heat of formation, the amount of heat absorbed or evolved when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements, each substance being in its normal physical state (gas, liquid, or solid). Usually the conditions at which the compound is formed are taken to be at a temperature of 25 °C

colour: Tristimulus measurement and chromaticity diagrams: … on the curve are CIE standard illuminants that approximate, respectively, a 100-watt incandescent filament lamp at a colour temperature of about 2,850 K, noon sunlight (about 4,800 K), and average daylight (about 6,500 K).

chemical industry: Also the Standard International Trade Classification, published by the United Nations, includes explosives and pyrotechnic products as part of its chemicals section. But the classification does not include the man-made fibres, although the preparation of the raw materials for such fibres is as chemical as any branch…

dialect: Standard languages: Standard languages arise when a certain dialect begins to be used in written form, normally throughout a broader area than that of the dialect itself. The ways in which this language is used—e.g., in administrative matters, literature, and economic life—lead to the minimization…

Manchester terrier: There are two varieties, the standard and the toy. The standard stands 14 to 16 inches (35.5 to 40.5 cm), weighs more than 12 pounds (5 kg) but does not exceed 22 pounds (10 kg), and has erect or folded (button) ears. The toy stands about 6 to 7 inches…

standard model, the combination of two theories of particle physics into a single framework to describe all interactions of subatomic particles, except those due to gravity. The two components of the standard model are electroweak theory, which describes interactions via the electromagnetic and

Demotic Greek language: …form a single unified language, Standard Modern Greek (Greek: Koini Neoelliniki).

statistics: The normal distribution: …using statistical tables for the standard normal probability distribution, which is a normal probability distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. A simple mathematical formula is used to convert any value from a normal probability distribution with mean μ and a standard deviation σ into…

standard of living, in social science, the aspirations of an individual or group for goods and services. Alternatively, the term is applied specifically to a measure of the consumption of goods and services by an individual or group, sometimes called “level of living” (what is) as opposed to

Standard Oil, American company and corporate trust that from 1870 to 1911 was the industrial empire of John D. Rockefeller of the famed Rockefeller family, controlling almost all oil production, processing, marketing, and transportation in the United States. The company’s origins date to 1863, when

Aon Center, 83-floor (1,136 feet, or 346.3 metres, tall) commercial skyscraper located at 200 E. Randolph Street in downtown Chicago’s East Loop area. Completed in 1972, the simple, rectangular-shaped, tubular steel-framed structure was originally called the Standard Oil Building because it housed

Amoco Corporation, former American oil company, one of the largest producers and marketers of petroleum products in the United States, which was bought in 1998 by the giant British Petroleum (BP PLC). The Standard Oil Company (Indiana) was founded in 1889 by the Standard Oil trust (see Standard Oil

Chevron Corporation: In 1961 the company purchased Standard Oil Company (Kentucky) in order to extend its U.S. market area into the southeastern states.

Exxon Corporation, former oil and natural resources company that merged with Mobil Corporation as Exxon Mobil in 1999. The former Exxon company was founded in 1882 as part of the Standard Oil trust (see Standard Oil Company and Trust), which in 1899 became the holding company for all companies

BP PLC: …States with those of the Standard Oil Company (Ohio), in which BP acquired a controlling interest. In 1987 BP acquired the remainder of the Standard Oil Company for almost $8 billion. In merging with U.S. oil giant Amoco in 1998, the newly created BP Amoco became the one of the…

Standard Oil, American company and corporate trust that from 1870 to 1911 was the industrial empire of John D. Rockefeller of the famed Rockefeller family, controlling almost all oil production, processing, marketing, and transportation in the United States. The company’s origins date to 1863, when

Chevron Corporation, U.S. petroleum corporation that was founded through the 1906 merger of Pacific Oil Company and Standard Oil Company of Iowa. One of the largest oil companies in the world, it acquired Gulf Oil Corporation in 1984, Texaco Inc. in 2001, and Unocal Corporation in 2005. Chevron

Edward Douglass White: In Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States and United States v. American Tobacco Company (both 1911) he promulgated the idea that a restraint of trade by a monopolistic business must be “unreasonable” to be illegal under the Sherman Act. His failure to define…

Henry Clay Folger: …became a director of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, and in 1911 he became president of Standard Oil Company of New York. Under his direction the firm prospered, and he was made chairman of the board in 1923. He retired in 1928.

