Japanese art: Tumulus, or Kofun, period: …in the Kofun period was sue ware. Distinct from haji ware, it was high-fired and in its finished form had a gray cast. Occasionally, accidental ash glazing is found on the surface. Until the 7th century, sue ware was a product reserved for the elite, who used it both for…

Eugène Sue was a French author of sensational novels of the seamy side of urban life and a leading exponent of the roman-feuilleton (“newspaper serial”). His works, although faulted for their melodramatics, were the first to deal with many of the social ills that accompanied the Industrial

Eugène Sue was a French author of sensational novels of the seamy side of urban life and a leading exponent of the roman-feuilleton (“newspaper serial”). His works, although faulted for their melodramatics, were the first to deal with many of the social ills that accompanied the Industrial

Suebi, group of Germanic peoples, including the Marcomanni and Quadi, Hermunduri, Semnones, and Langobardi (Lombards). The Alemanni were also part of the Suebi tribal group, which gave its name to the German principality of Swabia. In the late 1st century ad most of the Suebi lived around the Elbe

Sueca, city, Valencia provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain. The city was united to Christian Spain by James I of Aragon in 1240. The area has an irrigation system dating from Moorish times. Many of Sueca’s houses, with their horseshoe

shoe: Materials: Suede is made from any of several leathers (calf, kid, or cattle hide) by buffing the inner surface to produce a napped finish.

Adolfo Bioy Casares: …sueño de los héroes (1954; The Dream of Heroes), Bioy Casares examines the meaning of love and the significance of dreams and memory to future actions. The novel Diario de la guerra del cerdo (1969; Diary of the War of the Pig) is a mixture of science fiction and political…

Forres: Sueno’s Stone, situated at the east end of the town, is an impressive sculptured monolith 23 feet (7 metres) high, possibly dating to the 9th century and probably commemorating a battle between Norse invaders and the native Picts and Scots. The Witches Stone was the…

Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Villegas: Quevedo’s Sueños (1627; Dreams), fantasies of hell and death, written at intervals from 1606 to 1622, shows his development as a master of the then new Baroque style conceptismo, a complicated form of expression depending on puns and elaborate conceits. An anthology of his poems in English translation…

Mario Monti: …de Recherches Financières; now the European Money and Finance Forum) in 1982–85. Also during this time Monti wrote commentaries on economics for the Milan newspaper Corriere della Sera (1978–94) and sat on a number of corporate boards.

Eduard Suess was an Austrian geologist who helped lay the basis for paleogeography and tectonics—i.e., the study of the architecture and evolution of the Earth’s outer rocky shell. While an assistant in the Hofmuseum (now the Natural History Museum) in Vienna from 1852 to 1856, Suess published

Agostino Nifo was a Renaissance philosopher noted for his development from an anti-Christian interpreter of Aristotelian philosophy into an influential Christian apologist for the immortality of the individual soul. While attending the University of Padua about 1490, Nifo studied the Averroist

Agostino Nifo was a Renaissance philosopher noted for his development from an anti-Christian interpreter of Aristotelian philosophy into an influential Christian apologist for the immortality of the individual soul. While attending the University of Padua about 1490, Nifo studied the Averroist

tallow: …waxy white fat, consisting of suet (the hard fat about the kidneys and loins of cattle, sheep, and horses) or similar vegetable substances. Tallow consists mainly of glyceryl esters of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Tallow was used chiefly to make soap and candles until the development of synthetic surfactants…

Suetonius was a Roman biographer and antiquarian whose writings include De viris illustribus (“Concerning Illustrious Men”), a collection of short biographies of celebrated Roman literary figures, and De vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars). The latter book, seasoned with bits of gossip and scandal

United Kingdom: The conquest: …ce much had been achieved; Suetonius Paulinus, governor from 59 to 61, was invading the island of Anglesey, the last stronghold of independence, when a serious setback occurred: this was the rebellion of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni. Under its king Prasutagus the tribe of the Iceni had enjoyed a…

Eustache Le Sueur was a painter known for his religious pictures in the style of the French classical Baroque. Le Sueur was one of the founders and first professors of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. Le Sueur studied under the painter Simon Vouet and was admitted at an early age into

Suebi, group of Germanic peoples, including the Marcomanni and Quadi, Hermunduri, Semnones, and Langobardi (Lombards). The Alemanni were also part of the Suebi tribal group, which gave its name to the German principality of Swabia. In the late 1st century ad most of the Suebi lived around the Elbe

