atmosphere: Cloud formation within the troposphere: …troposphere, such clouds are called stratus. Advection fog is a stratus cloud with a base lying at Earth’s surface. In the middle troposphere, stratiform clouds are known as altostratus. In the upper troposphere, the terms cirrostratus and cirrus are used. The cirrus cloud type refers to thin, often wispy, cirrostratus…

Western sculpture: Central Europe: …18th century, was trained under Johann Baptist Straub; the elongated forms of Egell’s sculpture at Mannheim, however, deeply impressed him, and his development was toward an almost Mannerist grace and refinement. Günther was capable of the most extraordinarily sensitive characterization of surfaces, even when painted white; and this he combined…

keyboard instrument: Developments after 1800: …not until 1926, however, with Karl Straube, that the revival of 18th-century and earlier styles of organ building began. Straube, organist at Bach’s Tomas Church in Leipzig, noted editor of Baroque organ works, and leading exponent of the Romantic works of Max Reger, renounced the Romantic approach to the organ…

Latvia: Independence restored: A new government headed by Laimdota Straujuma, who had served as minister of agriculture in the Dombrovskis administration, was endorsed by a parliamentary vote of confidence later that month.

Straus family, Jewish American immigrant family whose members prospered as owners of Macy’s department store in New York City and distinguished themselves in public service and philanthropy. The Straus family originated in Otterberg, Bavaria (Germany), from which Lazarus Straus, the patriarch,

Macy’s: In 1887 Nathan and Isidor Straus agreed to a deal to purchase part interest in the company. The acquisition was made official the following year, and by 1896 they had assumed full control. The Strauses moved the store to its present site and began purchasing or building branch stores…

Nathan Straus was an owner of Macy’s department store in New York City and a pioneer in public health and child welfare. He has been considered the person who did the most for the city’s welfare in the first quarter of the 20th century. Straus first achieved prominence as a merchant, becoming in

Oscar Straus was an Austrian composer known for his operetta The Chocolate Soldier. Straus studied in Vienna and with Max Bruch in Berlin and became a theatre conductor in Austria and Germany. He lived in Berlin until 1927 and in 1939 became a French citizen. He was in New York City and Hollywood

Oscar Solomon Straus was the first Jewish U.S. Cabinet member (1906–09), three-time emissary to Ottoman Turkey (1887–89, 1898–1900, 1909–10), and adviser to President Woodrow Wilson. A brother of Nathan Straus, the philanthropist and owner of R.H. Macy & Company, a New York City department store,

David Friedrich Strauss was a controversial German-Protestant philosopher, theologian, and biographer whose use of dialectical philosophy, emphasizing social evolution through the inner struggle of opposing forces, broke new ground in biblical interpretation by explaining the New Testament accounts

Johann Strauss I: …other sons, Josef (1827–70) and Eduard (1835–1916), became known as conductors, as did Eduard’s son Johann. Josef was also a composer of waltzes.

Franz Josef Strauss was a German politician and longtime leader of the Bavarian Christian Social Union. Strauss studied at the University of Munich and was an active member of a Roman Catholic youth organization that clashed with the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler. Called up for military service in

Johann Strauss I was one of the principal composers of Viennese waltzes. Strauss became a viola player in the dance orchestra of Michael Pamer, a composer of light music. Later he conducted the orchestra of Josef Lanner and in 1826 performed at the gardens of the “Zwei Tauben” the Täuberl-walzer,

Johann Strauss II was known as “the Waltz King,” a composer famous for his Viennese waltzes and operettas. Strauss was the eldest son of the composer Johann Strauss I. Because his father wished him to follow a nonmusical profession, he started his career as a bank clerk. He studied the violin

Johann Strauss I was one of the principal composers of Viennese waltzes. Strauss became a viola player in the dance orchestra of Michael Pamer, a composer of light music. Later he conducted the orchestra of Josef Lanner and in 1826 performed at the gardens of the “Zwei Tauben” the Täuberl-walzer,

Johann Strauss I: Strauss’s other sons, Josef (1827–70) and Eduard (1835–1916), became known as conductors, as did Eduard’s son Johann. Josef was also a composer of waltzes.

