Richard Stallman is an American computer programmer and free-software advocate who founded (1985) the Free Software Foundation. Stallman earned a bachelor’s degree in physics from Harvard University in 1974. In 1971, as a freshman at Harvard, he had begun working at the Artificial Intelligence

Johann Bernard Stallo was a German-American scientist, philosopher, educator, and lawyer who influenced philosophic study by criticizing contemporary scientific findings interpreted from linguistic theories of nature. Although initially he advocated Hegelian ontology as evidenced in General

Johann Bernard Stallo was a German-American scientist, philosopher, educator, and lawyer who influenced philosophic study by criticizing contemporary scientific findings interpreted from linguistic theories of nature. Although initially he advocated Hegelian ontology as evidenced in General

Sylvester Stallone is an American actor, screenwriter, and director who was perhaps best known for creating and starring in the Rocky and Rambo film series, which made him an icon in the action genre. Stallone was born at a charity hospital in the Hell’s Kitchen area of New York City. Forceps used

Sylvester Stallone is an American actor, screenwriter, and director who was perhaps best known for creating and starring in the Rocky and Rambo film series, which made him an icon in the action genre. Stallone was born at a charity hospital in the Hell’s Kitchen area of New York City. Forceps used

realism: Possible worlds: …propounded by the American philosopher Robert Stalnaker which denies Lewis’s homogeneity thesis (the claim that merely possible worlds are entities of the same kind as the actual world), as well as fictionalism, the view that possible-world theory is literally false but useful.

Stalwart, in U.S. history, member of a faction of the Republican Party that opposed the civil-service reform policies of President Rutherford B. Hayes and sought unsuccessfully a third presidential term for Ulysses S. Grant. The Stalwarts, or regular Republicans, vied with the generally more

Ilse Bing: Bing met Bauhaus architect Mart Stam about 1929–30. Stam commissioned her to document all of his projects, interiors and exteriors, throughout Frankfurt. He was also an important link to the avant-garde circles in Frankfurt, and he introduced Bing to artists such as El Lissitzky, Kurt Schwitters, Hannah Höch, and…

Slobodan Milošević: …1984 as a protégé of Ivan Stambolić, head of the League of Communists of Serbia (LCS). Milošević took over as head of the local communist party organization in Belgrade that year.

Aleksandŭr Stamboliyski was the leader of the Agrarian Party in Bulgaria, supporter of the Allied cause during World War I in opposition to his pro-German king Ferdinand, and prime minister of a reformist government after the war (1919–23). After attending an agricultural college in Germany,

Stefan Nikolov Stambolov was a statesman who from 1887 to 1894 served as the despotic prime minister of Bulgaria; he was often referred to as the Bulgarian Bismarck. The son of an innkeeper, Stambolov early joined the Bulgarian underground revolutionary movement against Turkish rule and led small

Istanbul: City site: …Horn separates old Istanbul (Stamboul) to the south from the “new” city of Beyoğlu to the north; the broader Bosporus divides European Istanbul from the city’s districts on the Asian shore—Üsküdar (ancient Chrysopolis) and Kadıköy (ancient Chalcedon).

Graham Greene: …his own with a thriller, Stamboul Train (1932; also published as Orient Express), which plays off various characters against each other as they ride a train from the English Channel to Istanbul. This was the first of a string of novels that he termed “entertainments,” works similar to thrillers in…

stamen, the male reproductive part of a flower. In all but a few extant angiosperms, the stamen consists of a long slender stalk, the filament, with a two-lobed anther at the tip. The anther consists of four saclike structures (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination. Small secretory

Stamford, town (parish), South Kesteven district, administrative and historic county of Lincolnshire, east-central England, on the River Welland. It is an ancient market town incorporated in 1462. Built of local limestone, it preserves much of its traditional character and architectural distinction

Stamford, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Stamford, Fairfield county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S. It lies at the mouth of the Rippowam River on Long Island Sound and is 36 miles (58 km) northeast of New York City. The town was founded in 1641 by 28 pioneers from Wethersfield (near

Battle of Stamford Bridge: …into his army, at nearby Stamford Bridge on the River Derwent. The two armies drew up the next day, and Harold offered his brother peace while adding that Harald would be rewarded only with a grave. An English offensive was soon reversed by a Viking counteroffensive led by Harald that…