Suez, port at the head of the Gulf of Suez and at the southern terminal of the Suez Canal, northern Egypt. Together with its two harbors, Port Ibrāhīm and Port Tawfīq (Tewfik), and a large portion of the Eastern Desert, Suez constitutes the urban muḥāfaẓah (governorate) of Al-Suways. An ancient

Suez Canal, sea-level waterway running north-south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt to connect the Mediterranean and the Red seas. The canal separates the African continent from Asia, and it provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and the lands lying around the Indian and western

Suez Canal: Finance: …exercised complete control through its Suez Canal Authority (SCA), though the original company (now GDF Suez) continues in France as a multinational utilities company.

Benjamin Disraeli: Second administration: …slightly less than half the Suez Canal Company’s shares and was anxious to sell. An English journalist discovered this fact and told the Foreign Office. Disraeli overrode its recommendation against the purchase and bought the shares using funds provided by the Rothschild family until Parliament could confirm the bargain. The…

Suez Crisis, (1956), international crisis in the Middle East, precipitated on July 26, 1956, when the Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal. The canal had been owned by the Suez Canal Company, which was controlled by French and British interests. The Suez Crisis was

Suez Crisis, (1956), international crisis in the Middle East, precipitated on July 26, 1956, when the Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal. The canal had been owned by the Suez Canal Company, which was controlled by French and British interests. The Suez Crisis was

Gulf of Suez, northwestern arm of the Red Sea between Africa proper (west) and the Sinai Peninsula (east) of Egypt. The length of the gulf, from its mouth at the Strait of Jubal to its head at the city of Suez, is 195 miles (314 km), and it varies in width from 12 to 20 miles (19 to 32 km). The

Africa: Formation of the Red Sea: …end of the Miocene the Isthmus of Suez was formed, and the gulf became a saline lake at the bottom of which thick evaporites (sediments formed as a result of evaporation) were laid down. The isthmus permitted Asian animal life to pass into Africa during part of the Pliocene Epoch…

Egypt: Resources and power: This Suez-Mediterranean pipeline, known as Sumed, has the capacity to transmit some 2.5 million barrels of oil per day. The Sumed pipeline was financed by a consortium of Arab countries, primarily Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Egypt. In 1981 a crude oil pipeline was opened to link Raʾs Shukhayr, on the…

tanker: Suezmax. The largest ships that can transit the Suez Canal, these tankers are some 275 metres (900 feet) long and have a capacity of 120,000 to 200,000 dwt. They carry about 800,000 to more than 1,000,000 barrels. Aframax. The maximum size of vessel to use…

South Asian arts: Parsi theatre: …plays were adapted from Shakespeare: Sufayd Khūn (“White Blood”) was modelled on King Lear, and Khūn-e Nāḥaq (“The Innocent Murder”) on Hamlet. His last play, Rustam-o-Sohrab, the tragic story of two legendary Persian heroes, Rustam and his son Sohrab, is a drama of passion and fatal irony.

North Africa: Political and military institutions: …only one Carthaginian political term—sufet, etymologically the same as the Hebrew shofeṭ, generally translated as “judge” in the Old Testament but implying much more than merely judicial functions. At some stage, probably in the 4th century, the sufets became the political leaders of Carthage and other western Phoenician settlements.…

Sufetula, ancient Roman city 19 miles (31 km) east-northeast of modern Al-Qaṣrayn, Tunisia. Most likely originating as a fort during the Roman campaigns against the Numidian rebel Tacfarinas (ad 17–24), it became a municipium under the emperor Vespasian (69–79) and a colonia under Marcus Aurelius

Christianity: The problem of suffering: The starting point for the Christian understanding of suffering is the messianic self-understanding of Jesus himself. A temptation to power and self-exaltation lay in the late Jewish promise of the coming of the Messiah–Son of Man. The Gospel According to Matthew described the temptation…

eschatology: The New Testament period: …of Man,” and the “Suffering Servant” (Isaiah 52–53). This political shift was further advanced by the interpretation of the Roman Empire as the “obstacle” to Antichrist (II Thessalonians 2:6). Indeed, Christians were encouraged to pray for the health of the empire. In the process, the revolutionary apocalyptic millennialism of…

condition: …common and useful expressions “sufficient condition” and “necessary condition.” If some instance of a property P is always accompanied by a corresponding instance of some other property Q, but not necessarily vice versa, then P is said to be a sufficient condition for Q and, equivalently, Q is said…

principle of sufficient reason, in the philosophy of the 17th- and 18th-century philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, an explanation to account for the existence of certain monads despite their contingency. Having ascribed to existent monads indestructibility, self-sufficiency, and imperviousness

