Kazakhstan: Drainage: Balkhash, Zaysan, Alaköl, Tengiz, and Seletytengiz (Siletiteniz). Kazakhstan also wraps around the entire northern half of the shrinking Aral Sea, which underwent terrible decline during the second half of the 20th century: as freshwater inflow was diverted for agriculture, the salinity of the sea increased sharply, and the receding shores…

nuclear reactor: Enrichment: …known generically as MLIS (molecular laser isotope separation)—or commercially as SILEX (separation of isotopes by laser excitation)—gaseous UF6 is exposed to high-powered lasers tuned to the correct frequencies to cause the molecules containing 235U (but not 238U) to lose electrons. In this (ionized) form, the 235U-containing molecules are separated…

Silhak, (Korean: “Practical Learning”), school of thought that came into existence in the midst of the chaotic conditions of 18th-century Korea, dedicated to a practical approach to statecraft, instead of the blind and uncritical following of Confucian teachings. The Silhak school attacked

Raisen: …as the 16th-century stronghold of Silhari, a Rajput (warrior caste) chief, and was an important administrative centre under the Mughals. Raisen lies in a region that was once part of Bhopal princely state.

silhouette, an image or design in a single hue and tone, most usually the popular 18th- and 19th-century cut or painted profile portraits done in black on white or the reverse. Silhouette also is any outline or sharp shadow of an object. The word was satirically derived from the name of the

motion-picture technology: Noncellular animation: Other forms of animation include silhouette animation, developed by Lotte Reiniger in Germany during the 1920s. It uses jointed, flat-figure marionettes whose poses are minutely readjusted for each photographic frame. Movement is similarly simulated in puppet animation, which photographs solid three-dimensional figures in miniature sets. The puppets are often made…

Silhouette Island, granitic island, third largest of the Seychelles archipelago, Republic of Seychelles, in the western Indian Ocean. It has an area of 7.6 square miles (20 square km), rises to 2,467 feet (751 metres), and is 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Mahé Island. Virgin forests still grow in

silhouette: …parsimonious mid-18th-century French finance minister Étienne de Silhouette, whose hobby was the cutting of paper shadow portraits (the phrase à la Silhouette grew to mean “on the cheap”).

Siliana, town in northern Tunisia located on the western edge of the Dorsale Mountains. The town is built not far from Maktar (Makthar), an ancient site with megalithic monuments, Numidian ruins, and Roman remains. Lying in a fertile region dominated by the Dorsale Mountains, which extend from the

silica, compound of the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust, silicon and oxygen, SiO2. The mass of Earth’s crust is 59 percent silica, the main constituent of more than 95 percent of the known rocks. Silica has three main crystalline varieties: quartz (by far the most abundant), tridymite,

silica gel, a highly porous, noncrystalline form of silica used to remove moisture from gases and liquids, to thicken liquids, to impart a dull surface to paints and synthetic films, and for other purposes. Silica gel was known as early as 1640, but it remained a curiosity until its adsorbent

amorphous solid: Models of atomic scale structures: …glass is amorphous SiO2, or silica glass. (Quartz, which is present in sand, is a crystalline form of SiO2.) In amorphous SiO2 each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms. This structure is difficult to represent in a two-dimensional…

silica mineral, any of the forms of silicon dioxide (SiO2), including quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, stishovite, lechatelierite, and chalcedony. Various kinds of silica minerals have been produced synthetically; one is keatite. Silica minerals make up approximately 26 percent of Earth’s

traditional ceramics: Raw materials: …most cases these materials are silicates—that is, compounds based on silica (SiO2), an oxide form of the element silicon. In fact, so common is the use of silicate minerals that traditional ceramics are often referred to as silicate ceramics, and their manufacture is often called the silicate industry. Many of…

industrial glass: Chemical properties: …entire network may occur when silicate glasses are attacked by caustic alkalis and by hydrofluoric, phosphoric, and perchloric acids. The general approach to improving the chemical durability of glass is to make the surface as silica-rich as possible. This can be accomplished by two methods: fire polishing, a procedure that…

clay mineral: General features: …“backbones” of clay minerals called silicate layers. The unit silicate layer formed by aligning one octahedral sheet to one tetrahedral sheet is referred to as a 1:1 silicate layer, and the exposed surface of the octahedral sheet consists of hydroxyls. In another type, the unit silicate layer consists of one…

