the northern side, its width dwindles to less than 30 miles (48 km). With the exception of the…

Ben Shahn was an American painter and graphic artist whose work, displaying a combination of realism and abstraction, addressed various social and political causes. Shahn immigrated with his family to New York City in 1906. In 1913–17 he worked as a lithographer’s apprentice while attending high

Ben Shahn was an American painter and graphic artist whose work, displaying a combination of realism and abstraction, addressed various social and political causes. Shahn immigrated with his family to New York City in 1906. In 1913–17 he worked as a lithographer’s apprentice while attending high

Belagavi: … temples, and the suburbs of Shahpur and Madhavpur.

Shāpūr II: Conquest of Armenia.: At Bishāpūr in southwestern Iran, a tremendous rock-cut relief depicts him seated on a throne and witnessing a triumph of his army: in the top row he is flanked by nobles of the court, and the lower row contains soldiers who present captives and trophies of…

Shahpura, town, southeast-central Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies in an upland plain about 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Bhilwara. The old walled town was founded about 1629 and was named for the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān, who reigned from 1628 to 1658. Shahpura was the seat of the

Shahr Kord, city, capital of Chahār Maḥāl va Bakhtiyārī province, western Iran. A developing urban centre, the city has industries producing bricks, mosaics, milled rice, woven cloth, animal feed, candy, stockings and gloves, coarse carpets and rugs, and fruit juices. A road links the city with

South Asian arts: Ḥaju and shahr-āshūb: Less ornate, if not less elaborate, and more edifying are the ḥaju (derogatory verses, personal and otherwise) and the shahr-āshūb (poems lamenting the decline or destruction of a city). They provide useful information about the mores and morals of the period from the 18th…

Shahr Kord, city, capital of Chahār Maḥāl va Bakhtiyārī province, western Iran. A developing urban centre, the city has industries producing bricks, mosaics, milled rice, woven cloth, animal feed, candy, stockings and gloves, coarse carpets and rugs, and fruit juices. A road links the city with

Shahr-e Sokhta, archaeological site located south of Zābol in the Balochistān region of eastern Iran. It has yielded important information on Chalcolithic (Bronze Age) settlement in the Helmand River valley during the 3rd millennium bc. Excavation of the site in 1967 by the Centre of Archaeological

Asghar Farhadi: …next made Shahr-e zībā (2004; Beautiful City), which explores the concept of justice through the story of an 18-year-old prisoner awaiting execution for the murder of his girlfriend while his sister works to save his life by trying to persuade the murdered girl’s father to give his consent for clemency.…

The Thousand and One Nights: …vizier, however, has two daughters, Shahrazad (Scheherazade) and Dunyazad; and the elder, Shahrazad, having devised a scheme to save herself and others, insists that her father give her in marriage to the king. Each evening she tells a story, leaving it incomplete and promising to finish it the following night.…

Khosrow II: Expansion of the empire: …Mesopotamia, by Khosrow’s ablest general, Shahrbarāz, took place in 613. Damascus was taken in that year, and in 614 Jerusalem fell. The Holy Sepulchre was destroyed and the True Cross carried to Ctesiphon. Although Khosrow himself was generally tolerant of Christianity, Shahrbarāz permitted thousands of Christian prisoners to be tortured…

South Arabian languages: Dialects include Mahrī (Mehri), Shaḥrī (Eḥkalī; Jibbali), Ḥarsūsī, and Baṭḥarī on the Arabian shore of the Indian Ocean and Soqoṭrī on Socotra. Ḥarsūsī has been influenced by Arabic, a northern Arabian language, to a greater extent than have the other dialects. These languages lack a tradition of writing, and…

Monir Farmanfarmaian was an Iranian artist who was known for her mirror mosaics and geometric drawings that bore witness to her cosmopolitan perspective, informed by a life journey that encompassed Persian culture and the Western art world. Shahroudy was the youngest child of progressive parents,

coin: Islamic coins of the West and of western Asia and Central Asia: His son Shahrukh introduced a new type of dirham, with, obverse, profession of the faith with the name of the first four caliphs on the margin and, on the reverse, his title.

Maratha confederacy: …power revived under Shivaji’s grandson Shahu. He confided power to the Brahman Bhat family, who became hereditary peshwas (chief ministers). He also decided to expand northward with armies under the peshwas’ control. In Shahu’s later years the power of the peshwas increased. After his death (1749) they became the effective…

Jacob Zuma: Legal challenges and conflict with Mbeki: …of Zuma’s close colleagues, businessman Schabir Shaik, who had been accused of soliciting bribes from a French arms company on Zuma’s behalf. The judge in that case found that there was a generally corrupt relationship between Shaik and Zuma, who was subsequently charged with two counts of corruption. Zuma initially…

sheikh, Arabic title of respect dating from pre-Islamic antiquity; it strictly means a venerable man of more than 50 years of age. The title sheikh is especially borne by heads of religious orders, heads of colleges, such as Al-Azhar University in Cairo, chiefs of tribes, and headmen of villages