Kitāb al-shifāʾ, a voluminous philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia by the Muslim philosopher and physician Avicenna. It treats logic, the natural sciences, psychology, the quadrivium (geometry, astronomy, mathematics, and music), and metaphysics and is a major work of medieval Muslim

affix: …of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. A prefix occurs at the beginning of a word or stem (sub-mit, pre-determine, un-willing); a suffix at the end (wonder-ful, depend-ent, act-ion); and an infix occurs in the middle. English has no infixes, but they are found in American Indian languages, Greek, Tagalog, and

suffocation, the stoppage or impeding of respiration, as by strangulation, choking on food, or other exclusion of oxygenated air. See

Suffolk, breed of medium-wool, dark-faced, hornless sheep developed in England during the years 1800 to 1850 by mating Norfolk horned ewes with Southdown rams. Suffolks are prolific, early maturing sheep with excellent mutton carcasses. They are energetic, and the whole carriage is alert, showing

Suffolk, county, southeastern New York state, U.S., on central and eastern Long Island. It consists of a coastal lowland bounded by Long Island Sound to the north, Block Island Sound to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Embayments along the northern and eastern shores include Smithtown

Suffolk, administrative and historic county in East Anglia, eastern England. It is bounded to the north by Norfolk, to the west by Cambridgeshire, to the south by Essex, and to the east by the North Sea. The administrative county comprises seven districts: Forest Heath and the borough of Saint

Suffolk, city, southeastern Virginia, U.S., at the head of navigation of the Nansemond River. It lies near the Great Dismal Swamp, immediately southwest of the cities of Portsmouth and Chesapeake in the Hampton Roads region. In 1974 it merged with the former Nansemond county and the towns of

Suffolk, smallest draft-horse breed, which originated in Suffolk, Eng. Descended from the medieval “great horse,” the Suffolk is an old breed that has probably had less crossing with other lines than most draft breeds. All registered Suffolks in Britain and North America trace their lineage to

Suffolk, county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., bordered on the east by Massachusetts Bay and Boston Harbor. It consists of a hilly coastal region and includes several islands. The primary waterways are the Charles, Mystic, and Chelsea rivers, as well as Chestnut Hill Reservoir and Jamaica and

Suffolk Coastal, district, administrative and historic county of Suffolk, eastern England. It occupies an area that borders the North Sea to the east for about 32 miles (51 km). Woodbridge is the district seat. Suffolk Coastal is a low-lying district containing rolling hills in the interior north

Suffolk, smallest draft-horse breed, which originated in Suffolk, Eng. Descended from the medieval “great horse,” the Suffolk is an old breed that has probably had less crossing with other lines than most draft breeds. All registered Suffolks in Britain and North America trace their lineage to

Suffolk Resolves, (Sept. 9, 1774), in U.S. colonial history, most famous of many meetings vigorously protesting the Intolerable Acts enacted by the British Parliament the same year. Because representative provincial government had been dissolved in Massachusetts, delegates from Boston and

Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk was the 1st Duke of Suffolk and brother-in-law of the English king Henry VIII. He was a prominent courtier during his reign. His father, William Brandon, died fighting for Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII) in 1485. A large, athletic man, young Brandon was about

Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk was the 1st Duke of Suffolk and brother-in-law of the English king Henry VIII. He was a prominent courtier during his reign. His father, William Brandon, died fighting for Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII) in 1485. A large, athletic man, young Brandon was about

Henry VI, Part 1: As Part 1 ends, the earl of Suffolk, who has persuaded Henry to marry Margaret of Anjou, plans to use the alliance to take power for himself: “Margaret shall now be Queen and rule the King; / But I will rule both her, the King, and realm.” His plan’s first…

Henry VII: Yorkist plots: …worried by the treason of Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, the eldest surviving son of Edward IV’s sister Elizabeth, who fled to the Netherlands (1499) and was supported by Maximilian. Doubtless the plotters were encouraged by the deaths of Henry’s sons in 1500 and 1502 and of his…

Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk was the father of Lady Jane Grey. His opposition to Queen Mary I of England and his role in Sir Thomas Wyatt’s rebellion led to his execution. The son of Thomas Grey, 2nd marquess of Dorset, he succeeded to the marquessate in 1530 and, in 1534, with the approval of King