silicate mineral, any of a large group of silicon-oxygen compounds that are widely distributed throughout much of the solar system. A brief treatment of silicate minerals follows. For full treatment, see mineral: Silicates. The silicates make up about 95 percent of Earth’s crust and upper mantle,

high-pressure phenomena: Earth science: …a diamond-anvil cell to synthesize silicate perovskite, a dense form of the common mineral enstatite, MgSiO3. Subsequent studies by Liu revealed that many of the minerals believed to constitute the deep interior of the Earth transform to the perovskite structure at lower mantle conditions—an observation that led him to propose…

amphibole: Crystal structure: …silicate mineral structures is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4)4-. It consists of a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in the shape of a tetrahedron. The essential characteristic of the amphibole structure is a double chain of corner-linked silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons that extend indefinitely parallel to the c crystallographic axis,…

Spain: The statutes of limpieza: …author of this statute was Juan Martínez Siliceo, archbishop of Toledo, a man of humble and, hence, by definition, untainted origins who had found himself despised by the aristocratic canons, many of whom were of converso ancestry. In 1556 Philip II gave his royal approval to the statute on the…

sedimentary rock: Origin of cherts: …and recrystallizing the organically produced siliceous ooze deposits that accumulate on the present-day abyssal ocean floor. The modern oozes gather in latitudes where high organic productivity of floating planktonic radiolarians and diatoms takes place in the warm surface waters. As individual organisms die, their shells settle slowly to the abyssal…

siliceous rock, any of a group of sedimentary rocks that consist largely or almost entirely of silicon dioxide (SiO2), either as quartz or as amorphous silica and cristobalite; included are rocks that have formed as chemical precipitates and excluded are those of detrital or fragmental origin. The

silica mineral: Solubility of silica minerals: …silica results in formation of siliceous sinter or geyserite, as at Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park in the western United States.

sponge: Mineral skeletons: Siliceous spicules, found in the Demospongiae and in the Hexactinellida, are made essentially of silicic acid; they also contain some water, a small quantity of other compounds containing sodium, potassium, iron, and chlorine, and a small quantity of organic matter, called spiculin, which forms an…

siliceous sponge, any sponge in which the main skeletal component is silica as opposed to calcium carbonate or fibrous organic materials only. More than 95 percent of all known sponge species have a siliceous skeleton and belong to the class Demospongiae (phylum Porifera). The siliceous skeleton is

silicic acid, a compound of silicon, oxygen, and hydrogen, regarded as the parent substance from which is derived a large family—the silicates—of minerals, salts, and esters. The acid itself, having the formula Si(OH)4, can be prepared only as an unstable solution in water; its molecules readily

igneous rock: Origin of magmas: The silicic magmas can be formed by a combination of two processes; the presence of water under pressure lowers the melting temperature by as much as 200 °C (392 °F) and thereby expedites magma generation. At a convergent plate boundary, the lower continental crust is heated…

felsic and mafic rocks, division of igneous rocks on the basis of their silica content. Chemical analyses of the most abundant components in rocks usually are presented as oxides of the elements; igneous rocks typically consist of approximately 12 major oxides totaling over 99 percent of the rock.

sedimentary rock: Classification systems: …are also referred to as siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. Siliciclastics are further subdivided on the basis of clast diameter into conglomerate and breccia, sandstone, siltstone, and finer-than-silt-sized mudrock (shale, claystone, and mudstone). The carbonates, limestones and dolomites, consist of the minerals aragonite, calcite, and dolomite. They are chemical sedimentary rocks in…

Brassicaceae: …rounded fruits are known as silicles.

