strategy: Fundamentals: Strategic planning is rarely confined to a single strategist. In modern times, planning reflects the contributions of committees and working groups, and even in ancient times the war council was a perennial resort of anxious commanders. For example, Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War (c.…

Mao Zedong: The road to power of Mao Zedong: …military matters there was first Strategic Problems of China’s Revolutionary War, written in December 1936 to sum up the lessons of the Jiangxi period (and also to justify the correctness of his own military line at the time), and then On Protracted War and other writings of 1938 on the…

submarine: The nuclear navies: …new kind of submarine, the strategic submarine. The other is a revolution in antisubmarine warfare, with attack submarines becoming the primary antisubmarine weapons. Attack submarines are armed with torpedoes and, in some cases, with antiship missiles. Strategic submarines may carry similar weapons, but their primary weapons are submarine-launched ballistic missiles…

warning system: Medium-term, or strategic, warning, usually involving a time span of a few days or weeks, is a notification or judgment that hostilities may be imminent. Short-term, or tactical, warning, often hours or minutes in advance, is a notification that the enemy has initiated hostilities.

strategic weapons system, any weapons system designed to strike an enemy at the source of his military, economic, or political power. In practice, this means destroying a nation’s cities, factories, military bases, transportation and communications infrastructure, and seat of government. Strategic

Polyaenus: …author of a work entitled Strategica (or Strategemata), which he dedicated to the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus on the outbreak of the Parthian War (162–165).

Four ways to spread out your crypto risk.Are you a bullish crypto investor whose entire portfolio consists of just one or a few coins? If so, you might seriously consider adding a little diversification into your crypto mix. If you’re not entirely familiar with the concept of diversification, it’s

strategus, in ancient Greece, a general, frequently functioning as a state officer with wider functions; also, a high official in medieval Byzantium. An annual board of 10 strategi was introduced in Athens during the reorganization of the tribal system under Cleisthenes (c. 508 bc), each of the 10

strategus, in ancient Greece, a general, frequently functioning as a state officer with wider functions; also, a high official in medieval Byzantium. An annual board of 10 strategi was introduced in Athens during the reorganization of the tribal system under Cleisthenes (c. 508 bc), each of the 10

strategus, in ancient Greece, a general, frequently functioning as a state officer with wider functions; also, a high official in medieval Byzantium. An annual board of 10 strategi was introduced in Athens during the reorganization of the tribal system under Cleisthenes (c. 508 bc), each of the 10

strategy, in warfare, the science or art of employing all the military, economic, political, and other resources of a country to achieve the objects of war. The term strategy derives from the Greek strategos, an elected general in ancient Athens. The strategoi were mainly military leaders with

electronic strategy game, electronic game genre that emphasizes strategic or tactical planning, involving the control of multiple units, rather than the quick reflexes typical of electronic shooter games. There are two major types of electronic strategy games: turn-based strategy (TBS) and

Thomas C. Schelling: …led to his publication of The Strategy of Conflict (1960). His book promoted game theory as “the” mathematical technique for the social sciences. Among his insights were the efficacy of voluntarily limiting one’s options in order to make the remaining ones more credible, that uncertain retaliation can be a greater…

strategy: Medieval strategy: …both types of strategy—overthrow and exhaustion. The Crusader states of the Middle East were gradually exhausted and overwhelmed by constant raiding warfare and the weight of numbers. On the other hand, one or two decisive battles, most notably the ruinous disaster at the Battle of Ḥaṭṭīn (1187), doomed the Crusader…

Edward Stratemeyer: …of popular juvenile fiction, whose Stratemeyer Literary Syndicate (1906–84) produced such books as the Rover Boys series, the Hardy Boys series, the Tom Swift series, the Bobbsey Twins series, and the Nancy Drew series.