Henry Grey, duke of Suffolk was the father of Lady Jane Grey. His opposition to Queen Mary I of England and his role in Sir Thomas Wyatt’s rebellion led to his execution. The son of Thomas Grey, 2nd marquess of Dorset, he succeeded to the marquessate in 1530 and, in 1534, with the approval of King

Robert de Ufford, 1st earl of Suffolk was a leading English soldier and statesman during the reign of Edward III of England. The 1st Earl’s father, Robert (1279–1316), who was summoned to Parliament as a baron in 1309, was the son of Robert de Ufford, twice justiciar of Ireland in Edward I’s reign.

Robert de Ufford, 1st earl of Suffolk was a leading English soldier and statesman during the reign of Edward III of England. The 1st Earl’s father, Robert (1279–1316), who was summoned to Parliament as a baron in 1309, was the son of Robert de Ufford, twice justiciar of Ireland in Edward I’s reign.

Thomas Howard, 1st earl of Suffolk was an English commander during the attack of the Spanish Armada and in other forays against the Spanish during the reign of Elizabeth I. He was also a councillor in the reign of James I. Howard was the second son of the 4th duke of Norfolk. He commanded the

Thomas Howard, 1st earl of Suffolk was an English commander during the attack of the Spanish Armada and in other forays against the Spanish during the reign of Elizabeth I. He was also a councillor in the reign of James I. Howard was the second son of the 4th duke of Norfolk. He commanded the

William de la Pole, 1st duke of Suffolk was an English military commander and statesman who from 1443 to 1450 dominated the government of the weak king Henry VI (ruled 1422–61 and 1470–71). He was popularly, although probably unjustly, held responsible for England’s defeats in the late stages of

William de la Pole, 1st duke of Suffolk was an English military commander and statesman who from 1443 to 1450 dominated the government of the weak king Henry VI (ruled 1422–61 and 1470–71). He was popularly, although probably unjustly, held responsible for England’s defeats in the late stages of

history of Europe: Ecclesiastical organization: …administrative courts, and supervising the suffragan bishops (bishops assigned to assist in the administration of the archdiocese). The archbishop was expected to make regular visits to the ecclesiastical institutions in his province and to hear appeals from the verdicts of courts at lower levels.

suffrage, in representative government, the right to vote in electing public officials and adopting or rejecting proposed legislation. The history of the suffrage, or franchise, is one of gradual extension from limited, privileged groups in society to the entire adult population. Nearly all modern

Helena Bonham Carter: …real-life activist Edith Garrud, in Suffragette (2015). In 2016 she reprised her role as the strangely proportioned Red Queen from Alice in Wonderland in Alice Through the Looking Glass. Bonham Carter then appeared in Ocean’s 8 (2018), a female-driven reboot of the Ocean’s Eleven franchise from the early 2000s. In…

Justinian I: Internal policy of Justinian I: …was the prohibition of the suffragia, or sale of provincial governorships, in 535, for it was clear that new governors’ desire to recoup the heavy initial expense of purchasing their office accounted for much extortion inflicted by them upon the provincial populaces. Instructions were drawn up for provincial governors, and…

Pierre André de Suffren de Saint-Tropez was a French admiral, noted for his daring tactics, who fought the British in Indian waters during the American Revolutionary War. A Knight of Malta, Suffren de Saint-Tropez served under Admiral C.H. d’Estaing in America and was sent to assist French military

Adelaer was a Norwegian-born seaman and naval officer, distinguished in both Venetian and Danish naval history. He entered the Dutch navy in 1639 as an adelborst (“cadet”) and served under Martin van Tromp but in 1642 moved into Venetian service, where he was known as Curzio Suffrido Adelborst. He

Arabic literature: Wine poetry: …different purpose: that of the Sufi (mystical) poets. While the Persian tradition, with world-renowned figures such as Jalāl al-Dīn al-Rūmī and Ḥāfeẓ, provides peerless examples of the genre, the Egyptian poet and Sufi master Ibn al-Fāriḍ also utilizes the imagery of the genre to great effect. The opening line of…

astronomical map: Relationship of the bright stars and their constellations: …a 1009–10 ce copy of al-Ṣūfī’s book on the fixed stars, shows individual constellations, including stars.