Errol Morris: …morality resurfaced in the documentary Standard Operating Procedure (2008), an examination of the abuses committed by U.S. military personnel at Iraq’s Abu Ghraib prison during the Iraq War. In 2010 he explored obsessive behaviour and media hysteria in Tabloid, which focused on a 1970s scandal involving a former beauty pageant…

standard operating procedure (SOP), set of written guidelines or instructions for the completion of a routine task, designed to increase performance, improve efficiency, and ensure quality through systemic homogenization. The term was first recorded in the mid-20th century. SOPs are utilized in

Poodle: …is bred in three sizes: standard, miniature, and toy. All three are judged by the same standards of appearance, which call for a well-proportioned dog with a long straight muzzle, heavily haired hanging ears, a docked pompon tail, and a characteristic springy gait and proud manner of carrying itself.

Schnauzer: …three breeds of dog—the Miniature, Standard, and Giant—developed in Germany and noted for their heavily whiskered muzzle, squared body, and hard, wiry coat of black or salt and pepper. The dog’s name stems from the German word for “snout,” schnauze. The Standard, or medium-sized, Schnauzer is the stock from which…

standard atmosphere, unit of pressure, equal to the mean atmospheric pressure at sea level. It corresponds to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury (as in a barometer) 760 mm (29.9213 inches) high. One standard atmosphere, which is also referred to as one atmosphere, is equivalent to

signal generator: …microphones, transducers, and acoustic systems; standard signal generators, which generate sine waves over a wide range of output power and modulation, used, for example, to test radio receivers and measure gain, bandwidth, and signal-to-noise ratio; frequency synthesizers, which generate highly precise output frequencies over wide ranges; pulse generators, which produce…

Milky Way Galaxy: Solar motion solutions: …result is often called the standard solar motion. This average, taken for all kinds of stars, leads to a velocity Vȯ = 19.5 km/sec. The apex of this solar motion is in the direction of α = 270°, δ = +30°. The exact values depend on the selection of data…

Standard Station, Amarillo, Texas, oil painting created in 1963 by American artist Ed Ruscha. The image is an icon of the Pop art movement. Ruscha was born in Nebraska but grew up in Oklahoma City, and in 1956 he moved to Los Angeles, California. There, he enrolled at the Chouinard Art Institute

Standard Time, the time of a region or country that is established by law or general usage as civil time. The concept was adopted in the late 19th century in an attempt to end the confusion that was caused by each community’s use of its own solar time. Some such standard became increasingly

warship: The last capital ships: …warship size by devising new “standard” tonnages, which excluded the weight of fuel and reserve feed water. (Standard tonnage remains a means of measuring ship displacement in many cases, and it is used here when ship tonnages are listed.) The effect of the London Treaty’s limit on cruiser tonnage was…

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce responsible for the standardization of weights and measures, timekeeping, and navigation. Established by an act of Congress in 1901, the agency works closely with the U.S. Naval Observatory and the

West Germanic languages: Characteristics: The vowel system of Standard Yiddish consists of the simple vowels i, e, a, o, and u and the diphthongs ej, aj, and oj. Under Slavic influence a palatal series of consonants has emerged. The Yiddish x corresponding to German ch unlike German has no palatal variant, the /ng/…

calligraphy: Revival of calligraphy (19th and 20th centuries): …the general population: in 1947 Paul Standard, a skilled amateur calligrapher, published an article on italic handwriting in the popular Woman’s Day magazine.

The Standard, English-language daily newspaper published in Nairobi, Kenya. It was established in Mombasa in 1902 as a weekly, the African Standard, by A.M. Jeevanjee, an Indian merchant. Jeevanjee hired an English editor-reporter, W.H. Tiller, to oversee the newspaper’s operations. In 1910 the

television: Resolution: Standard-definition television (SDTV) is designed on the assumption that viewers in the typical home setting are located at a distance equal to six or seven times the height of the picture screen—on average some 3 metres (10 feet) away. Even high-definition television (HDTV) assumes a…

migration: In intertropical regions: The standard-wing nightjar (Macrodipteryx longipennis), which nests in a belt extending from Senegal in the west to Kenya in the east along the equatorial forest, migrates northward to avoid the wet season. The plain nightjar (Caprimulgus inornatus), on the other hand, nests in a dry belt…

migration: In intertropical regions: The standard-wing nightjar (Macrodipteryx longipennis), which nests in a belt extending from Senegal in the west to Kenya in the east along the equatorial forest, migrates northward to avoid the wet season. The plain nightjar (Caprimulgus inornatus), on the other hand, nests in a dry belt…