Edward Stratemeyer was an American writer of popular juvenile fiction, whose Stratemeyer Literary Syndicate (1906–84) produced such books as the Rover Boys series, the Hardy Boys series, the Tom Swift series, the Bobbsey Twins series, and the Nancy Drew series. Stratemeyer worked as a store clerk

Pierre de La Rue was a composer in the Flemish, or Netherlandish, style that dominated Renaissance music, known for his religious music. Little is known of La Rue’s early life. He may have worked first as a part-time singer in Brussels (1469), then perhaps in Ghent (1471–72) and Nieuwpoort

Bridgeport, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Bridgeport, Fairfield county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S. The city, the most populous in the state, is a port on Long Island Sound at the mouth of the Pequonnock River. Settled in 1639, it was first known as Newfield and later as

Stratford, urban town (township), Fairfield county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S., on Long Island Sound and the Housatonic River just east of Bridgeport. The original site was a Pequannock Indian tract called Cupheag (“Harbour”). European settlers arrived in 1639, and in 1643 their settlement was

Stratford, town (“district”), Taranaki and Manawatu-Wanganui local government regions, west-central North Island, New Zealand. It is located on the Patea River just east of Mount Taranaki (Egmont). Land was set aside in 1877 for the town, which was constituted five years later. Gazetted a borough

Stratford-upon-Avon, town (parish), Stratford-on-Avon district, administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England, and the birthplace of William Shakespeare. For centuries a country market town, it became a major British tourist centre because of its associations with Shakespeare.

Stratford, city, seat (1853) of Perth county, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies along the Avon River in the heart of dairy-farming country. The settlement was founded during the winter of 1831–32 by William Seargeant (or Sargint), who erected the Shakespeare Hotel near the Avon; both the river

Stratford Shakespeare Festival, Canadian summer theatrical festival in Stratford, Ontario. It was founded by the journalist Tom Patterson in 1953; among its first artistic directors was Tyrone Guthrie. It includes four permanent theatres: the open-stage Festival Theatre, the Avon Theatre, the Tom

Stratford Shakespeare Festival, Canadian summer theatrical festival in Stratford, Ontario. It was founded by the journalist Tom Patterson in 1953; among its first artistic directors was Tyrone Guthrie. It includes four permanent theatres: the open-stage Festival Theatre, the Avon Theatre, the Tom

Stratford Shakespeare Festival, Canadian summer theatrical festival in Stratford, Ontario. It was founded by the journalist Tom Patterson in 1953; among its first artistic directors was Tyrone Guthrie. It includes four permanent theatres: the open-stage Festival Theatre, the Avon Theatre, the Tom

United Kingdom: Domestic achievements: …returned from abroad and charged John Stratford, archbishop of Canterbury, the man who had been in charge in his absence, with working against him. He also engaged in a widespread purge of royal ministers. Stratford whipped up opposition to the king, and in Parliament in 1341 statutes were passed that…

Stratford Canning, Viscount Stratford was a diplomat who represented Great Britain at the Ottoman court for almost 20 years intermittently between 1810 and 1858, exerting a strong influence on Turkish policy. Stratford Canning was a cousin of George Canning, British foreign secretary (1807–09,

Stratford-on-Avon, district, administrative county of Warwickshire, central England. It is in the southern part of the county and occupies almost half of the county. The town of Stratford-upon-Avon is the administrative centre. Most of the district lies within the historic county of Warwickshire,

Stratford, town (“district”), Taranaki and Manawatu-Wanganui local government regions, west-central North Island, New Zealand. It is located on the Patea River just east of Mount Taranaki (Egmont). Land was set aside in 1877 for the town, which was constituted five years later. Gazetted a borough

Stratford-upon-Avon, town (parish), Stratford-on-Avon district, administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England, and the birthplace of William Shakespeare. For centuries a country market town, it became a major British tourist centre because of its associations with Shakespeare.

Sydney Pollack: Tootsie and Out of Africa: …included Gene Hackman, Holly Hunter, David Strathairn, and Ed Harris, all of whom gave notable performances, a reminder of Pollack’s ability to use actors inventively.

John Murray, 2nd marquess and 1st duke of Atholl was a leading Scottish supporter of William and Mary and of the Hanoverian succession. Son of the 1st marquess of Atholl, he favored the accession of William and Mary in 1689 but was unable, during his father’s absence, to prevent the majority of his

Strathclyde, in British history, native Briton kingdom that, from about the 6th century, had extended over the basin of the River Clyde and adjacent western coastal districts, the former county of Ayr. Its capital was Dumbarton, “fortress of the Britons,” then known as Alclut. The name Strathclyde

Glasgow: The contemporary city: The University of Strathclyde was founded in 1796 as Anderson’s Institution and obtained university status in 1964. Glasgow Caledonian University, founded in 1875, gained university status in 1993. Glasgow’s other postsecondary institutions include the Glasgow School of Art (founded in 1845 as the Glasgow Government School…

Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal was a Canadian fur trader, financier, railway promoter, and statesman. Smith was apprenticed to the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1838 and worked for many years at the fur trade in Labrador. He served as chief commissioner for the company in

Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal was a Canadian fur trader, financier, railway promoter, and statesman. Smith was apprenticed to the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1838 and worked for many years at the fur trade in Labrador. He served as chief commissioner for the company in

Vancouver Island: Strathcona Provincial Park occupies 847 square miles (2,193 square km) in the central part of the island, while Pacific Rim National Park (193 square miles [500 square km]) is in three sections along the west coast, and Cape Scott Provincial Park (58 square miles [151…

Earn: Strathearn, the picturesque valley of the river, is an attractive and fertile region that includes the health resorts of Crieff and Bridge of Earn and many historic ruins.

John de Warenne, 7th earl of Surrey was a prominent supporter of Edward II of England, grandson of the 6th earl of Surrey. Warenne opposed Edward II’s favourite, Piers Gaveston, but nevertheless supported the king against the Lords Ordainer, a baronial committee seeking to restrict the king’s

Robert II was the king of Scots from 1371, first of the Stewart (Stuart) sovereigns in Scotland. Heir presumptive for more than 50 years, he had little effect on Scottish political and military affairs when he finally acceded to the throne. On the death (1326) of his father, Walter the Steward, in

lithography: Commercial lithography: …printing) was first patented by John Strather of England. The principle was not practically applied until the 1870s, when rubber offset rollers were used on flat-bed presses for printing on metals. In 1860 the phototransfer process was patented, enabling a photographic image on sensitized paper to be inked and transferred…

Hugh Henry Rose, Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and of Jhansi was a British field marshal and one of the ablest commanders during the Indian Mutiny (1857–58). Son of the diplomat Sir George Rose, he was educated and received his military training in Berlin and entered the British army in 1820.

strathspey, slow Scottish dance for four or five couples, a variety of country dance. Its music, in 44 time, is characterized by frequent use of the “Scotch snap,” a short-long rhythmic figure that is equivalent to a 16th note followed by a dotted 8th note. The dance apparently originated about

John Murray, 2nd marquess and 1st duke of Atholl was a leading Scottish supporter of William and Mary and of the Hanoverian succession. Son of the 1st marquess of Atholl, he favored the accession of William and Mary in 1689 but was unable, during his father’s absence, to prevent the majority of his

stratification, the layering that occurs in most sedimentary rocks and in those igneous rocks formed at the Earth’s surface, as from lava flows and volcanic fragmental deposits. The layers range from several millimetres to many metres in thickness and vary greatly in shape. Strata may range from

inland water ecosystem: Permanent bodies of standing fresh water: This type of lake stratifies in summer as the surface water (epilimnion) warms and ceases to mix with the lower, colder layer (hypolimnion). Water circulates within but not between the layers, more vigorously within the epilimnion. The boundary between these layers is the metalimnion, a zone of rapid temperature…

stratificational grammar, system of grammatical analysis in which language is viewed as a network of relationships and linguistic structure is considered to be made up of several structural layers, or strata. Stratificational grammar derives in part from glossematics and in part from American

epithelium: In stratified ciliated epithelium the superficial cells are ciliated and columnar. This epithelium lines parts of the respiratory passages, the vas deferens, and the epididymis. Transitional epithelium lines the urinary bladder; its appearance depends upon whether the bladder is contracted or distended.

epithelium: In stratified epithelium, which is found in the epithelium of the skin and of many mucous membranes (e.g., mouth, esophagus, rectum, conjunctiva, vagina), the surface cells are flattened, those of the middle layer are polyhedral, and those of the lowest layer are cubical or columnar. This…

statistics: Sample survey methods: Stratified simple random sampling is a variation of simple random sampling in which the population is partitioned into relatively homogeneous groups called strata and a simple random sample is selected from each stratum. The results from the strata are then aggregated to make inferences about…

statistics: Sample survey methods: Stratified simple random sampling is a variation of simple random sampling in which the population is partitioned into relatively homogeneous groups called strata and a simple random sample is selected from each stratum. The results from the strata are then aggregated to make inferences about…

thunderstorm: Multiple-cell thunderstorms and mesoscale convective systems: …from convective clouds and from stratiform clouds (cloud layers with a large horizontal extent). Stratiform precipitation is primarily due to the remnants of older cells with a relatively low vertical velocity—that is, with limited convection occurring.