Battle of Stamford Bridge, battle fought between Saxon and Viking forces on September 25, 1066, about 7 miles east of York, England, with the Britons emerging victorious. Were it not totally overshadowed by a more famous confrontation that took place at Hastings three weeks later, the Battle of

flower: Form and types: …pistils is said to be staminate, or male. When the same plant bears unisexual flowers of both sexes, it is said to be monoecious (e.g., tuberous begonia, hazel, oak, corn); when the male and female flowers are on different plants, the plant is dioecious (e.g., date, holly, cottonwood, willow); when…

angiosperm: The androecium: …a petal-like blade called a staminode (in the same manner that a sepal forms a petal-like blade in some flowers without true petals). The apparent petals in some angiosperm families, such as are found in many members of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), are staminodial in origin. Wild roses have only…

Carl Stamitz was a German composer of the last generation of Mannheim symphonists. Stamitz was the son of Johann Stamitz, the founder of the Mannheim school. He played violin in the court orchestra at Mannheim in 1762 and was also a viola and viola d’amore player there, before leaving for Paris in

Johann Stamitz was a Bohemian composer who founded the Mannheim school of symphonists, which had an immense influence on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Stamitz received early musical education from his father and appeared as a violinist in Frankfurt am Main in 1742. He had apparently by then been engaged

Johann Stamitz was a Bohemian composer who founded the Mannheim school of symphonists, which had an immense influence on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Stamitz received early musical education from his father and appeared as a violinist in Frankfurt am Main in 1742. He had apparently by then been engaged

Tampa Bay Lightning: …Lightning team led by centre Steven Stamkos survived two seven-game series and one six-game series during the Eastern Conference playoffs to advance to the Stanley Cup finals, where the team played another close series before eventually losing to the Chicago Blackhawks. The Lightning made another deep playoff run in 2015–16…

Romance languages: Classification methods and problems: A family tree classification is commonly used for the Romance languages. If, however, historical treatment of one phonetic feature is taken as a classificatory criterion for construction of a tree, results differ. Classified according to the historical development of stressed vowels, French would be grouped with…

stuttering, speech defect characterized by involuntary repetition of sounds or syllables and the intermittent blocking or prolongation of sounds, syllables, and words. These disruptions alter the rhythm and fluency of speech and sometimes impede communication, with consequences on the affected

Germany: Rise of the duchies: The so-called Stammesherzogtümer (tribal duchies) were new political and, ultimately, social units. Their dukes were Carolingian counts, part of the international “imperial aristocracy” of the Carolingians, who organized defense on a local basis without questioning loyalty to the Carolingians. All the same, their initial success established them…

Rudolf Stammler was a German jurist and teacher who is considered to be one of the most influential legal philosophers of the early 20th century. Stammler was a professor of law at Marburg (1882–84), Giessen (1884), Halle (1885–1916), and Berlin (1916–23) universities. By distinguishing the concept

Stamp Act, (1765), in U.S. colonial history, first British parliamentary attempt to raise revenue through direct taxation of all colonial commercial and legal papers, newspapers, pamphlets, cards, almanacs, and dice. The devastating effect of Pontiac’s War (1763–64) on colonial frontier settlements

history of publishing: Britain: …advertisements was introduced by the Stamp Act (1712), along with other so-called taxes on knowledge aimed at curbing the nascent power of the press. The rate of duty, at one penny on a whole sheet (four sides of print), was the same as the cover price of The Spectator, and…

Stamp Act Congress, meeting convened in New York City (October 1765) by representatives of nine of the American colonies to frame resolutions of “rights and grievances” and to petition the king of England and the British Parliament for repeal of the Stamp Act. It was the first time that

philately: Stamp collecting as a hobby: …1862 and are known as stamp albums. The typical printed stamp album consists of pages bearing the names of countries and designated spaces for the latter’s stamps in order of their date of issue, with illustrations of representative issues. Comprehensive “worldwide” stamp albums can number 30 or more serial volumes…

philately, the study of postage stamps, stamped envelopes, postmarks, postcards, and other materials relating to postal delivery. The term philately also denotes the collecting of these items. The term was coined in 1864 by a Frenchman, Georges Herpin, who invented it from the Greek philos, “love,”