Standardbred, breed of horse developed in the United States in the 19th century and used primarily for harness racing. The foundation sire of this breed was the English Thoroughbred Messenger (1780–1808), imported to the United States in 1788. His progeny, of great trotting capacity, were bred with

standardization, in industry, the development and application of standards that permit large production runs of component parts that can be readily fitted to other parts without adjustment. Standardization allows for clear communication between industry and its suppliers, relatively low cost, and

philosophy of mind: The need for nontendentious evidence: Consider standardized aptitude tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), which are regularly administered to high school and college students in the United States. Here the standardization consists of the fact that both the question sheets and the answer…

probability theory: The central limit theorem: The standardized random variable (X̄n − μ)/(σ/n) has mean 0 and variance 1. The central limit theorem gives the remarkable result that, for any real numbers a and b, as n → ∞,where

World Professional Association for Transgender Health: The seventh version, Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People (2011), did much to address the concerns of transgender activists who had criticized previous WPATH standards as being overly restrictive and pathological. In addition to loosening the requirements for access to care,…

Robert Sempill: …Allan Ramsay called its metre “Standart Habbie” and used it himself in several poems. “Standart Habbie,” sometimes called the “Habbie Simson stanza,” was later known, after its greatest exponent, Robert Burns, as “the Burns stanza.”

Alexander Lernet-Holenia: In particular, his novel Die Standarte (1934), by depicting military unrest in Serbia in 1918, illustrates the loss of authority in the disintegrating empire.

International Monetary Fund: Financing balance-of-payments deficits: …providing these loans, including a standby arrangement, which makes short-term assistance available to countries experiencing temporary or cyclical balance-of-payments deficits; an extended-fund facility, which supports medium-term relief; a supplemental-reserve facility, which provides loans in cases of extraordinary short-term deficits; and, since 1987, a poverty-reduction and growth facility. Each facility

procedural law: Parties: …sue—a doctrine sometimes called “standing” to sue. Furthermore, only a person who owns (or claims to own) the right or obligation under suit can be a party to a suit involving that right. In the United States this rule is frequently called the real party in interest rule, and…

France: Military reforms: …the king’s ordinance,” which were standing units of cavalry well selected and well equipped; they served as local guardians of peace at local expense. With the creation of the “free archers” (1448), a militia of foot soldiers, the new standing army was complete. Making use of a newly effective artillery,…

Standing Bear was a Ponca chief who advocated for the rights of Native Americans in the United States and successfully argued in court that Native people are “persons” under the U.S. Constitution. The Ponca traditionally lived close to the place where the Niobrara and Missouri rivers meet in what

Kaigetsudō Ando: …with Girl Attendant, Standing Beauty, Standing Beauty Arranging Her Hair, and Beauty in the Breeze.

China: Constitutional framework: The State Council and its Standing Committee, by contrast, are made responsible for executing rather than enacting the laws. This basic division of power is also specified for each of the territorial divisions—province, county, and so forth—with the proviso in each instance that the latitude available to authorities is limited…

biomass: …a given moment is the standing crop. The total amount of organic material produced by living organisms in a particular area within a set period of time, called the primary or secondary productivity (the former for plants, the latter for animals), is usually measured in units of energy, such as…

Bassia: Summer cypress, sometimes called Belvedere cypress (Kochia scoparia), is a widely grown annual that was formerly placed in the genus Bassia. One variety, known as firebush or burning bush, is a globe-shaped subshrub with narrow hairy leaves that turn purplish red in autumn; it is…

Carol Ann Duffy: Duffy’s poetry collections included Standing Female Nude (1985), The Other Country (1990), The World’s Wife (1999), Rapture (2005), and Sincerity (2018). During this time she also authored such plays as Take My Husband (1982) and Little Women, Big Boys (1986). At the beginning of the 21st century, much