South Asian arts: Dance and theatre in Kashmir: …festivals to the accompaniment of sufiana kalam (devotional music of the Muslim mystics known as Sufis) was banned in the 1920s by the ruling maharaja, who felt this dance was becoming too sensual. It was replaced by the bacha nagma, performed by young boys dressed like women. A popular entertainment…

Sufism, mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God. It consists of a variety of mystical paths that are designed to ascertain the nature of humanity and of God and to facilitate the experience

Sufism, mystical Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God. It consists of a variety of mystical paths that are designed to ascertain the nature of humanity and of God and to facilitate the experience

North Africa: Khārijite Berber resistance to Arab rule: …under the influence of the Ṣufriyyah, the extremist branch of the Khārijite sect. The Berber rebels achieved an astounding military success against the Arab army. By 742 they had taken control of the whole of Algeria and were threatening Kairouan. In the meantime the Ibāḍiyyah, who constituted the moderate branch…

North Africa: Khārijite Berber resistance to Arab rule: …under the influence of the Ṣufriyyah, the extremist branch of the Khārijite sect. The Berber rebels achieved an astounding military success against the Arab army. By 742 they had taken control of the whole of Algeria and were threatening Kairouan. In the meantime the Ibāḍiyyah, who constituted the moderate branch…

Umayyad dynasty: …branches of the family: the Sufyānids (reigned 661–684), descendants of Abū Sufyān; and the Marwanids (reigned 684–750), Marwān I ibn al-Hakam and his successors. The Sufyānids, notably Muʿāwiyah I (reigned 661–680), centralized caliphal authority in Damascus. The Syrian army became the basis of Umayyad strength, enabling the creation of a…

Megan Thee Stallion: Hot Girl Summer, Savage, and other successes: …2020 she released the EP Suga, which includes the single “Savage.” The song’s remix features Beyoncé and became Megan Thee Stallion’s first song to top the Billboard Hot 100. It also won two Grammy Awards, for best rap song and best rap performance, in 2021. Megan Thee Stallion also won…

Suga Yoshihide is a Japanese politician who served as leader of the Liberal-Democratic Party of Japan (LDP) and prime minister of Japan (2020–21). His brief tenure in office was marked by low approval ratings as a result of his government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Suga grew up in rural

sugar, any of numerous sweet, colourless, water-soluble compounds present in the sap of seed plants and the milk of mammals and making up the simplest group of carbohydrates. The most common sugar is sucrose, a crystalline tabletop and industrial sweetener used in foods and beverages. As a chemical

Sugar Act, (1764), in U.S. colonial history, British legislation aimed at ending the smuggling trade in sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch West Indies and at providing increased revenues to fund enlarged British Empire responsibilities following the French and Indian War. Actually a

monosaccharide: Important sugar alcohols (alditols), formed by the reduction of (i.e., addition of hydrogen to) a monosaccharide, include sorbitol (glucitol) from glucose and mannitol from mannose; both are used as sweetening agents. Glycosides derived from monosaccharides are widespread in nature, especially in plants. Amino sugars (i.e., sugars…

A.S. Byatt: …collections of short stories, including Sugar, and Other Stories (1987), The Matisse Stories (1993), and Elementals: Stories of Fire and Ice (1998); the career-spanning Medusa’s Ankles was published in 2021. She was also the author of Passions of the Mind (1991), a collection of essays, and Angels & Insects (1991;…

sweetsop, (Annona squamosa), small tree or shrub of the custard apple family (Annonaceae). Native to the West Indies and tropical America, sweetsop has been widely introduced to the Eastern Hemisphere tropics. The fruit contains a sweet custardlike pulp, which may be eaten raw or made into a juice.

Annonaceae: Major genera and species: The custard apple (A. reticulata), a small tropical American tree, gives the family one of its common names. Also known as bullock’s-heart for its globose shape, it has fruits with creamy white, sweetish, custardlike flesh. Cherimoya (A. cherimola), soursop (A. muricata), and sweetsop (A. squamosa) are…

Mickey Rooney: …in 1979 in the successful Sugar Babies, a nostalgic tribute to burlesque, and continued to perform in popular musical theater productions, appearing in the title role of The Wizard of Oz in 1998.

vegetable farming: Planting: The Sugar Baby variety has an average weight of 1.4 ounces (41 grams) for 1,000 seeds; those of Blackstone variety average 4.4 ounces (125 grams). If the two are grown on two separate plots of the same area and 4.4 ounces of seeds of each cultivar…

sugar beet, (Beta vulgaris), one of the four cultivated forms of the plant Beta vulgaris of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), cultivated as a source of sugar. Sugar beet juice contains high levels of sucrose and is second only to sugarcane as the major source of the world’s sugar. For

plant disease: Nematode diseases: A related, cyst-forming species, the sugar beet nematode (H. schachtii), is a pest that has restricted acreage of sugar beets in Europe, Asia, and America.

sugar: Washing and extraction: Some 98 percent of the sugar is extracted to form what is known as diffusion juice, or raw juice.

cocoa: Care and storage: …it on the surface as sugar bloom, distinguished from fat bloom by its sandy texture.

