Cape buffalo, (Syncerus caffer caffer), the largest and most formidable of Africa’s wild bovids (family Bovidae) and a familiar sight to visitors of African parks and reserves. The Cape buffalo is the only member of the buffalo and cattle tribe (Bovini) that occurs naturally in Africa. (The forest,

Cape buffalo: (The forest, or red, buffalo, S. caffer nanus, a much smaller and less familiar subspecies, inhabits forests and swamps of Central and West Africa.)

joint: Cartilaginous joints: These joints, also called synchondroses, are the unossified masses between bones or parts of bones that pass through a cartilaginous stage before ossification. Examples are the synchondroses between the occipital and sphenoid bones and between the sphenoid and ethmoid bones of the floor…

Ruth St. Denis: …form that she called “synchoric orchestra”—a technique, comparable to the eurythmics of Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, that assigned one dancer to interpret the rhythms of each instrument of the orchestra.

synchrocyclotron, improved form of cyclotron, a device that accelerates subatomic particles to high energies (see

Synchromism, art movement begun by American painters Morgan Russell and Stanton Macdonald-Wright in 1913–14 that focused on colour. At the time, the two artists were living in Paris, painting abstract works they called “synchromies.” In a 1916 statement on Synchromism, Macdonald-Wright described

synchronic linguistics, the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics (or

phonology: Synchronic (descriptive) phonology investigates sounds at a single stage in the development of a language, to discover the sound patterns that can occur. For example, in English, nt and dm can appear within or at the end of words (“rent,” “admit”) but not at the…

the Police: …peak with the multiplatinum album Synchronicity (1983). On all their work, Summers’s evocative guitar playing and Copeland’s polyrhythmic virtuosity provided a solid foundation for Sting’s impassioned vocals and sophisticated lyrics (which included references to Vladimir Nabokov and Arthur Koestler).

technology of photography: Firing and synchronization: Flash units are usually fired with a switch in the camera shutter to synchronize the flash with the shutter opening. A contact in the camera’s flash shoe (hot shoe) or a flash lead connects the unit with this shutter switch. The shutter contact usually…

technology of photography: Firing and synchronization: Flash units are usually fired with a switch in the camera shutter to synchronize the flash with the shutter opening. A contact in the camera’s flash shoe (hot shoe) or a flash lead connects the unit with this shutter switch. The shutter contact usually…

computer science: Parallel and distributed computing: …general prevention strategy is called process synchronization. Synchronization requires that one process wait for another to complete some operation before proceeding. For example, one process (a writer) may be writing data to a certain main memory area, while another process (a reader) may want to read data from that area.…

diving: Synchronized diving, a competition in which two divers simultaneously perform a dive, emerged and became part of the Olympic program in 2000.

spectroscopy: Applications: Synchronized flash X-ray photography, made possible with the intense X-rays from a synchrotron source, can capture the image of pulsing arteries of the human heart, as shown in Figure 13, which would have appeared blurred in an image made with a conventional X-ray exposure.

figure skating: Synchronized team skating: Synchronized team skating, also known as precision skating, is the newest and fastest-growing skating sport. It consists of a team of 8 or more skaters (in the United States) or 12 or more skaters (in Canada) who perform various movements, which are…

television: Basic receiver circuits: …produced by the camera and synchronizing generator in the transmitter, and (2) a frequency-modulated sound signal. At this point the picture and sound signals are separated. The sound signal is passed through a sound intermediate amplifier and frequency detector (discriminator, or ratio detector) that converts the frequency modulation back to…

computer: Main memory: …such design is known as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), which became widely used by 2001.

electric generator: They are therefore known as synchronous generators or, in some contexts, alternators.

aerospace industry: Lean manufacturing: Consistent with improving the economics of aerospace vehicles is the transition to a new paradigm for the entire industry, from concept development to operations. This approach involves all processes pertaining to the acquisition, design, development, and manufacturing of a product or system and…

synchronous motor, alternating-current electric motor designed to run at a speed that is directly proportional to the frequency of the electric power source. Typically, a synchronous motor has a stator with a winding similar to that of an induction motor. Its rotor produces a constant magnetic

post-traumatic stress disorder: A test known as synchronous neural interaction (SNI) has been shown to effectively distinguish between the patterns of abnormal brain activity seen in persons with PTSD and the patterns of typical brain activity observed in healthy persons. During an SNI test, the patient stares at a dot for approximately…

telephone: Optical-fibre cable: …transmission rates known as the synchronous optical network (SONET) or optical carrier (OC) in the United States and as the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) elsewhere, as shown in the table.