Ian Rankin: …on the case again in Standing in Another Man’s Grave (2012), Saints of the Shadow Bible (2013), Even Dogs in the Wild (2016), In a House of Lies (2018), and A Song for the Dark Times (2020); the latter was the 23rd installment in the series. The Rebus books gave…

Jackson Browne: The later studio album Standing in the Breach (2014) is a well-reviewed mix of personal and political songs. Downhill from Everywhere appeared in 2021.

standard operating procedure (SOP), set of written guidelines or instructions for the completion of a routine task, designed to increase performance, improve efficiency, and ensure quality through systemic homogenization. The term was first recorded in the mid-20th century. SOPs are utilized in

rigging: … that are known as the standing rigging because they are made fast; the shrouds also serve as ladders to permit the crew to climb aloft. The masts and forestays support all the sails. The ropes by which the yards, on square riggers, the booms of fore-and-aft sails, and sails, such…

Sidney Lanfield: Later films: Standing Room Only (1944) centres on a business executive (Fred MacMurray) and his secretary (Goddard) who, during a trip to Washington, D.C., are unable to find hotel accommodations and decide to work as live-in servants. Bring on the Girls (1945) was a musical comedy with…

rules of engagement: …recognized rules of engagement are standing ROE (SROE), which refer to situations in which the U.S. is not actually at war and thus seeks to constrain military action, and wartime ROE (WROE), which do not limit military responses to offensive actions.

megalith, huge, often undressed stone used in various types of Neolithic (New Stone Age) and Early Bronze Age monuments. Although some aspects of the spread and development of megalithic monuments are still under debate, in Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean coast the most ancient of the

Stenness: Standing Stones of Stenness, a Neolithic stone circle on the island of Mainland (Pomona) in the Orkney Islands, Scotland. Only 4 of the probably 12 original stones remain; set in a rock foundation, some stand over 13 feet (4 metres) in height. The circle, about…

standing to sue, in law, the requirement that a person who brings a suit be a proper party to request adjudication of the particular issue involved. The test traditionally applied was whether the party had a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy presented and whether the dispute touched

Billy Crystal: …the drama Untogether (2018), and Standing Up, Falling Down (2019), about a failed stand-up comedian who befriends an alcoholic dermatologist. He also directed, cowrote, and starred in Here Today (2021), about the friendship between a comedy writer, who is in the early stages of dementia, and a much-younger singer (Tiffany…

seiche, rhythmic oscillation of water in a lake or a partially enclosed coastal inlet, such as a bay, gulf, or harbour. A seiche may last from a few minutes to several hours or for as long as two days. The phenomenon was first observed and studied in Lake Geneva (Lac Léman), Switzerland, in the

standing wave, combination of two waves moving in opposite directions, each having the same amplitude and frequency. The phenomenon is the result of interference; that is, when waves are superimposed, their energies are either added together or canceled out. In the case of waves moving in the same

wind: …wave patterns are the so-called standing waves that have three or four ridges and a corresponding number of troughs in a broad band in middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The westerlies of the Southern Hemisphere are much less strongly affected by standing disturbances. Associated with these long standing waves…

Wilhelm Lehmbruck: …simplified forms of his sculpture Standing Woman (1910) reveal his new enthusiasm for the calm Classicism of the French sculptor Aristide Maillol. In this sculpture, the idealized face is softly modeled and evokes a sensitive, introspective mood. Lehmbruck’s style became less naturalistic and more psychologically powerful with sculptures such as…

Gaston Lachaise: Lachaise’s most famous work, Standing Woman (1932), typifies the image that Lachaise worked and reworked: a voluptuous female nude with sinuous, tapered limbs. Lachaise was also known as a brilliant portraitist. He executed busts of famous artists and literary celebrities, such as John Marin, Marianne Moore, and E.E. Cummings.…