manganese processing: Silicomanganese: This alloy, containing 65 to 68 percent manganese, 16 to 21 percent silicon, and 1.5 to 2 percent carbon, is produced by the smelting of slag from high-carbon ferromanganese or of manganese ore with coke and a quartz flux. Smelting temperatures are higher than…

silicon (Si), a nonmetallic chemical element in the carbon family (Group 14 [IVa] of the periodic table). Silicon makes up 27.7 percent of Earth’s crust; it is the second most abundant element in the crust, being surpassed only by oxygen. The name silicon derives from the Latin silex or silicis,

copper processing: Bronze: Silicon bronze usually contains about 96 percent copper. The remainder may be silicon alone, but more often a little manganese, tin, iron, or zinc also is added. These alloys were developed originally for the chemical industry because of their exceptional resistance to corrosion in many…

silicon carbide, exceedingly hard, synthetically produced crystalline compound of silicon and carbon. Its chemical formula is SiC. Since the late 19th century silicon carbide has been an important material for sandpapers, grinding wheels, and cutting tools. More recently, it has found application

radiation measurement: Silicon detectors: Silicon detectors with diameters of up to several centimetres and thicknesses of several hundred micrometres are common choices for heavy charged particle detectors. They are fabricated from extremely pure or highly resistive silicon that is mildly n- or p-type owing to residual dopants.…

radiation measurement: Silicon detectors: Silicon detectors with diameters of up to several centimetres and thicknesses of several hundred micrometres are common choices for heavy charged particle detectors. They are fabricated from extremely pure or highly resistive silicon that is mildly n- or p-type owing to residual dopants.…

silica, compound of the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust, silicon and oxygen, SiO2. The mass of Earth’s crust is 59 percent silica, the main constituent of more than 95 percent of the known rocks. Silica has three main crystalline varieties: quartz (by far the most abundant), tridymite,

sulfide: Structure of sulfides: For example, silicon disulfide, SiS2, has a structure consisting of infinite chains of SiS4 tetrahedrons that share edges. (Each SiS4 tetrahedron consists of a central silicon atom surrounded by and bonded to four sulfur atoms.) Phosphorus forms a series of molecular sulfides that includes P4S3, P4S4 (two…

epitaxy: …a crucible or cell for silicon epitaxy, or gallium and arsenic can be placed in separate cells for gallium arsenide epitaxy. In chemical vapour deposition the atoms for epitaxial growth are supplied from a precursor gas source (e.g., silane). Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition is similar, except that it uses metal-organic…

SGI, former American manufacturer of high-performance computer workstations, supercomputers, and advanced graphics software with headquarters in Mountain View, California. Silicon Graphics, Inc., was founded in 1982 by James Clark, an electrical engineering professor at Stanford University who had

silane, any of a series of covalently bonded compounds containing only the elements silicon and hydrogen, having the general formula SinH2n + 2, in which n equals 1, 2, 3, and so on. The silanes are structural analogues of the saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) but are much less stable. The term

Alameda, city, Alameda county, California, U.S. It lies on a 6.5-mile- (11-km-) long by 1-mile- (1.6-km-) wide island in San Francisco Bay, across the Oakland Harbor Channel from Oakland, with which it is connected by bridges and underground tunnels. The site was originally a peninsula that was

solar cell: Development of solar cells: …with the development of the silicon solar cell by Russell Ohl in 1941. Thirteen years later, aided by the rapid commercialization of silicon technology needed to fabricate the transistor, three other American researchers—Gerald Pearson, Daryl Chapin, and Calvin Fuller—demonstrated a silicon solar cell capable of a 6 percent energy-conversion efficiency…

transistor: Silicon transistors: During the 1950s, meanwhile, scientists and engineers at Bell Labs and Texas Instruments were developing advanced technologies needed to produce silicon transistors. Because of its higher melting temperature and greater reactivity, silicon was much more difficult to work with than germanium, but it…

Mike Judge: …of the live-action television series Silicon Valley (2014–19), Judge skewered the tech industry. He later cocreated Mike Judge Presents: Tales from the Tour Bus (2017–18), a documentary series about musicians that included animated interviews and reenactments as well as performance footage.

Silicon Valley, industrial region around the southern shores of San Francisco Bay, California, U.S., with its intellectual centre at Palo Alto, home of Stanford University. Silicon Valley includes northwestern Santa Clara county as far inland as San Jose, as well as the southern bay regions of

silicon: Properties of the element: …isotopes of silicon are known: silicon-28, which makes up 92.21 percent of the element in nature; silicon-29, 4.70 percent; and silicon-30, 3.09 percent. Five radioactive isotopes are known.

silicon: Properties of the element: …of the element in nature; silicon-29, 4.70 percent; and silicon-30, 3.09 percent. Five radioactive isotopes are known.