mineral deposit: Stratiform deposits: A final class of hydrothermal deposit is called stratiform because the ore minerals are always confined within specific strata and are distributed in a manner that resembles particles in a sedimentary rock. Because stratiform deposits so closely resemble sedimentary rocks, controversy surrounds their…

geology: Paleontology: …and on different continents, involves stratigraphic correlation from place to place. Although correlation of strata over modest distances often can be accomplished by tracing particular beds from place to place, correlation over long distances and over the oceans almost invariably involves comparison of fossils. With rare exceptions, fossils occur only…

petroleum trap: In a stratigraphic trap, variations within the rock strata themselves (e.g., a change in the local porosity and permeability of the reservoir rock, a change in the kinds of rocks laid down, or a termination of the reservoir rock) play the important role. The stratigraphic variations associated…

stratigraphy: …principle in the application of stratigraphy to archaeology is the law of superposition—the principle that in any undisturbed deposit the oldest layers are normally located at the lowest level. Accordingly, it is presumed that the remains of each succeeding generation are left on the debris of the last.

stratigraphy, scientific discipline concerned with the description of rock successions and their interpretation in terms of a general time scale. It provides a basis for historical geology, and its principles and methods have found application in such fields as petroleum geology and archaeology.

soldier fly, any member of the insect family Stratiomyidae (order Diptera), recognizable by the pattern of veins on its wings. Soldier flies may have a broad, flattened abdomen (Stratiomys) or an elongated abdomen that narrows at the base (Ptecticus). Often brightly coloured with yellow, green, or

Hydrocharitaceae: The water soldier (Stratiotes aloides) bears rosettes of tough sharp-edged leaves that float in summer but sink and decay in the autumn. Vallisneria spiralis and V. americana are two eelgrasses commonly used as aquarium plants. Turtle grass (Thalassia species) is often washed ashore in such quantities…

Military League, group of young Greek army officers who, emulating the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress, sought to reform their country’s national government and reorganize the army. The league was formed in May 1909 and was led by Colonel Nikolaós Zorbas. In August 1909 the Athens

Straton Of Lampsacus was a Greek philosopher and successor of Theophrastus as head of the Peripatetic school of philosophy (based on the teachings of Aristotle). Straton was famous for his doctrine of the void (asserting that all substances contain void and that differences in the weight of

Straton Of Lampsacus was a Greek philosopher and successor of Theophrastus as head of the Peripatetic school of philosophy (based on the teachings of Aristotle). Straton was famous for his doctrine of the void (asserting that all substances contain void and that differences in the weight of

Caesarea, (“Ruins of Caesarea”), ancient port and administrative city of Palestine, on the Mediterranean coast of present-day Israel south of Haifa. It is often referred to as Caesarea Palaestinae, or Caesarea Maritima, to distinguish it from Caesarea Philippi near the headwaters of the Jordan

Fender Stratocaster, model of electric guitar created by American inventor and manufacturer Leo Fender and known for its elegant design and tonal versatility. The Stratocaster, or “Strat,” as it is known by guitar aficionados, is easily recognized by the two horns that highlight the guitar body’s

history of flight: Postwar airlines: …cargo/tanker aircraft in building the Stratocruiser, a plane that offered unmatched luxury for air travelers in the late 1940s and early ’50s. Its famously spacious cabin seated 55 passengers, and its bar/lounge, entered through a spiral staircase to the lower deck, created a sensation. Pan Am and British Overseas Airways…

atmosphere: Cloud formation within the troposphere: …are randomly distributed and as stratocumulus when they are organized into lines. Cumulus congestus clouds extend into the middle troposphere, while deep, precipitating cumuliform clouds that extend throughout the troposphere are called cumulonimbus. Cumulonimbus clouds are also called thunderstorms, since they usually have lightning and thunder associated with them. Cumulonimbus…