celestial mechanics: Examples of perturbations: , geostationary satellites, which orbit synchronously with Earth’s rotation) are destabilized by this deviation except at two longitudes. If the axial asymmetry is represented by a slightly elliptical Equator, the difference between the major and minor axis of the ellipse is about 64 metres, with the major axis located about…

pacemaker: More-recent devices are synchronous, or demand, pacemakers that trigger heart contractions only when the normal beat is interrupted. Most pacemakers of this type are designed to generate a pulse when the natural heart rate falls below 68 to 72 beats per minute.

celestial mechanics: Tidal evolution: …continue until the rotation is synchronous with the mean orbital motion of ms. This has happened for the Moon, which keeps the same face toward Earth.

synchrotron, cyclic particle accelerator in which a charged particle—generally, a subatomic particle, such as an electron or a proton, or a heavy-ion particle, such as a gold ion—is accelerated to very high energies in the presence of an alternating electric field while confined to a constant

synchrotron radiation, electromagnetic energy emitted by charged particles (e.g., electrons and ions) that are moving at speeds close to that of light when their paths are altered, as by a magnetic field. It is so called because particles moving at such speeds in a variety of particle accelerator

particle accelerator: Synchrocyclotrons: …phase and energy are called synchrotron oscillations.

synchrotron radiation, electromagnetic energy emitted by charged particles (e.g., electrons and ions) that are moving at speeds close to that of light when their paths are altered, as by a magnetic field. It is so called because particles moving at such speeds in a variety of particle accelerator

Atlas Mountains: Transportation: …the plains, the nomads use synclinal corridors (i.e., corridors formed by folds in the rocks in which the strata dip inward from both sides toward the centre) that separate the ridges of the Saharan Atlas range. The Biskra Gap, situated between the Ouled-Naïl and Aurès ranges, provides a natural conduit…

mountain: Alpine- (or Himalayan-)type belts: …regularly spaced folds—alternating anticlines and synclines—and thrust on top of one another. The Valley and Ridge province of Pennsylvania, which was formed during the collision of Africa and North America near the end of Paleozoic time (about 240,000,000 years ago), is a classic example.

fold: …folds are superimposed, and a synclinorium is a large syncline on which minor folds are superimposed. A symmetrical fold is one in which the axial plane is vertical. An asymmetrical fold is one in which the axial plane is inclined. An overturned fold, or overfold, has the axial plane inclined…

satellite communication: Development of satellite communication: …by the successful launch of Syncom 2, the first satellite in a geosynchronous orbit (an orbit that has a period of 24 hours but is inclined to the Equator), on July 26, 1963, and Syncom 3, the first satellite in geostationary orbit, on August 19, 1964. Syncom 3 broadcast the…

satellite communication: Development of satellite communication: …on July 26, 1963, and Syncom 3, the first satellite in geostationary orbit, on August 19, 1964. Syncom 3 broadcast the 1964 Olympic Games from Tokyo, Japan, to the United States, the first major sporting event broadcast via satellite.

syncopation, in music, the displacement of regular accents associated with given metrical patterns, resulting in a disruption of the listener’s expectations and the arousal of a desire for the reestablishment of metric normality; hence the characteristic “forward drive” of highly syncopated music.

Charlie Barnet: …in such motion pictures as Syncopation (1942), The Fabulous Dorseys (1947), and Make Believe Ballroom (1949).

syncope, effect of temporary impairment of blood circulation to a part of the body. The term is most often used as a synonym for fainting, which is caused by insufficient blood flow to the brain as a result of a fall in blood pressure. Fainting tends to be preceded first by paleness, nausea, and

Plains Indian: Syncretism, assimilation, and self-determination: New religious movements were adopted during the early reservation period—first the Ghost Dance and later peyotism. Both were syncretic, combining elements of traditional religions with those of Christianity. The Ghost Dance began as a redemptive movement in the Great Basin culture

religious syncretism, the fusion of diverse religious beliefs and practices. Instances of religious syncretism—as, for example, Gnosticism (a religious dualistic system that incorporated elements from the Oriental mystery religions), Judaism, Christianity, and Greek religious philosophical

nucleus: …produces a multinucleate cell (syncytium) such as occurs in skeletal muscle fibres. Some cells—e.g., the human red blood cell—lose their nuclei upon maturation. See also cell.