Joseph B. Strauss was an American civil engineer and builder of the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. After graduating from the University of Cincinnati in 1892, Strauss served a short apprenticeship as a draftsman, taught briefly, and became principal assistant to the bridge engineer Ralph

Joseph B. Strauss was an American civil engineer and builder of the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco. After graduating from the University of Cincinnati in 1892, Strauss served a short apprenticeship as a draftsman, taught briefly, and became principal assistant to the bridge engineer Ralph

Leo Strauss was a German-born American political philosopher and interpreter of classical political theory. Strauss served in the German army during World War I. After receiving a Ph.D. from the University of Hamburg (1921), he was a research assistant at the Academy for Jewish Research, Berlin

Levi Strauss & Co.: …company traces its origin to Levi Strauss (1829–1902), a Bavarian immigrant who arrived in San Francisco in 1850 during the Gold Rush, bringing dry goods for sale to miners. Hearing of the miners’ need for durable pants, Strauss hired a tailor to make garments out of tent canvas. Later, denim…

Lewis Strauss was an American businessman and official who was head of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1953 to 1958 and acting secretary of commerce from 1958 to 1959. As a young boy, Strauss had a strong interest in physics and planned to study at the University of Virginia in the fall of 1913.

Lewis Strauss was an American businessman and official who was head of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1953 to 1958 and acting secretary of commerce from 1958 to 1959. As a young boy, Strauss had a strong interest in physics and planned to study at the University of Virginia in the fall of 1913.

Richard Strauss was an outstanding German Romantic composer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His symphonic poems of the 1890s and his operas of the following decade have remained an indispensable feature of the standard repertoire. Strauss’s father, Franz, was the principal horn player of

Dominique Strauss-Kahn is a French economist and politician who served (2007–11) as the managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)—the United Nations agency that helps maintain a stable global system of currency exchange and promotes balanced economic growth. Strauss-Kahn was raised

Tom Stoppard is a Czech-born British playwright and screenwriter whose work is marked by verbal brilliance, ingenious action, and structural dexterity. Stoppard’s father was working in Singapore in the late 1930s. After the Japanese invasion, his father stayed on and was killed, but Stoppard’s

Domenico Cimarosa: …career with the comic opera Le Stravaganze del conte, performed at the Teatro de’ Fiorentini at Naples in 1772. Its success was followed by that of L’Italiana in Londra (Rome, 1778), a work still performed in Italy. From 1784 to 1787 Cimarosa lived in various Italian cities, composing both serious…

Igor Stravinsky was a Russian-born composer whose work had a revolutionary impact on musical thought and sensibility just before and after World War I, and whose compositions remained a touchstone of modernism for much of his long working life. He was honoured with the Royal Philharmonic Society

Igor Stravinsky was a Russian-born composer whose work had a revolutionary impact on musical thought and sensibility just before and after World War I, and whose compositions remained a touchstone of modernism for much of his long working life. He was honoured with the Royal Philharmonic Society

straw, the stalks of grasses, particularly of such cereal grasses as wheat, oats, rye, barley, and buckwheat. When used collectively, the term straw denotes such stalks in the aggregate after the drying and threshing of grain. Human beings from ancient times have used straw as litter and fodder for

Sam Peckinpah: Bloody Sam: Straw Dogs (1971), however, was another violent, boundary-breaking drama. The film, which was cowritten by Peckinpah, starred Dustin Hoffman as a mild-mannered American mathematician who moves to rural England with his British wife (Susan George). When she is raped by one of her old suitors,…

C.K. Stead: >Straw into Gold: Poems New and Selected (1997), The Right Thing (2000), and The Red Tram (2004). Stead composed the poems in The Black River (2007) after suffering a stroke. The Yellow Buoy: Poems 2007–2012 (2013) deals largely with his European travels.