B-52, U.S. long-range heavy bomber, designed by the Boeing Company in 1948, first flown in 1952, and first delivered for military service in 1955. Though originally intended to be an atomic-bomb carrier capable of reaching the Soviet Union, it has proved adaptable to a number of missions, and

bomber: B-47 Stratojet, the British Valiant, Vulcan, and Victor, and the Soviet Tu-16 Badger threatened to annihilate major cities with atomic or thermonuclear bombs in the event of war in Europe.

history of flight: From airmail to airlines in the United States: Boeing’s Stratoliner, a pathbreaking transport that featured a pressurized cabin, entered service in 1940. Pressurization enabled airliners to fly above adverse weather, permitting transports to maintain dependable schedules and giving passengers a more comfortable trip. Moreover, at higher altitudes, airliners actually experienced less atmospheric friction, or…

Straton Of Lampsacus was a Greek philosopher and successor of Theophrastus as head of the Peripatetic school of philosophy (based on the teachings of Aristotle). Straton was famous for his doctrine of the void (asserting that all substances contain void and that differences in the weight of

Caesarea, (“Ruins of Caesarea”), ancient port and administrative city of Palestine, on the Mediterranean coast of present-day Israel south of Haifa. It is often referred to as Caesarea Palaestinae, or Caesarea Maritima, to distinguish it from Caesarea Philippi near the headwaters of the Jordan

Seleucus I Nicator: Consolidation of gains: …love with his beautiful stepmother, Stratonice, and his unrequited passion affected his health. Seleucus gave him Stratonice, assigned him as commander in chief to the upper satrapies, and appointed him co-regent.

atmosphere: Stratosphere and mesosphere: The stratopause caps the top of the stratosphere, separating it from the mesosphere near 45–50 km (28–31 miles) in altitude and a pressure of 1 millibar (approximately equal to 0.75 mm of mercury at 0 °C, or 0.03 inch of mercury at 32 °F). In the…

stratosphere, layer of Earth’s atmosphere lying between the troposphere and the mesosphere. The lower portion of the stratosphere is nearly isothermal (a layer of constant temperature), whereas temperatures in its upper levels increase with altitude. The stratosphere extends from the tropopause at

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a Boeing 747 jet aircraft that carries a 2.5-metre (8.2-foot) telescope for performing astronomical observations of infrared sources from high altitudes. SOFIA is operated jointly by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration

stratospheric sulfur injection, untested geoengineering technique designed to scatter incoming solar radiation in the atmosphere by creating an aerosol layer of sulfur in the stratosphere. It is believed that as more radiation is scattered in the stratosphere by aerosols, less would be absorbed by

Cambrian Period: Boundaries and subdivisions of the Cambrian System: The lower boundary of the Cambrian System is defined at a formal global stratotype section and point (GSSP), which was ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in 1992. The stratotype section is located at Fortune Head on…

stratovolcano, volcanic landform characterized by a conical shape formed by layers of volcanic material deposited during successive volcanic eruptions. Stratovolcanoes tend to slope gently at the base but rise quickly near the summit to form tall mountain peaks. They are typically found above

Peter Bogdanovich: The 1980s and beyond: …was perhaps best remembered for Dorothy Stratten, who was murdered by her estranged husband shortly after filming ended. Stratten had been having an affair with Bogdanovich, and he later wrote The Killing of the Unicorn (1984), a biography about her.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Treatment: …as bupropion or atomoxetine (Strattera®). Such drugs work by inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine from nerve terminals, thereby increasing the amount of the neurotransmitter available in the brain.

baseball: Baseball and the arts: …The Babe Ruth Story (1948), The Stratton Story (1949; featuring James Stewart as Chicago White Sox pitcher Monty Stratton, who rebuilt a minor league pitching career after having a leg amputated), and The Jackie Robinson Story (1950; with Robinson playing himself). Somewhat of an anomaly for the time is the…

General Tom Thumb was an American showman noted for his small stature. He was the first major attraction promoted by the circus impresario P.T. Barnum. Born to parents of normal stature, Charles Stratton ceased growing at the age of six months and remained 25 inches (0.6 metre) tall, weighing 15

Dorothy Constance Stratton was an American educator, naval officer, and public official, who is best remembered as the planner and first director of the Coast Guard Women’s Reserve. Stratton graduated from the University of Ottawa in 1920 and earned a master’s degree from the University of Chicago