bandicoot: …toe (a trait known as syndactyly). The teeth are sharp and slender. The pouch opens rearward and encloses 6 to 10 teats. Unlike other marsupials, bandicoots have a placenta (lacking villi, however). Most species have two to six young at a time; gestation takes 12–15 days.

artiodactyl: Reproductive specializations: …camels and ruminants possess a syndesmochorial placenta, in which the epithelium of the maternal tissues is eroded to facilitate intercommunication. This is an advance over the epitheliochorial placenta, but the artiodactyls are not particularly advanced, when compared with other mammals, in which there may be still closer association of maternal…

syndicalism, a movement that advocates direct action by the working class to abolish the capitalist order, including the state, and to establish in its place a social order based on workers organized in production units. The syndicalist movement flourished in France chiefly between 1900 and 1914

syndicate, in the United States, an association of racketeers in control of organized crime

Television in the United States: The late Golden Age: …wide availability and popularity in syndicated reruns, has since emerged as the quintessential 1950s suburban sitcom.

Rembrandt: Fourth Amsterdam period (1658–69) of Rembrandt: …the Amsterdam Drapers’ Guild (The Syndics of the Amsterdam Drapers’ Guild, 1662), an anonymous family group (mid-1660s), and an anonymous portrait historié of Isaac and Rebecca (1667), better known as The Jewish Bride (portrait historié is a phrase used to indicate a portrait in which the sitter is—or in…

catalysis: Catalysis in stereoregular polymerization: …polymer: an isotactic polymer, a syndiotactic polymer, and an atactic polymer. These have the following arrangements of their molecular chains:

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), disorder characterized by the excessive excretion of sodium in the urine, thereby causing hyponatremia (decreased sodium concentrations in the blood plasma). SIADH is caused by excessive unregulated secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic

metabolic syndrome, syndrome characterized by a cluster of metabolic abnormalities associated with an increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes, stroke, and certain types of cancer. The condition was first named Syndrome X in 1988 by American endocrinologist Gerald Reaven, who

Apichatpong Weerasethakul: …next film, Sang sattawat (Syndromes and a Century), was commissioned for Vienna’s Mozart-inspired New Crowned Hope festival in 2006. Like several films that preceded it, Syndromes and a Century also has a two-part structure, with what one critic called “two incarnations of the same tale.” Each part is set…

synecdoche, figure of speech in which a part represents the whole, as in the expression “hired hands” for workmen or, less commonly, the whole represents a part, as in the use of the word “society” to mean high society. Closely related to metonymy—the replacement of a word by one closely related to

Charlie Kaufman: …debut with the hugely ambitious Synecdoche, New York, an atmospheric exploration of mortality and art that is even more self-reflexive than Kaufman’s earlier work. Philip Seymour Hoffman played a physically deteriorating theatre director who embarks on the years-long development of his magnum opus, an unwieldy drama that eventually extends across…

bacteria: Diversity of structure of bacteria: The cyanobacterium Synechococcus averages about 0.5 to 1.6 μm in diameter.

community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat. As populations of species interact with one another, they form biological communities. The number of interacting

ancient Greek civilization: The Second Athenian Confederacy: …as an allied chamber, or synedrion, that could put motions directly before the Athenian Assembly. An inscription from 372 shows that this chamber had an allied president. In other words, an improvement was intended on the old synod of the Delian League, which met (presumably) only when Athens called it…

gel: …liquid from it, is called syneresis. Compare sol.

angiosperm: Pollination: …side of the egg (synergids). These synergids begin to degenerate immediately after pollination. Pollen tubes can reach great lengths, as in corn, where the corn silk consists of the styles for the corn ear and each silk thread contains many pollen tubes.

history of film: United States: …century, the idea of “synergy” dominated the motion-picture industry in the United States, and an unprecedented wave of mergers and acquisitions pursued this ultimately elusive concept. Simply put, synergy implied that consolidating related media and entertainment properties under a single umbrella could strengthen every facet of a coordinated communications…

alchemy: Hellenistic alchemy: Synesius, the latest author represented, lived in Byzantium in the 4th century. The earliest is the author designated Democritus but identified by scholars with Bolos of Mende, a Hellenized Egyptian who lived in the Nile Delta about 200 bc. He is represented by a treatise…

mystery religion: Mystery religions and Christianity: …the pagan writer and philosopher Synesius. The people of Cyrene selected him as the most able man of the city to be their bishop, and he was able to accept the election without sacrificing his intellectual honesty. In his pagan period he wrote hymns that closely follow the fire theology…