silicon: Properties of the element: 70 percent; and silicon-30, 3.09 percent. Five radioactive isotopes are known.

stagecraft: Dimmers: …control paved the way for silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) dimmers.

amphibole: Crystal structure: …silicate mineral structures is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4)4-. It consists of a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in the shape of a tetrahedron. The essential characteristic of the amphibole structure is a double chain of corner-linked silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons that extend indefinitely parallel to the c crystallographic axis,…

silicone, any of a diverse class of fluids, resins, or elastomers based on polymerized siloxanes, substances whose molecules consist of chains made of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms. Their chemical inertness, resistance to water and oxidation, and stability at both high and low temperatures

silicone breast implant, prosthesis made from a polymer gel contained within a flexible casing that is used for the reconstruction or augmentation of the female mammary tissue. The polymer gel is made up of a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, which makes the substance highly stable and

silicone: Applications: Vulcanized silicone rubber is prepared in two principal forms: (1) as room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) elastomers, which are low-molecular-weight liquids that are cast or molded into desired shapes and then interlinked at room temperature, and (2) high-temperature-vulcanizing (HTV) elastomers, which are higher-molecular-weight gums that are mixed and processed…

silicosis, a chronic disease of the lungs that is caused by the inhalation of silica dust over long periods of time. (Silica is the chief mineral constituent of sand and of many kinds of rock.) Silicosis is a form of pneumoconiosis. The disease occurs most commonly in miners, quarry workers,

Brassicaceae: …rounded fruits are known as silicles.

Silifke, town, south-central Turkey. It is located along the banks of the Göksu River, overlooking the Taurus Mountains. An irrigation scheme supplying the fertile lowland of the Göksu delta is located at Silifke. The town is a market centre for agricultural produce of its hinterland, including

Siliguri, city, northern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just west of the Mahananda River. Siliguri is the terminus of the roads from Kalimpang (Kalimpong) and Sikkim and of road and rail connections with Darjiling (Darjeeling) and Jalpaiguri and is the hub for trade with Darjiling,

Sevilla: History: The Silingi Vandals made it the seat of their kingdom early in the 5th century ce, but in 461 it passed under Visigothic rule. In 711 the town fell to the Muslims, and under their rule Ixvillia, as it was then called, flourished. It became a…

Tibet: Drainage and soils: …(Tibetan: Tangra Yum), Nam, and Siling. South of Lhasa lie two other large lakes, Yamzho Yun (Yangzho Yong) and Puma Yung (Pumo). In western Tibet two adjoining lakes are located near the Nepal border—Lake Mapam, sacred to both Buddhists and Hindus, and Lake La’nga.

Sevilla: History: The Silingi Vandals made it the seat of their kingdom early in the 5th century ce, but in 461 it passed under Visigothic rule. In 711 the town fell to the Muslims, and under their rule Ixvillia, as it was then called, flourished. It became a…

silique, any dry fruit that separates at maturity into two or four segments called valves, leaving a persistent partition that bears the seeds. The valves remain connected at the top. A typical silique is an elongated capsule, such as in cabbage. A silicle, or silicula, is a short and broad

katydid: Physical characteristics: Siliquofera grandis, for example, which is among the largest of the katydids, has a wingspan of more than 25 cm (9.8 inches). Other species, however, including some common ones, have short wings or are nearly wingless. As a group, katydids are poor flyers. Many species…

Savai‘i: …6,095 feet (1,858 metres) at Mount Silisili, its highest point. A string of volcanic craters extends from the east coast at Tuasivi to Samoa’s westernmost point at Cape Mulinu‘u. Eruptions in the early 1900s ruined many plantations on Savai‘i, but the volcanoes have been quiescent since 1911.