sigillography: Seals in antiquity: …main types—the cylinder and the stamp. The cylinder first appeared in Mesopotamia in the late 4th millennium bc and continued to be used there until the 4th century bc. It was also widespread in Elam, Syria, and Egypt (3rd millennium bc) and in Cyprus and the Aegean (2nd millennium bc).…

geography: The development of academic geography in the United Kingdom: Dudley (later Sir Dudley) Stamp, a geologist by training who spent most of his career in the geography department of the London School of Economics. He directed a land-utilization survey of Britain in the 1930s, mobilizing some 250,000 students to map the country’s land use. This material…

philately: … “that which is tax-free”; the postage stamp permitted the letter to come free of charge to the recipient, rendering it untaxed.

geography: The development of academic geography in the United Kingdom: Dudley (later Sir Dudley) Stamp, a geologist by training who spent most of his career in the geography department of the London School of Economics. He directed a land-utilization survey of Britain in the 1930s, mobilizing some 250,000 students to map the country’s land use. This material…

Billy Budd: Billy Budd (played by Terence Stamp) is a young seaman impressed into service on the HMS Avenger of the British navy in 1797 during the war between England and France. The captain of the Avenger, Edwin Fairfax Vere (Peter Ustinov), relies on his cruel and sadistic master-at-arms, John Claggart…

Italian literature: Poetry: …of the Paduan woman poet Gaspara Stampa and those of Michelangelo.

La Stampa, morning daily newspaper published in Turin, one of Italy’s most influential newspapers. It was established in 1868 as the Gazzetta Piemontese and became an important voice in Italy’s struggle for liberation and unification. The Gazzetta was purchased in 1895 by two of its editors, Luigi

Italian literature: The return to order: Aldo Palazzeschi, in Stampe dell’Ottocento (1932; “Nineteenth-Century Engravings”) and Sorelle Materassi (1934; The Sisters Materassi), reached the height of his storytelling powers. Meanwhile, the Florentine literary reviews Solaria, Frontespizio, and Letteratura, while having to tread carefully with the authorities, provided an

Ibram X. Kendi: For his next book, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (2016), Kendi won the National Book Award for nonfiction. (In 2023 the book was adapted for Netflix into a documentary film that included scripted segments featuring actors.) Stamped: Racism, Antiracism, and You (2020;…

printing: Improvements after Gutenberg: …automatically; this was the so-called Dutch press, a copy of which was to be the first press introduced into North America, by Stephen Daye at Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1639.

typography: The private-press movement: …but also supervised at the Stamperia Valdònega in Verona long-run editions on high-speed presses, which are likewise remarkable for their craftsmanship. In addition, he designed several typefaces, among them Pacioli, Griffo, Zeno, and Dante.

Jakob Stämpfli was a radical politician, three times president of the Swiss Confederation. A radical Bernese lawyer and founder of a local newspaper (Berner Zeitung), Stämpfli participated in the abortive armed attack on the clericalist government of Luzern (1845) and between 1846 and 1850 played

pottery: Impressing and stamping: Even the earliest pottery was usually embellished in one way or another. One of the earliest methods of decoration was to make an impression in the raw clay. Finger marks were sometimes used, as well as impressions from rope (as in Japanese Jōmon ware)…

Stan Lee: Later work and participation in the Marvel Cinematic Universe: …and in 1999 he formed Stan Lee Media, an Internet entertainment company built around his creations. Eventually his role at Marvel became that of chairman emeritus. Lee’s new firm did well with its first project, an animated online series called 7th Portal, which featured aliens who enter Earth through a…

Stan Musial was an American professional baseball player who, in his 22-year playing career with the St. Louis Cardinals, won seven National League (NL) batting championships and established himself as one of the game’s greatest hitters. Musial was a phenomenal schoolboy athlete in both baseball

Sebastian Stan is a Romanian-born American actor best known for his role as James Buchanan (“Bucky”) Barnes/The Winter Soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films and television series. Stan and his mother, pianist Georgeta Orlovschi, moved from Romania to Vienna when he was eight years old. His

Sea Lake: …is believed to have been William Edward Stanbridge, who arrived there in 1847. Stanbridge claimed the land to the east of Lake Tyrrell as station (ranch) country, naming it Astley’s after the village of his birth near Coventry, England. He later renamed it Tyrrell Downs. The origin of the name…

Maria Malibran: …de Musset wrote the poem Stances as a tribute to her, and in 1935 Robert Russell Bennett composed the opera Maria Malibran based on her life.

Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan: His works include the celebrated Stances sur la retraite (c. 1618; “Stanzas on Retreat”), which reflects his love of nature and his reluctance to adhere to the poetic discipline of his master, François de Malherbe, whose biography he wrote. Racan’s best-known work is a pastoral drama, Les Bergeries (“The Sheepfolds”),…

canals and inland waterways: Medieval revival: …developed with the construction of stanches, or flash locks, in the weirs (dams) of water mills and at intervals along the waterways. Such a lock could be opened suddenly, releasing a torrent that carried a vessel over a shallow place. The commercially advanced and level Low Countries developed a system…

farm building: Livestock barns and shelters: …two major cattle-housing methods, the stall barn (or stanchion barn) and the loose-housing system. In the stall barn each animal is tied up in a stall for resting, feeding, milking, and watering. The typical plan has two rows of stalls. In older buildings hay and straw are stored in an…

Romanian literature: After World War II: …semiautobiographical novel Desculƫ (1948; “Barefoot”), Zaharia Stancu, the eminent exponent of “peasant realism,” portrays both the bygone village world and its contemporary influx of modernity. Essays and criticism were written by Mihai Ralea, who also published travel books and philosophical and psychological works, and by Tudor Vianu, who revealed in…

Stańczyk, oil painting created in 1862 by Polish artist Jan Matejko. It is one of Matejko’s best known works and is an iconic image in Poland. Historical painting has always been a vital thread in Polish art, and Matejko chronicled Polish history with a verve and romance that earned him a central

Wisława Szymborska was a Polish poet whose intelligent and empathic explorations of philosophical, moral, and ethical issues won her the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1996. Szymborska’s father was the steward on a count’s family estate. When she was eight, the family moved to Kraków, and she

Edward James Olmos: …was cast in the film Stand and Deliver, in which he played the striking role of Jaime Escalante, a Bolivian immigrant and real-life high-school calculus teacher in an East Los Angeles barrio who inspires his students to achieve great mastery in mathematics. For his captivating performance, Olmos was nominated for…

Robert Z. Leonard: Later films: …into the war genre with Stand By for Action (1942), a patriotic World War II yarn featuring Taylor as a U.S. Navy officer who avoids battle until he is transferred from his desk job to a destroyer. The Man from Down Under (1943) was a heartwarming comedy starring Charles Laughton,…

Rob Reiner: Success as a film director: His next outing, Stand by Me (1986), was an adaptation of a Stephen King story. A rousing bildungsroman about a group of adolescents who search for a dead body, the film became a sentimental favourite and helped to establish several of its young actors, among them River Phoenix…

Leiber and Stoller: and the Drifters, including “Stand by Me” and “On Broadway,” were especially influential. In 1964 they established their own label, Red Bird, on which the Shangri-Las recorded. They went on to write for films and theatre; among their last hits, in 1969, was the world-weary “Is That All There…

Tammy Wynette: …she cowrote her anthem, “Stand by Your Man” (1968), which quickly jumped to the top of the country music charts.

Drew Barrymore: In the comedy The Stand In (2020), Barrymore appeared in dual roles.

Burton Cummings: Solo stardom: The lead single, “Stand Tall,” reached number two on Billboard’s U.S. adult contemporary chart and number 10 on the U.S. singles chart, while the follow-up “I’m Scared” was almost as successful, and the album was a hit in Canada. In the process Cummings won Juno Awards as most…

stand-up comedy, comedy that generally is delivered by a solo performer speaking directly to the audience in some semblance of a spontaneous manner. Stand-up, at least in the form it is known today, is a fairly recent entertainment phenomenon. In the United States, where it developed first and

Alan Arkin: Arkin later appeared in Stand Up Guys (2012), Million Dollar Arm (2014), and Going in Style (2017). In 2019 he played a Wall Street tycoon in Dumbo, Tim Burton’s live-action remake of the 1941 Disney classic. During this time Arkin continued to appear on television, and in the