synesthesia, neuropsychological trait in which the stimulation of one sense causes the automatic experience of another sense. Synesthesia is a genetically linked trait estimated to affect from 2 to 5 percent of the general population. Grapheme-colour synesthesia is the most-studied form of

fertilization, union of a sperm nucleus, of paternal origin, with an egg nucleus, of maternal origin, to form the primary nucleus of an embryo. In all organisms the essence of fertilization is, in fact, the fusion of the hereditary material of two different sex cells, or gametes, each of which

syngas, mixture of primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide that often also contains some amount of carbon dioxide and methane and that is highly combustible. Syngas is used primarily in the production of hydrocarbon fuels, such as diesel fuel and methanol, and in the production of industrial

J.M. Synge was a leading figure in the Irish literary renaissance, a poetic dramatist of great power who portrayed the harsh rural conditions of the Aran Islands and the western Irish seaboard with sophisticated craftsmanship. After studying at Trinity College and at the Royal Irish Academy of

J.M. Synge was a leading figure in the Irish literary renaissance, a poetic dramatist of great power who portrayed the harsh rural conditions of the Aran Islands and the western Irish seaboard with sophisticated craftsmanship. After studying at Trinity College and at the Royal Irish Academy of

R.L.M. Synge was a British biochemist who in 1952 shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry with A.J.P. Martin for their development of partition chromatography, notably paper chromatography. Synge studied at Winchester College, Cambridge, and received his Ph.D. at Trinity College there in 1941. He

R.L.M. Synge was a British biochemist who in 1952 shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry with A.J.P. Martin for their development of partition chromatography, notably paper chromatography. Synge studied at Winchester College, Cambridge, and received his Ph.D. at Trinity College there in 1941. He

loess: Origin and age.: In syngenesis, the accumulation of a mineral mass that is mainly of eolian origin and the acquisition of all loess properties occurs simultaneously, under the influence of soil formation. In protogenesis the accumulated mineral matter already has all the main loess properties because transport occurred subsequent…

Ludwig Gumplowicz: He called this process syngenism. Initially, conflict arises between prepolitical racial groups. When one racial group has prevailed, it forms a state that becomes an amalgam of victor and vanquished. Wars then take place between states, and the process of conquest and assimilation occurs again, on a larger scale.…

Eriocaulales: (485 species), Eriocaulon (400 species), Syngonanthus (195 species), and Leiothrix (65 species). About 30 species of Eriocaulon occur outside the tropics in Japan, about 8 occur in eastern North America, and only 1 (E. septangulare) is known in Europe.

Johannes Brenz: …views of Martin Luther; in Syngramma Suevicum (1525) he expounded Luther’s doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

music synthesizer: …after, including the Buchla and Syn-Ket, the last approximately the size of an upright piano. Most synthesizers have had piano-like keyboards, although other types of performing mechanisms have been used. The Moog III, developed by the American physicist Robert Moog, had two five-octave keyboards that controlled voltage changes (and thus…

synod, (from Greek synodos, “assembly”), in the Christian church, a local or provincial assembly of bishops and other church officials meeting to resolve questions of discipline or administration. The earliest synods can be traced to meetings held by bishops from various regions in the middle of

Metonic cycle: …there are 235 lunations, or synodic months, after which the Moon’s phases recur on the same days of the solar year, or year of the seasons. The cycle was discovered by Meton (fl. 432 bc), an Athenian astronomer. Computation from modern data shows that 235 lunations are 6,939 days, 16.5…

synodic period, the time required for a body within the solar system, such as a planet, the Moon, or an artificial Earth satellite, to return to the same or approximately the same position relative to the Sun as seen by an observer on the Earth. The Moon’s synodic period is the time between

Convocations of Canterbury and York: With the Synodical Government Measure of 1969, most of the powers of the convocations, including the power to legislate by canon, passed into the hands of a general synod composed of members of the houses of bishops, members of the houses of clergy, and a house of…

lizardfish, any of about 57 species of marine fish of the family Synodontidae, found primarily in the tropics. Lizardfish are elongated with rounded bodies and scaly heads. They grow to a maximum length of about 50 centimetres (20 inches) and are characteristically mottled or blotched to blend with

ancient Greek civilization: The beginnings of the polis: …by the Greeks themselves was synoikismos, literally a “gathering together.” Synoikismos could take one or both of two forms—it could be a physical concentration of the population in a single city or an act of purely political unification that allowed the population to continue living in a dispersed way. The…

synonym, word or phrase that has the same meaning as another one. It is formed from the Greek words syn, meaning “together,” and onyma, meaning “name.” Examples of synonyms include clever and intelligent, or attractive and pretty. By contrast, antonyms have the opposite meaning, as exemplified by