Silistra, town, extreme northeastern Bulgaria, on the Danube River opposite Romania. To the south and southeast are the remains of the old fortifications. The Romans founded a fortified camp at Durostorum in the early 2nd century ad. The medieval town that sprang from it, known as Drastar, stood

Silius Italicus was a Latin epic poet whose 17-book, 12,000-line Punica on the Second Punic War (218–201 bc) is the longest poem in Latin literature. Silius was a distinguished advocate in his earlier years. He later took to public service and was a consul in 68, the year of Nero’s death. His

Claudius: Administrative innovations of Claudius: …marriage ceremony with her lover, Gaius Silius. Messalina and Silius were killed, and Claudius married his niece Agrippina, an act contrary to Roman law, which he therefore changed. To satisfy Agrippina’s lust for power, Claudius had to adopt her son Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (later the emperor Nero), to the disadvantage…

Siliana, town in northern Tunisia located on the western edge of the Dorsale Mountains. The town is built not far from Maktar (Makthar), an ancient site with megalithic monuments, Numidian ruins, and Roman remains. Lying in a fertile region dominated by the Dorsale Mountains, which extend from the

Lake Siljan, lake in the administrative län (county) of Dalarna, central Sweden. Covering an area of 112 square miles (290 square km; including Orsa and In lakes, 137 square miles [354 square km]), it is Dalarna’s largest lake. After receiving the Österdal River at Mora, the lake stretches for a

Devonian extinctions: The Siljan structure in Sweden, an impact crater about 65 km (about 40 miles) in diameter, has been dated to approximately 377 million years ago. This places the impact within the error range for the estimated boundary between the Frasnian-Famennian stages and also within the Kellwasser…

Lake Siljan, lake in the administrative län (county) of Dalarna, central Sweden. Covering an area of 112 square miles (290 square km; including Orsa and In lakes, 137 square miles [354 square km]), it is Dalarna’s largest lake. After receiving the Österdal River at Mora, the lake stretches for a

silk, animal fibre produced by certain insects and arachnids as building material for cocoons and webs, some of which can be used to make fine fabrics. In commercial use, silk is almost entirely limited to filaments from the cocoons of domesticated silkworms (caterpillars of several moth species

sapphire: …faint whitish sheen, known as silk. Tiny, regularly arranged mineral inclusions (commonly rutile) and elongate cavities are responsible for the asterism shown by star sapphire.

“Flying” Trees: For example, the kapok tree, found in tropical forests throughout the world, is an emergent—a tree whose crown rises well above the canopy. The kapok’s towering height enables it to gain access to winds above the canopy. The tiny seeds of the kapok are attached to fine fibres…

“Flying” Trees: For example, the kapok tree, found in tropical forests throughout the world, is an emergent—a tree whose crown rises well above the canopy. The kapok’s towering height enables it to gain access to winds above the canopy. The tiny seeds of the kapok are attached to fine fibres…

silk floss tree, (Ceiba speciosa), thorny flowering tree of the mallow family (Malvaceae), native to South America but cultivated as an ornamental in other regions. The seeds yield a vegetable silk used in upholstery. It was formerly called Chorisia speciosa. The silk floss tree is a large

spider: Silk: …have only two types of silk glands, but orb weavers have at least seven, each of which produces a different kind of silk; e.g., aciniform glands produce silk for wrapping prey, ampullate glands produce the draglines and frame threads, and cylindrical glands produce parts of the egg sac. Epigastric silk…

silky oak, (Grevillea robusta), large tree native to Australia and also grown as a street tree in warm areas and, in its juvenile stage, as an indoor pot plant. It belongs to the family Proteaceae (see Proteales). In Australia it is cut for timber, but elsewhere it is valued for its graceful,

albizia, (genus Albizia), genus of trees or shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae). The genus is pantropical, though most species are native to warm regions of the Old World. The plants are widely used for fodder and timber, and many are important in traditional medicine. Several species are grown as

Silk Road, ancient trade route, linking China with the West, that carried goods and ideas between the two great civilizations of Rome and China. Silk went westward, and wools, gold, and silver went east. China also received Nestorian Christianity and Buddhism (from India) via the Silk Road.

dark web: …dark web’s first black market, Silk Road. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested Ulbricht in October 2013, but imitators still arise, many much larger.