Western sculpture: Avant-garde sculpture (1909–20): …the Kneeling Woman (1911) and Standing Youth (1913), in which his gothicized, elongated bodies with their angular posturings and appearance of growing from the earth give expression to his notions of modern heroism. In contrast to this spiritualized view is his The Fallen (1915–16), intended as a compassionate memorial for…

paternalism: History of paternalism: Guy Standing argued against supervision of the poor as the means of ensuring their economic security, echoing Mead but insisting that the human need for (and right to) collective agency and guaranteed “structured reciprocities” of mutual responsibility between citizen stakeholders and their government cannot be…

linear accelerator: The proton linac, designed by the American physicist Luis Alvarez in 1946, is a more efficient variant of Wideröe’s structure. In this accelerator, electric fields are set up as standing waves within a cylindrical metal “resonant cavity,” with drift tubes suspended along the central axis. The…

inkstand, receptacle for a pen, ink, and other writing accessories. In England such a utensil was called a standish from the 15th to the 18th century. Inkstands were made of silver, pewter, lead, earthenware, or porcelain. Silver was the most fashionable material used throughout the 18th century.

baseball: Baseball and the arts: Using pseudonyms, Gilbert Patten (writing as Burt L. Standish), Edward Stratemeyer (as Lester Chadwick), and Harvey Shackleford (as Hal Standish) created all-American baseball heroes like Frank Merriwell, Baseball Joe, and Fred Fearnot to inspire and delight their readers. This tradition reached its height of popularity in the…

baseball: Baseball and the arts: …Stratemeyer (as Lester Chadwick), and Harvey Shackleford (as Hal Standish) created all-American baseball heroes like Frank Merriwell, Baseball Joe, and Fred Fearnot to inspire and delight their readers. This tradition reached its height of popularity in the 1940s with the adolescent novels of John R. Tunis that featured the Brooklyn…

Myles Standish was a British-American colonist and military leader of the Plymouth colony. As a young man, Standish fought in the Netherlands, where he probably met the English religious exiles who later became known as the Pilgrims. He sailed with them to America on the “Mayflower” in 1620,

Myles Standish was a British-American colonist and military leader of the Plymouth colony. As a young man, Standish fought in the Netherlands, where he probably met the English religious exiles who later became known as the Pilgrims. He sailed with them to America on the “Mayflower” in 1620,

standpoint theory, a feminist theoretical perspective that argues that knowledge stems from social position. The perspective denies that traditional science is objective and suggests that research and theory have ignored and marginalized women and feminist ways of thinking. The theory emerged from

Indus Waters Treaty: …the expiration of the short-term Standstill Agreement of 1947, on April 1, 1948, India began withholding water from canals that flowed into Pakistan. The Inter-Dominion Accord of May 4, 1948, required India to provide water to the Pakistani parts of the basin in return for annual payments. This too was…

stand-up comedy, comedy that generally is delivered by a solo performer speaking directly to the audience in some semblance of a spontaneous manner. Stand-up, at least in the form it is known today, is a fairly recent entertainment phenomenon. In the United States, where it developed first and

stand-up comedy, comedy that generally is delivered by a solo performer speaking directly to the audience in some semblance of a spontaneous manner. Stand-up, at least in the form it is known today, is a fairly recent entertainment phenomenon. In the United States, where it developed first and

Romanian literature: After World War II: Perhaps its best exponent was Nichita Stănescu, who wished to convey the totality of the universe in his metaphysical poems. Marin Sorescu, at once a poet of irony and of myth, became well known all over Europe as both a poet and a playwright. Ioan Alexandru was the poet of…

Ada Clare was an American writer and actress remembered for her charm and wit and for her lively journalistic contributions. Jane McElhenney was of a prosperous and well-connected family. From about age 11 she grew up under the care of her maternal grandfather. About 1854 she struck out on her own.

Robert L. Stanfield was a Canadian politician who, as leader of the Progressive Conservative Association in Nova Scotia, served as that province’s premier from 1956 to 1967. After graduating in 1939 from Harvard University Law School, Stanfield was called to the bar in 1940. From 1939 to 1945 he

Robert L. Stanfield was a Canadian politician who, as leader of the Progressive Conservative Association in Nova Scotia, served as that province’s premier from 1956 to 1967. After graduating in 1939 from Harvard University Law School, Stanfield was called to the bar in 1940. From 1939 to 1945 he

Silicon Valley: Terman and Stanford Industrial Park: …spearheaded the creation of the Stanford Industrial (now Research) Park, which granted long-term leases on university land exclusively to high-technology firms. Soon Varian Associates, Inc. (now Varian Medical Systems, Inc.), Eastman Kodak Company, General Electric Company, Admiral Corporation, Lockheed Corporation (now Lockheed Martin Corporation), Hewlett-Packard Company, and others turned