Johann August Eberhard: …in an abridged form as Synonymisches Handwörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (1802; “Dictionary of Synonyms in the German Language”) and was republished in its 17th edition in 1910 with English, French, Italian, and Russian equivalents.

biblical literature: Psalms: Synonymous parallelism involves the repetition in the second part of what has already been expressed in the first, while simply varying the words.

Peter Mark Roget: …and philologist remembered for his Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases (1852), a comprehensive classification of synonyms or verbal equivalents that is still popular in modern editions.

John Scylitzes: …historian, the author of a Synopsis historiarum dealing with the years 811–1057.

Constantine Manasses: …of a verse chronicle (Synopsis historike; “Historical Synopsis”).

Edmond Halley: Later works: …astronomy, Halley published in 1705 A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets, in which he described the parabolic orbits of 24 comets that had been observed from 1337 to 1698. He showed that the three historic comets of 1531, 1607, and 1682 were so similar in characteristics that they must…

biblical literature: The two- and four-source hypotheses: …Aland, Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum (1964; Synopsis of the Four Gospels, 1972), which includes the Gospel According to John and, as an appendix, the Gospel of Thomas, as well as ample quotations from noncanonical gospels and Jesus’ sayings preserved in the Church Fathers.

biblical literature: The two- and four-source hypotheses: …Aland, Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum (1964; Synopsis of the Four Gospels, 1972), which includes the Gospel According to John and, as an appendix, the Gospel of Thomas, as well as ample quotations from noncanonical gospels and Jesus’ sayings preserved in the Church Fathers.

weather map, any map or chart that shows the meteorological elements at a given time over an extended area. The earliest weather charts were made by collecting synchronous weather reports by mail. However, it was not until 1816 that German physicist Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes created the first

Synoptic Gospels, the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke in the New Testament, which present similar narratives of the life and death of Jesus Christ. Since the 1780s the first three books of the New Testament have been called the Synoptic Gospels because they are so similar in structure, content,

Claude Joseph Goldsmid Montefiore: …write an important commentary on the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Luke, and Mark).

weather map, any map or chart that shows the meteorological elements at a given time over an extended area. The earliest weather charts were made by collecting synchronous weather reports by mail. However, it was not until 1816 that German physicist Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes created the first

Sverre Petterssen: …the forces creating them, and synoptic meteorology, which uses charts and weather observations for the identification, study, and forecasting of weather.

Synoptic Gospels: This question, called the Synoptic problem, has been elaborately studied in modern times(see also Biblical literature: New Testament literature).

climate: Scale classes: …class is known as the synoptic scale. Spanning smaller distances, a few hundred to a few thousand kilometres, and possessing shorter lifetimes, a few to several days, this class contains the migrating cyclones and anticyclones that control day-to-day weather changes. Sometimes the planetary and synoptic scales are combined into a…

weather map, any map or chart that shows the meteorological elements at a given time over an extended area. The earliest weather charts were made by collecting synchronous weather reports by mail. However, it was not until 1816 that German physicist Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes created the first

reproductive system disease: In the male: Synorchism, the fusion of the two testicles into one mass, may occur within the scrotum or in the abdomen. Cryptorchidism, the most common anomaly of the spermatic tract, is the failure of one or both of the testes to descend spontaneously into the scrotum; hormonal…

osteoarthritis: …compounded by a reduction in synovial fluid, which acts as a natural joint lubricant and shock absorber.

bursa: Synovial bursas are thin-walled sacs that are interposed between tissues such as tendons, muscles, and bones and are lined with synovial membrane. In humans a majority of synovial bursas are located near the large joints of the arms and legs. Submuscular bursas are located between…

joint disease: Tumours of joints: In synovial chondromatosis, a benign condition, numerous cartilaginous nodules form in the soft tissues of the joint. The lesion is usually confined to one joint, particularly the knee, and occurs in young or middle-aged adults. It may or may not cause pain or swelling and usually…

osteoarthritis: …compounded by a reduction in synovial fluid, which acts as a natural joint lubricant and shock absorber.