United States Presidential Election of 2008: August 11, 2007: Iowa Republican Straw Poll:

papermaking: Natural fibres other than wood: Straw, for example, may be pulped with milk of lime in a spherical digester at a steam pressure of about 2 kilograms per square centimetre (25 pounds per square inch) and a cooking time of 8 to 10 hours. The amount of lime used is…

Jack Straw is a British Labour Party politician who held numerous government posts, including home secretary (1997–2001), foreign minister (2001–06), leader of the House of Commons (2006–07), and lord chancellor and secretary of state for justice (2007–10). Straw studied law at the University of

Jack Straw is a British Labour Party politician who held numerous government posts, including home secretary (1997–2001), foreign minister (2001–06), leader of the House of Commons (2006–07), and lord chancellor and secretary of state for justice (2007–10). Straw studied law at the University of

strawberry, (genus Fragaria), genus of more than 20 species of flowering plants in the rose family (Rosaceae) and their edible fruit. Strawberries are native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and cultivated varieties are widely grown throughout the world. The fruits are rich in

Cuba: Film: …film Fresa y chocolate (1994; Strawberry and Chocolate), which won the 1994 Berlin International Film Festival’s Special Jury Prize and was nominated for an Academy Award as best foreign language film. Tabío’s Lista de espera (2000; Waiting List) and Fernando Pérez’s La vida es silbar (1999; Life is to Whistle)…

Portsmouth, city, Rockingham county, southeastern New Hampshire, U.S., across the Piscataqua River from Kittery, Maine, on the Atlantic coast. It is New Hampshire’s oldest settlement, second oldest city, first capital, and only seaport. In 1623 a fishing settlement was built at the river’s mouth.

saxifrage: Its common names are strawberry begonia, strawberry geranium, and mother-of-thousands.

Olivia de Havilland: …played romantic leading roles in Strawberry Blonde (1941), Hold Back the Dawn (1941), and The Male Animal (1942) and portrayed Melanie Wilkes in Gone with the Wind (1939).

Euonymus: The strawberry bush (E. americanus) from the same region is lower and has pinkish fruits.

Strawberry River: Strawberry Dam (1913), near the river’s source, created Strawberry Reservoir, a project that pioneered the diversion of water from one Utah watershed to another for irrigation. Strawberry Dam was decommissioned and breached in 1985, when the reservoir, administered by the Central Utah Water Conservancy District,…

saxifrage: Its common names are strawberry begonia, strawberry geranium, and mother-of-thousands.

guava: Related species: The cattley, or strawberry, guava (Psidium cattleianum) is considerably more frost-resistant than the common guava. It occurs in two forms: one has fruits with a bright yellow skin, and the other has fruits with a purplish red skin. The plant is a large shrub with thick…

Strawberry Hill, Gothic Revival home of Horace Walpole, located on the River Thames in Twickenham (now in Richmond upon Thames, an outer borough of London), Eng. Walpole bought the house as a cottage in 1747 and gradually transformed it into a medieval-style mansion that suggested in its atmosphere

frog and toad: Breeding behaviour: The small Central American Dendrobates pumilio calls from the leaves of herbaceous plants. Intrusion into a territory of one calling male by another results in a wrestling match that terminates only after one male has been thrown off the leaf. Males of the Central American dendrobatid Colostethus inguinalis have…

Strawberry River, river rising in Wasatch county, north-central Utah, U.S. It flows about 70 miles (110 km) east to join the Duchesne River 19 miles (31 km) east of Heber. Strawberry Dam (1913), near the river’s source, created Strawberry Reservoir, a project that pioneered the diversion of water

homopteran: Associations with other insects: The strawberry root louse has a sexual cycle in which eggs are laid, but these aphids are dependent upon ants for survival. The ants not only care for the eggs in their nests but they also carry the young aphids from plant to plant. In some…

homopteran: Associations with other insects: The strawberry root louse has a sexual cycle in which eggs are laid, but these aphids are dependent upon ants for survival. The ants not only care for the eggs in their nests but they also carry the young aphids from plant to plant. In some…

strawberry: Strawberry shortcake—made of fresh strawberries, sponge cake, and whipped cream—is a traditional American dessert.

sweet shrub, (genus Calycanthus), genus of small ornamental trees in the family Calycanthaceae, native to North America. They are sometimes cultivated as ornamentals for their aromatic bark and sweet-scented flowers in temperate areas. Sweet shrub leaves are opposite, simple, and smooth-margined.