Mark Morris: later collaborated with Yo-Yo Ma’s Silk Road Ensemble on Layla and Majnun (2016), a stage production of an Azerbaijani opera based on an ancient Arabic folktale. During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–21, Morris choreographed short video dances for his company and a piece intended to be performed…

Mark Morris: later collaborated with Yo-Yo Ma’s Silk Road Ensemble on Layla and Majnun (2016), a stage production of an Azerbaijani opera based on an ancient Arabic folktale. During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–21, Morris choreographed short video dances for his company and a piece intended to be performed…

Silk Road, ancient trade route, linking China with the West, that carried goods and ideas between the two great civilizations of Rome and China. Silk went westward, and wools, gold, and silver went east. China also received Nestorian Christianity and Buddhism (from India) via the Silk Road.

silkscreen, sophisticated stenciling technique for surface printing, in which a design is cut out of paper or another thin, strong material and then printed by rubbing, rolling, or spraying paint or ink through the cut out areas. It was developed about 1900 and originally used in advertising and

Robert Rauschenberg: …borrowed from Andy Warhol the silk-screen stencil technique for applying photographic images to large expanses of canvas, reinforcing the images and unifying them compositionally with broad strokes of paint reminiscent of Abstract Expressionist brushwork. These works draw on themes from modern American history and popular culture and are notable for…

Bruno Mars: Paak to form Silk Sonic, and in 2021 they released the album An Evening with Silk Sonic. It featured a number of popular singles, including “Leave the Door Open,” which received Grammys for best record and song, among other awards.

silk spider, (genus Nephila), any of a genus of the class Arachnida (phylum Arthropoda), so named because of the great strength of their silk and the golden colour of their huge orb webs. These webs often measure 1 metre (about 3.3 feet) or more in diameter and are suspended between trees by guy

Fred Astaire: Later musicals: Easter Parade, Royal Wedding, and The Band Wagon: …classic MGM musicals ended with Silk Stockings (1957), after which his screen appearances were mostly in nondancing character roles. He continued to dance with new partner Barrie Chase for several Emmy Award-winning television specials throughout the 1950s and ’60s, and he danced again on-screen in Finian’s Rainbow (1968) and for…

Cole Porter: …the Shrew), Can-Can (1953), and Silk Stockings (1955). He concurrently worked on a number of motion pictures.

textile: Sewing thread: Silk thread has great elasticity and strength combined with fine diameter. It can be permanently stretched in sewing, and is suitable for silks and wools. Buttonhole twist is a strong, lustrous silk about three times the diameter of normal sewing silk, and is used for…

albizia: Silk tree, or powderpuff tree (Albizia julibrissin), native to Asia and the Middle East, grows to about 9 metres (30 feet) tall, has a broad spreading crown, and bears flat pods about 12 cm (5 inches) long. Indian albizia, or siris (A. lebbek), native to…

albizia, (genus Albizia), genus of trees or shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae). The genus is pantropical, though most species are native to warm regions of the Old World. The plants are widely used for fodder and timber, and many are important in traditional medicine. Several species are grown as

Shilka River, river, Chita oblast (province), southeastern Russia, formed by the union of the Onon and Ingoda rivers. It flows 348 miles (560 km) northeast to unite with the Argun to form the Amur River on the Russia–China border. The area of its drainage basin is 80,000 square miles (206,000

Silkeborg, city, eastern Jutland, Denmark, on the Gudenå River and Langsø, a small lake, west of Århus. An episcopal town of some importance in the Middle Ages, its castle became a royal hunting and fishing base after the Reformation. The present city, dating from 1845 (chartered 1900), grew up

silken fungus beetle, (family Cryptophagidae), any of approximately 800 insect species (insect order Coleoptera) in which the adult beetles are less than 5 mm (15 inch) in length, are oval, are yellow or brown, and are covered with fine, silky hairs. These beetles usually feed on fungi and decaying

Thomas Fitzgerald, 10th earl of Kildare was the leader of a major Irish rebellion against King Henry VIII of England. The failure of the uprising ended the Fitzgerald family’s hereditary viceroyalty of Ireland and led to the tightening of English control over the country. When his father, the Irish

Leslie Marmon Silko is a Native American poet and novelist whose work often centres on the dissonance between American Indian and white cultures. Silko, of mixed Laguna Pueblo, white, and Mexican ancestry, grew up on the Laguna Pueblo reservation in New Mexico, where she learned Laguna traditions

Osvaldo Golijov: …Time, a recording by the Silkroad Ensemble. The song cycle was based on David Grossman’s 2011 novel about a father’s grief for his deceased son.

silkscreen, sophisticated stenciling technique for surface printing, in which a design is cut out of paper or another thin, strong material and then printed by rubbing, rolling, or spraying paint or ink through the cut out areas. It was developed about 1900 and originally used in advertising and