Gene Stratton Porter was an American novelist, remembered for her fiction rooted in the belief that communion with nature holds the key to moral goodness. Stratton grew up in rural Indiana, where she developed a deep appreciation for nature that was to stay with her throughout her life. In 1886 she

baseball: Baseball and the arts: … as Chicago White Sox pitcher Monty Stratton, who rebuilt a minor league pitching career after having a leg amputated), and The Jackie Robinson Story (1950; with Robinson playing himself). Somewhat of an anomaly for the time is the biography of outfielder Jimmy Piersall, Fear Strikes Out (1957), which is an…

analog computer: Stratton built in 1898 a harmonic analyzer having 80 components. Each of these was capable of generating a sinusoidal motion, which could be multiplied by constant factors by adjustment of a fulcrum on levers. The components were added by means of springs to produce a…

stratum, sedimentary rock layer bounded by two stratification planes, the latter being produced by visible changes in the grain size, texture, or other diagnostic features of the rocks above and below the plane. A stratum that is less than one centimetre (0.4 inch) in thickness is termed a lamina,

stratification, the layering that occurs in most sedimentary rocks and in those igneous rocks formed at the Earth’s surface, as from lava flows and volcanic fragmental deposits. The layers range from several millimetres to many metres in thickness and vary greatly in shape. Strata may range from

statistics: Sample survey methods: …into relatively homogeneous groups called strata and a simple random sample is selected from each stratum. The results from the strata are then aggregated to make inferences about the population. A side benefit of this method is that inferences about the subpopulation represented by each stratum can also be made.

human reproductive system: The endometrium in the menstrual cycle: …the stratum spongiosum, and the stratum basale epidermidis. The stratum compactum is nearest to the uterine cavity and contains the lining cells and the necks of the uterine glands; its stroma is relatively dense. Superficial blood vessels lie beneath the lining cells. The stratum spongiosum is the large middle layer.…

integument: Amphibians: …stratum spongiosum and an inner stratum compactum. Although some amphibians have external gills or internal lungs, for many the skin is a vital respiratory organ, and the dermis is richly supplied with blood vessels and lymph spaces. Chromatophores are located just below the junction of the dermis with the epidermis.…

epidermis: …the dermis, and the external stratum corneum, or horny layer, which is composed of dead, keratin-filled cells that have migrated outward from the basal layer. The melanocytes, responsible for skin colour, are found in the basal cells. The epidermis has no blood supply and depends on diffusion from the dermal…

integument: Skin layers: …generative layer, known as the stratum germinativum, cells move outward and become progressively flattened. The surface cells of terrestrial vertebrates, mere remnants of once living cells, are scaly and compressed; they constitute the horny layer, or stratum corneum. The cell fragments of the stratum corneum are composed largely of keratin,…

human skin: Major layers: …by the granular layer, or stratum granulosum, with granules of keratohyalin contained in the cells. These small particles are of irregular shape and occur in random rows or lattices. The cells of the outer spinous and granular layers also contain much larger, lamellated bodies—the membrane-coating granules. They are most numerous…

integument: Skin structure: …through a granular layer (stratum granulosum), in which they become laden with keratohyalin, a granular component of keratin. Finally the cells flatten, lose their nuclei, and form the stratum corneum. The dead cells at the skin surface are ultimately sloughed, or desquamated. In thick, glabrous skin lacking hair follicles,…

integument: Skin structure: …a clear layer, called the stratum lucidum, can be distinguished between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum.

dermis: …glands lie in the deeper stratum reticulare, as do the bases of hair follicles, the nail beds, and blood and lymph vessels.

integument: Skin structure: …the prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum), in which they are knit together by plaquelike structures called desmosomes. Next they move through a granular layer (stratum granulosum), in which they become laden with keratohyalin, a granular component of keratin. Finally the cells flatten, lose their nuclei, and form the stratum…

human reproductive system: The endometrium in the menstrual cycle: The stratum spongiosum is the large middle layer. It contains the main portions of uterine glands and accompanying blood vessels; the stromal cells are more loosely arranged and larger than in the stratum compactum. The stratum basale epidermidis lies against the uterine muscle; it contains blood…

joint: The synovial layer: The inner layer of the articular joint capsule is called the synovial layer (stratum synoviale) because it is in contact with the synovial fluid. Unlike the fibrous layer, it is incomplete and does not extend over the articulating parts of the articular cartilages…