Laurales: Other families: The members of Calycanthaceae differ from most of the other families in Laurales in having seeds with a large embryo and little if any endosperm at maturity. Except for Idiospermum, the leaves of Calycanthaceae species tend to be thinner and softer than other members of Laurales because they…

scarlet fever: The course of the disease: …tongue then develops a red “strawberry” appearance.

arbutus: Major species: The strawberry tree, A. unedo, is native to southwestern Europe but was introduced into warm regions of western North America. It grows 3–9 metres (10–30 feet) tall, with one to several trunks, and has lustrous elliptic or oblong leaves about 9 cm (3.5 inches) long. The…

New York Mets: …and powerful hitters such as Darryl Strawberry and Gary Carter. In 1986 the team won 108 games and its second World Series, beating the Boston Red Sox in a legendary series, best remembered for first baseman Bill Buckner’s error in the 10th inning of game six that allowed the Mets…

art rock: …groups as Jethro Tull and the Strawbs. In common, all these bands regularly employ complicated and conceptual approaches to their music. Moreover, there has been a relatively fluid movement of musicians between bands that fall under the most general definition of art rock. Among the musicians who contributed to numerous…

summer theatre, in American theatre, productions staged during the summer months (the off-season for professional theatre) by professional touring companies at theatres generally located near resort areas. Usually featuring a well-known star, summer-theatre plays are often Broadway hits of previous

Sir Peter Strawson was a British philosopher who was a leading member of the ordinary language school of analytic philosophy during the 1950s and ’60s. His work was instrumental in reviving interest in metaphysics within Anglo-American (analytic) philosophy in the mid-20th century. After graduating

Sir Peter Strawson was a British philosopher who was a leading member of the ordinary language school of analytic philosophy during the 1950s and ’60s. His work was instrumental in reviving interest in metaphysics within Anglo-American (analytic) philosophy in the mid-20th century. After graduating

rockabilly: Younger bands formed, notably the Stray Cats from Long Island, New York. Finding acceptance in England, they brought a hard, lean version of rockabilly back to the United States, where their caricature look made an impact during MTV’s early days. As a result of the revival, rockabilly became popular in…

Uno Cygnaeus: …later embodied in his brief Strodda Tankar (Eng. trans. Stray Thoughts on the Intended Primary Schools in Finland).

English literature: Arnold and Clough: …Arnold’s first volume of verse, The Strayed Reveller, and Other Poems (1849), combined lyric grace with an acute sense of the dark philosophical landscape of the period. The title poem of his next collection, Empedocles on Etna (1852), is a sustained statement of the modern dilemma and a remarkable poetic…

The Strayed Reveller, unrhymed lyric poem written in irregular metre by Matthew Arnold, originally published in his first volume of verse, The Strayed Reveller, and Other Poems. By A. (1849). An investigation of the creative process, the poem is notable for its vivid descriptive

feudalism: Development in the 19th and 20th centuries: The American historian Joseph R. Strayer (1904–87) laid special emphasis on the splintering of political and public power and authority, and he believed that systematized feudal institutions and customs were compatible with the formation of large political units, which he viewed as recognizable precursors of contemporary nation-states. Although…

Billy Strayhorn was an American pianist and composer who spent his entire career in collaboration with and as amanuensis to the composer and bandleader Duke Ellington. Educated privately, Strayhorn applied to Ellington in 1938 for work as a lyricist, using his own composition “Lush Life” as a

Billy Strayhorn was an American pianist and composer who spent his entire career in collaboration with and as amanuensis to the composer and bandleader Duke Ellington. Educated privately, Strayhorn applied to Ellington in 1938 for work as a lyricist, using his own composition “Lush Life” as a

art market: Venice and Florence: …of secondhand dealers, known as rigattieri or strazzaruoli. These vendors originally traded in old clothing and leather but also came to deal in objects pertaining to the bedchamber: cassoni (marriage chests), tables, chairs, tapestries, statuary, and painted images. By the early 15th century, Florence had become a tough mercantile republic…