Sly and the Family Stone: …of the nation with the Stand! album, which showcased an unprecedented combination of joy, optimism, and rage and established Sly Stone as a lightning rod for social commentary. The band’s engaging performance at the Woodstock festival in August 1969 was a high point of the legendary concert and the zenith…

Stephen King: Other novels: …film 1980; TV miniseries 1997); The Stand (1978; TV miniseries 1994 and 2020–21); and The Dead Zone (1979; film 1983; TV series 2002–07). The Shining, a horror novel set in a haunted Colorado hotel in the winter offseason, was inspired by King’s one-night stay in a similar hotel in Estes…

stand-up comedy, comedy that generally is delivered by a solo performer speaking directly to the audience in some semblance of a spontaneous manner. Stand-up, at least in the form it is known today, is a fairly recent entertainment phenomenon. In the United States, where it developed first and

stand-up comedy, comedy that generally is delivered by a solo performer speaking directly to the audience in some semblance of a spontaneous manner. Stand-up, at least in the form it is known today, is a fairly recent entertainment phenomenon. In the United States, where it developed first and

tunnels and underground excavations: Ground support: …timing support installation is so-called stand-up time—i.e., how long the ground will safely stand by itself at the heading, thus providing a period for installing supports. In soft ground, stand-up time can vary from seconds in such soils as loose sand up to hours in such ground as cohesive clay…

stand-your-ground laws, American legal statutes that permit the use of deadly force as a means of self-defense when people feel threatened with death or serious bodily harm, as in crimes of rape, robbery, arson, kidnapping, or murder. This defense may be successfully argued to avoid prosecution

rocket and missile system: Surface-to-air: …the late 1960s by the Standard semiactive radar homing system. The solid-fueled, Mach-2 Standard missiles were deployed in medium-range (MR) and two-stage extended-range (ER) versions capable, respectively, of about 15 miles and 35 miles. Within 10 years a second generation of Standard missiles doubled the range of both versions. These…

Fabales: Classification of Fabaceae: …at the top, called the banner, or standard, that develops outside of the others before the flower has opened, two lateral petals called wings, and two lower petals that are usually fused and form a keel that encloses the stamens and pistil. The whole design is adapted for pollination by…

International Bureau of Weights and Measures: …establish and preserve fundamental international standards and prototypes, to verify national standards, and to determine fundamental physical constants. The bureau was established by a convention signed in Paris on May 20, 1875, effective January 1876. In 1921 a modified convention was signed.

flag: Forms and functions: Of the main types, the standard was the largest and was intended, from its size, to be stationary. It marked the position of an important individual before a battle, during a siege, throughout a ceremony, or at a tournament. For the monarch it marked the palace, castle, saluting base, tent,…

automotive industry: Growth in Europe: …instead of three: Morris, Austin, Standard, Rootes, Ford, and Vauxhall. The last two represented entry by American firms. Vauxhall had been bought by GM in 1925; Ford had been in Britain since 1911, had lost ground in the 1920s, and had later recovered. The Rootes Group, based on Hillman and…

bond: …United States the largest are Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s Investors Service), and they generally run from AAA to D. Bonds with ratings from AAA to BBB are regarded as “investment grade”—i.e., suitable for purchase by banks and other fiduciary institutions. Bonds with ratings below BBB are considered “junk,” or…

The S&P 500 is a broad-based stock market index that tracks roughly 500 publicly traded United States-based companies. It is considered by many investors and analysts to be the best overall measurement of American stock market performance. S&P Global (formerly Standard & Poor’s), which sponsors a

The S&P 500 is a broad-based stock market index that tracks roughly 500 publicly traded United States-based companies. It is considered by many investors and analysts to be the best overall measurement of American stock market performance. S&P Global (formerly Standard & Poor’s), which sponsors a

bond: …United States the largest are Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s Investors Service), and they generally run from AAA to D. Bonds with ratings from AAA to BBB are regarded as “investment grade”—i.e., suitable for purchase by banks and other fiduciary institutions. Bonds with ratings below BBB are considered “junk,” or…

rocket and missile system: Air-to-surface: Following the Shrike was the AGM-78 Standard ARM (antiradiation munition), a larger and more expensive weapon that incorporated memory circuits and could be tuned to any of several frequencies in flight. Also rocket-propelled, it had a range of about 35 miles (55 kilometres). Faster and more sophisticated still was the…