Sugar Bowl, postseason American collegiate football game played on New Year’s Eve or New Year’s Day in New Orleans. The bowl hosts, in a rotation along with the Cotton, Fiesta, Orange, Peach, and Rose bowls, a semifinal game of the College Football Playoff, which determines college football’s

Sugar Hill Records: “Rapper’s Delight”: Launched in 1979 by industry veterans Sylvia and Joe Robinson as a label for rap music (at that time a new genre), Sugar Hill Records, based in Englewood, New Jersey, was named after the upmarket section of Harlem and funded by Manhattan-based distributor Maurice Levy.…

Launched in 1979 by industry veterans Sylvia and Joe Robinson as a label for rap music (at that time a new genre), Sugar Hill Records, based in Englewood, New Jersey, was named after the upmarket section of Harlem and funded by Manhattan-based distributor Maurice Levy. Sylvia (born Sylvia

Latin Americans in Major League Baseball Through the First Years of the 21st Century: The 1930s through World War II: …AAA International League as the Sugar Kings, a Cincinnati Reds farm team, and became a developer of Latin and not just Cuban talent. Future Cuban major leaguers such as Leonardo Cárdenas, Cookie Rojas, Raúl Sánchez, Miguel Cuéllar, and Orlando Peña played for the Sugar Kings, as did Puerto Rican standout…

Sugar Loaf, landmark peak overlooking Rio de Janeiro and the entrance of Guanabara Bay, in southeastern Brazil. Named for its shape, the conical, granitic peak (1,296 feet [395 metres]) lies at the end of a short range between Rio de Janeiro and the Atlantic Ocean. At its base is the fortress of

sugar maple, (Acer saccharum), large tree in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native to eastern North America and widely grown as an ornamental and shade tree. It is commercially important as a source of maple syrup, maple sugar, and hardwood lumber useful in furniture manufacture and flooring.

palm: Economic importance: …of the sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), the palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer), the wild date (Phoenix sylvestris), the toddy palm (Caryota urens), the nipa palm, and the gebang and talipot palms (Corypha elata and C. umbraculifera). Wine is made from species of the

pea: Some varieties, including sugar peas and snow peas, produce pods that are edible and are eaten raw or cooked like green beans; they are popular in East Asian cuisines. The plants are fairly easy to grow, and the seeds are a good source of protein and dietary fibre.

photosynthesis: Elucidation of the carbon pathway: …compound called 3-phosphoglycerate (abbreviated PGA), sugar phosphates, amino acids, sucrose, and carboxylic acids. When photosynthesis was stopped after two seconds, the principal radioactive product was PGA, which therefore was identified as the first stable compound formed during carbon dioxide fixation in green plants. PGA is a three-carbon compound, and the…

pine: Major North American pines: The sugar pine (P. lambertiana) of California is the largest known pine, often 60 to 70 metres (197 to 230 feet) tall, with a trunk diameter of 2 or even 3.5 metres (6.5 to 11.5 feet). Its crown is pyramidal with horizontal or slightly drooping branches.…

Barbados: British rule: The Sugar Revolution, as it is called, had momentous social, economic, and political consequences. The elite in Barbados chose a form of sugar production that yielded the greatest level of profit—but at great social cost. They decided to establish large sugarcane plantations, cultivated by oppressed labourers…

Halle Bailey: Career: …their critically acclaimed debut EP Sugar Symphony, which featured the single “Drop.” The online music magazine Stereogum summed up Sugar Symphony’s appeal in a 2016 review, “The EP drizzles sweet flourishes and beautifully controlled vocals over varied soundscapes melding classical, trap, traditional R&B, neo-soul, and electro, all delivered with a…

United States v. E.C. Knight Company, (1895), legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court first interpreted the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The case began when the E.C. Knight Company gained control of the American Sugar Refining Company. By 1892 American Sugar enjoyed a virtual monopoly of sugar