Štrbské Pleso, small morainic lake, Východní Slovensko kraj (region), Slovakia. It lies at the end of a narrow-gauge electric railway from Poprad. At 4,455 feet (1,358 m) in elevation, it is the most popular of the lakes in the High Tatra mountain range. A picturesque village of the same name has

streak, the colour of a mineral in its powdered form. It is usually obtained by rubbing the mineral on a hard, white surface, such as a tile of unglazed porcelain, so as to yield a line, or streak, of fine powder. The colour of the streak is usually constant for a given species of mineral, even

cricket: Zimbabwe: In 2004 Heath Streak was sacked as captain of the national team, precipitating a crisis from which Zimbabwe took years to emerge, including an exile from Test cricket that began in 2006 and ended in 2011. The country’s political volatility during this period had much to do…

wren-babbler: An example is the streaked long-tailed wren-babbler (Spelaeornis chocolatinus) of northern Indochina, where it is found in small restless flocks in thickets.

tenrec: The streaked tenrec is about the same size; its fur consists of detachable barbed spines and coarse hairs. The common, or tailless, tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus) is the largest, weighing 2 kg (4.4 pounds) or more.

Elizabeth Murray: …and Lexington Avenue, Manhattan, and Stream (2001), at Queens’s 23rd Street–Ely Avenue station. She was a recipient of the MacArthur Foundation “genius” grant in 1999.

streambed, any long, narrow, sloping depression on land that is shaped by flowing water. Streambeds can range in width from a few feet for a brook to several thousand for the largest rivers. The channel may or may not contain flowing water at any time; some carry water only occasionally. Streambeds

river: Valleys and canyons: …known as stream piracy, or stream capture. Piracy of a large river into another valley often creates a situation where the original expansive valley is later occupied by a river that is too small to have created such a large valley. The opposite case also may occur. The implication here…

streambed, any long, narrow, sloping depression on land that is shaped by flowing water. Streambeds can range in width from a few feet for a brook to several thousand for the largest rivers. The channel may or may not contain flowing water at any time; some carry water only occasionally. Streambeds

cryptology: Block and stream ciphers: In general, cipher systems transform fixed-size pieces of plaintext into ciphertext. In older manual systems these pieces were usually single letters or characters—or occasionally, as in the Playfair cipher, digraphs, since this was as large a unit as could feasibly be encrypted and…

Rhône River: Hydrology of the Rhône River: The flow regime of the Rhône owes its remarkable mean volume to the influence of the Alps. At Lyon the flow amounts to 22,600 cubic feet (640 cubic metres) per second; there the Saône alone contributes 14,100 cubic feet per second. The Isère adds another 12,400…

river: Horton’s laws of drainage composition: Law of stream lengths: the average lengths of streams of each of the different orders in a drainage basin tend closely to approximate a direct geometric series in which the first term is the average length of streams of the first order.

meteor and meteoroid: Meteor showers: …move in confined streams (called meteor streams) around the Sun. The introduction of radar observation led to the discovery of new meteor showers—and thus of new meteor streams—that were invisible to the eye and to cameras because they came from radiants in the daytime sky. All told, about 2,000 showers…

Milky Way Galaxy: Space motions: …used to demonstrate the so-called stream motion. Calculations based on the Dutch-born American astronomer Peter van de Kamp’s table of stars within 17 light-years, excluding the star of greatest anomalous velocity, reveal that dispersions in the V direction and the W direction are approximately half the size of the dispersion…

river: Horton’s laws of drainage composition: Law of stream numbers: the numbers of streams of different orders in a given drainage basin tend closely to approximate an inverse geometric series in which the first term is unity and the ratio is the bifurcation ratio.

stream of consciousness, narrative technique in nondramatic fiction intended to render the flow of myriad impressions—visual, auditory, physical, associative, and subliminal—that impinge on the consciousness of an individual and form part of the character’s awareness along with the trend of the