SLAC, U.S. national particle-accelerator laboratory for research in high-energy particle physics and synchrotron-radiation physics, located in Menlo Park, California. An exemplar of post-World War II Big Science, SLAC was founded in 1962 and is run by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of

SLAC: The Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) project, which became operational in 1989, consisted of extensive modifications to the original linac to accelerate electrons and positrons to 50 GeV each before sending them in opposite directions around a 600-metre (2,000-foot) loop of magnets. The oppositely charged particles were…

manzanita: stanfordiana, the stanford manzanita—are cultivated for their showy, massive displays of flowers and beautiful smooth bark. The fruit of the manzanita is a smooth brown or red berry that contains one or more stones.

SLAC: …with the completion of the Stanford Positron-Electron Asymmetric Rings (SPEAR), a collider designed to produce and study electron-positron collisions at energies of 2.5 GeV per beam (later upgraded to 4 GeV). In 1974 physicists working with SPEAR reported the discovery of a new, heavier flavour of quark, which became known…

Stanford Prison Experiment, a social psychology study in which college students became prisoners or guards in a simulated prison environment. The experiment, funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, took place at Stanford University in August 1971. It was intended to measure the effect of

Menlo Park: …Stanford Research Institute (1946; now SRI International). Menlo College (1927) lies in the nearby town of Atherton. It is also a publishing centre. Inc. 1927. Pop. (2000) 30,785; (2010) 32,026.

Silicon Valley: Terman and Stanford Industrial Park: …spearheaded the creation of the Stanford Industrial (now Research) Park, which granted long-term leases on university land exclusively to high-technology firms. Soon Varian Associates, Inc. (now Varian Medical Systems, Inc.), Eastman Kodak Company, General Electric Company, Admiral Corporation, Lockheed Corporation (now Lockheed Martin Corporation), Hewlett-Packard Company, and others turned

Stanford University, private coeducational institution of higher learning at Stanford, California, U.S. (adjacent to Palo Alto), one of the most prestigious in the country. The university was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford and his wife, Jane (née Lathrop), and was dedicated to

Leland Stanford was an American senator from California and one of the builders of the first U.S. transcontinental railroad. Stanford is often grouped with the 19th-century entrepreneurial tycoons who were labeled “robber barons” by their critics and “captains of industry” by their champions.

Leland Stanford was an American senator from California and one of the builders of the first U.S. transcontinental railroad. Stanford is often grouped with the 19th-century entrepreneurial tycoons who were labeled “robber barons” by their critics and “captains of industry” by their champions.

Antigua and Barbuda: History of Antigua and Barbuda: financier Robert Allen Stanford, was arrested and charged with fraud; in 2012 a Texas court found him guilty of having run a Ponzi scheme from his offshore bank on Antigua. In the June 2014 legislative elections the ALP regained power under Gaston Browne. Browne and the…

Sir Charles Villiers Stanford was an Anglo-Irish composer, conductor, and teacher who greatly influenced the next generation of British composers; Ralph Vaughan Williams, Sir Arthur Bliss, and Gustav Holst were among his pupils. Stanford studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and Queen’s College,

intelligence test: …used intelligence tests include the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler scales. The Stanford-Binet is the American adaptation of the original French Binet-Simon intelligence test; it was first introduced in 1916 by Lewis Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University. The individually administered test—revised in 1937, 1960, 1973, 1986, and 2003—evaluates…

Frederik Stang was a politician who was an early advocate of Norway’s transition to a capitalist economy. He was also the first minister of state for Norway in the Swedish-Norwegian union. As a university law professor in the 1830s, Stang was an early advocate of economic liberalism in the

Stangeria, genus consisting of a single fernlike cycad in the family Stangeriaceae native to coastal regions of southern Africa. The sole species, known as Stanger’s cycad or Natal grass cycad (Stangeria eriopus), has a thick tuberlike underground stem, cylindrical cones with more or less vertical

Stangeria: …or Natal grass cycad (Stangeria eriopus), has a thick tuberlike underground stem, cylindrical cones with more or less vertical ranks of sporophylls, and pinnately compound leaves resembling those of some genera of ferns. The plant is listed as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.