standard atmosphere, unit of pressure, equal to the mean atmospheric pressure at sea level. It corresponds to the pressure exerted by a vertical column of mercury (as in a barometer) 760 mm (29.9213 inches) high. One standard atmosphere, which is also referred to as one atmosphere, is equivalent to

standard atmosphere, atmospheric model with a given vertical distribution of temperature, pressure, and humidity, which by international agreement is taken as a worldwide average of these parameters. In such a model, the atmosphere is assumed to obey the perfect gas law and to be in hydrostatic

candle: The Standard, or International, Candle is a measurement of light source intensity. It was originally defined as a one-sixth-pound candle of sperm wax, burning at the rate of 120 grains per hour. This intensity of light was standardized in 1921 in terms of incandescent lamps, and…

candela (cd), unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units (SI), defined as the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 1012 hertz and has a radiant intensity in that same direction of 1683 watt per steradian (unit

Chinese languages: Standard Cantonese: The most important representative of the Yue languages is Standard Cantonese of Canton, Hong Kong, and Macau. It has fewer initial consonants than Modern Standard Chinese (p, t, ts, k and the corresponding aspirated sounds ph, th, tsh, kh; m, n, ŋ; f,…

accounting: Cost finding: …prepared routinely and identified as standard costs. These are then readily available whenever estimates are needed and can also serve as an important element in the company’s performance-reporting system, as described below.

standard deviation, in statistics, a measure of the variability (dispersion or spread) of any set of numerical values about their arithmetic mean (average; denoted by μ). It is specifically defined as the positive square root of the variance (σ2); in symbols, σ2 = Σ(xi − μ)2/n, where Σ is a compact

Funk & Wagnalls dictionaries: …Funk & Wagnalls dictionary was A Standard Dictionary of the English Language (1893). It espoused four policies pertinent to its initial and future publications: the ordering of definitions according to current, rather than historical, usage; the appearance of etymologies at the end of definitions, rather than at the beginning; the…

Dutch language: Standard Dutch (Standaardnederlands or Algemeen Nederlands) is used for public and official purposes, including instruction in schools and universities. A wide variety of local dialects are used in informal situations, such as among family, friends, and others from the same village (these exist in far…

motion-picture technology: Sound reproduction: …Electrical Characteristic of 1938, or Academy Curve, so that frequencies above 8,000 hertz (Hz) are “rolled off.” This practice dates from an era when sound tracks had a large degree of ground noise and vacuum tube amplifiers produced an audible hiss concentrated in the upper frequencies. A treble boost is…

Braille: …upon a system known as Standard English Braille, grade 2. In 1957 Anglo-American experts again met in London to further improve the system.

heat of formation, the amount of heat absorbed or evolved when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements, each substance being in its normal physical state (gas, liquid, or solid). Usually the conditions at which the compound is formed are taken to be at a temperature of 25 °C

standard error of measurement (SEM), the standard deviation of error of measurement in a test or experiment. It is closely associated with the error variance, which indicates the amount of variability in a test administered to a group that is caused by measurement error. The standard error of

Honduras: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing: …Company and United Brands) and Dole (formerly Standard Fruit and Steamship Company and Castle & Cooke)—hold a disproportionate amount of the country’s agricultural land and produce a substantial part of the national income by growing the majority of the country’s banana crop. Important export crops other than bananas include coffee…

Sega Corporation, software and hardware company created in the United States—but now based in Japan—that developed computers and electronic game technology. Sega originated in 1940 as Standard Games, a coin-operated game company in Hawaii. While providing games for military bases, the company was

gauge: …the world is the so-called standard gauge of 4 feet 8.5 inches (1.4 m), which originated with George Stephenson’s pioneer Liverpool & Manchester line in 1829. It was exported from Britain to Europe and the United States with the export of British locomotives built to it. Among notable deviations are…

SGML, an international computer standard for the definition of markup languages; that is, it is a metalanguage. Markup consists of notations called “tags,” which specify the function of a piece of text or how it is to be displayed. SGML emphasizes descriptive markup, in which a tag might be

West Germanic languages: German: At one extreme is Standard German (Hochsprache), based on the written form of the language and used in radio, television, public lectures, the theatre, schools, and universities. It is relatively uniform, although speakers often reveal regional accents. At the other extreme are the local dialects, which differ from village…