Ṭāhā Ḥusayn: , 1929–67; The Days), the first modern Arab literary work to be acclaimed in the West.

river: Valleys and canyons: …known as stream piracy, or stream capture. Piracy of a large river into another valley often creates a situation where the original expansive valley is later occupied by a river that is too small to have created such a large valley. The opposite case also may occur. The implication here…

placer deposit: …several varieties of placer deposits: stream, or alluvial, placers; eluvial placers; beach placers; and eolian placers. Stream placers, by far the most important, have yielded the most placer gold, cassiterite, platinum, and gemstones. Primitive mining probably began with such deposits, and their ease of mining and sometime great richness have…

wastewater treatment: Wastewater treatment and disposal: …pertinent types of standards are stream standards and effluent standards. Stream standards, designed to prevent the deterioration of existing water quality, set limits on the amounts of specific pollutants allowed in streams, rivers, and lakes. The limits depend on a classification of the “maximum beneficial use” of the water. Water…

frog and toad: From tadpole to adult: In contrast, the stream tadpoles have depressed bodies, long muscular tails, and shallow caudal fins. The mouth is relatively large and usually contains many rows of strong denticles. In highly modified stream tadpoles, the mouth is ventral and modified as an oral sucker, with which the tadpole anchors…

cave: Fluviokarst: …of surface stream channels and stream valleys is still in evidence, though much of the drainage may be underground. Tributary surface streams may sink underground, and there may be streambeds that carry water only during seasons of high flow or during extreme floods. In addition, the floors of the valleys…

soil: Erosive processes: …smooth over by tilling, and streambank erosion, in which the saturated sides of running streams tumble into the moving water below. The same forces at work in streambank erosion are seen in soils on hillslopes that become thoroughly saturated with water. Gravity, able to overcome the cohesive forces that hold…

streambed, any long, narrow, sloping depression on land that is shaped by flowing water. Streambeds can range in width from a few feet for a brook to several thousand for the largest rivers. The channel may or may not contain flowing water at any time; some carry water only occasionally. Streambeds

flag: Forms and functions: …known as a pendant, or pennant) was a long tapering flag, 60 to 18 feet (18 to 5.5 metres) long and about 24 feet (7 metres) broad at the hoist, ending in two points. Because of its great length, almost its only use was at sea. In the 15th century…

David Rabe: …wrote the film adaptations of Streamers and Hurlyburly. He also contributed screenplays for the movies I’m Dancing As Fast As I Can (1982), starring Jill Clayburgh, whom he had married in 1979 (she died in 2010); Casualties of War (1989), a Vietnam War drama; and The Firm (1993), a

Mike Nichols: Early films: Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, The Graduate, and Carnal Knowledge: …productions, earning Tony nominations for Streamers (1976–77), Comedians (1976–77), and The Gin Game (1977–78). During this time, he also coproduced Annie (1977–83), which won a Tony for best musical.

ability grouping, in the United States the separation of elementary and secondary students into classrooms or courses of instruction according to their actual or perceived ability levels. Opponents of ability grouping argue that such policies tend to segregate students along racial and

streaming, method of transmitting a media file in a continuous stream of data that can be processed by the receiving computer before the entire file has been completely sent. Streaming, which typically uses data compression, is especially effective for downloading large multimedia files from the

streaming media, multimedia transferred, or “streamed,” over the Internet for instant consumption by an end user. It is a popular method of conveying and sharing mass media. Just as when files are downloaded, streamed media is broken down into numerous data packets. These data packets are then

streamline, In fluid mechanics, the path of imaginary particles suspended in the fluid and carried along with it. In steady flow, the fluid is in motion but the streamlines are fixed. Where streamlines crowd together, the fluid speed is relatively high; where they open out, the fluid is relatively

laminar flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular paths, in contrast to turbulent flow, in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations and mixing. In laminar flow, the velocity, pressure, and other flow properties at each point in the fluid

glacial landform: Erosional landforms of continental glaciers: …and basins is called a streamlined landscape.