Shailendra dynasty, a dynasty that flourished in Java from about 750 to 850 after the fall of the Funan kingdom of mainland Southeast Asia. The dynasty was marked by a great cultural renaissance associated with the introduction of Mahāyāna Buddhism, and it attained a high level of artistic

Shaishunaga dynasty, ancient ruling family in the Indian kingdom of Magadha. The Shaishunaga line of kings followed the reigns of Bimbasara and Ajatashatru (both contemporaries of the Buddha). The line is generally placed immediately before the Nandas and is dated roughly from the mid-5th to the

shaitan, in Islāmic myth, an unbelieving class of jinn (“spirits”); it is also the name of Iblīs, the devil, when he is performing demonic acts. In the system of evil jinn outlined by the Arab writer al-Jāḥiẓ, the shaitans are identified simply as unbelieving jinn. Folklore, however, describes them

Shaiva-siddhanta, religious and philosophical system of South India in which Shiva is worshipped as the supreme deity. It draws primarily on the Tamil devotional hymns written by Shaiva saints from the 5th to the 9th century, known in their collected form as Tirumurai. Meykanadevar (13th century)

Shaivism, organized worship of the Indian god Shiva and, with Vaishnavism and Shaktism, one of the three principal forms of modern Hinduism. Shaivism includes such diverse movements as the highly philosophical Shaiva-siddhanta, the socially distinctive Lingayat, ascetics such as the dashnami

Shajapur, town, northwest-central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is situated on the Malwa Plateau on the Lakunda River. Shajapur was founded about 1640 ce by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān, its name being a derivation of Shahjahanpur. A well-preserved fort there contains the palace of Tara

Aybak: Shajar al-Durr, al-Ṣaliḥ’s widow, thereupon proclaimed herself “queen of the Muslims”; she was recognized in Egypt, but the Syrian emirs refused to pay her homage. The caliph took the side of the Syrians and asked the Egyptian emirs to choose a man in her place.…

Abū al-Ghāzī Bahādur: …he is most famous are Shajare-i Tarākime, or Şecere-i Terakime (1659; “The Genealogical Tree of the Turkmen”), written in Chagatai Turkish, mainly a compilation from the Persian historian Rashīd ad-Dīn (d. 1318) and the semilegendary oral traditions of the Turks, and the Shajare-i Turk (“The Genealogical Tree of the Turks”),…

Abū al-Ghāzī Bahādur: …of the Turks, and the Shajare-i Turk (“The Genealogical Tree of the Turks”), left incomplete and finished by his son, Abū al-Muẓaffar Anūsha Muḥammad Bahādur, in 1665. This work is mainly a history of the Shaybānid dynasty (mid-15th century to 1665); it is not considered reliable because the author wrote…

Anhui: Soils: …curious mineral masses known as shajiangtu (“sandy ginger soils”) because they resemble ginger roots. They form in low-lying places where the ground is waterlogged, rarely occur on the surface, and sometimes form a hardpan, or basin, some feet below ground level.

Shajing culture, blade-tool culture that existed along the present region of the Great Wall in northwestern China as early as 1000 bce. The Shajing remains were first uncovered by the Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson in 1923 in the village of Shajing in north-central Gansu province.

Buddha was the founder of Buddhism, one of the major religions and philosophical systems of southern and eastern Asia and of the world. Buddha is one of the many epithets of a teacher who lived in northern India sometime between the 6th and the 4th century before the Common Era. His followers,

jauhar: …in an act known as shaka.

Shaka was a Zulu chief (1816–28), founder of Southern Africa’s Zulu Empire. He is credited with creating a fighting force that devastated the entire region. His life is the subject of numerous colourful and exaggerated stories, many of which are debated by historians. Shaka was the son of

India: Central Asian rulers: …in Indian sources as the Shakas (who established the Shaka satrap). They had attacked the kingdom of Bactria and subsequently moved into India. The determination of the Han rulers of China to keep the Central Asian nomadic tribes (the Xiongnu, Wu-sun, and Yuezhi) out of China forced these tribes in…

Buddha was the founder of Buddhism, one of the major religions and philosophical systems of southern and eastern Asia and of the world. Buddha is one of the many epithets of a teacher who lived in northern India sometime between the 6th and the 4th century before the Common Era. His followers,

Japanese art: Sculpture: Also extant is the gilt-bronze Shaka Triad of Hōryū Temple, which is dated by inscription to 623. The Asuka Buddha, heavily restored, is attributed to Tori based on the stylistic similarity of its undisturbed head to the renderings found in the Shaka Triad, which is confidently assigned to the master…

Shaka satrap, either of two dynasties of satraps in northwestern India who ruled with considerable independence on behalf of the Pahlava suzerains. The two families are both known to Indian literature as the Shakas (from the native word for Scythians) and to most Western historians as the

Japanese art: Sculpture: Also extant is the gilt-bronze Shaka Triad of Hōryū Temple, which is dated by inscription to 623. The Asuka Buddha, heavily restored, is attributed to Tori based on the stylistic similarity of its undisturbed head to the renderings found in the Shaka Triad, which is confidently assigned to the master…