joint: Structure and elements of synovial joints: The synovial bursas are closed, thin-walled sacs, lined with synovial membrane. Bursas are found between structures that glide upon each other, and all motion at diarthroses entails some gliding, the amount varying from one joint to another. The bursal fluid, exuded by the…

joint: The synovial layer: The inner layer of the articular joint capsule is called the synovial layer (stratum synoviale) because it is in contact with the synovial fluid. Unlike the fibrous layer, it is incomplete and does not extend over the articulating parts of the articular cartilages…

joint: The synovial layer: The inner layer of the articular joint capsule is called the synovial layer (stratum synoviale) because it is in contact with the synovial fluid. Unlike the fibrous layer, it is incomplete and does not extend over the articulating parts of the articular cartilages…

joint disease: Tumours of joints: …circumstance the lesion is called synovial osteochondromatosis. Like synovial chondromatosis, synovial osteochondromatosis is often a spontaneous or primary disorder of unknown cause. In many cases, however, it is a development secondary to other diseases of the synovium, such as rheumatoid arthritis and even osteoarthritis.

joint disease: Tumours of joints: Synoviomas, or synovial sarcomas, are malignant tumours that arise in the tissues around the joints—the capsule, the tendon sheaths, the bursas, the fasciae, and the intermuscular septa, or divisions—and only rarely within the joint proper. Although they may occur at any age, they are most…

synovial tissue, thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous

joint disease: Tumours of joints: Synoviomas, or synovial sarcomas, are malignant tumours that arise in the tissues around the joints—the capsule, the tendon sheaths, the bursas, the fasciae, and the intermuscular septa, or divisions—and only rarely within the joint proper. Although they may occur at any age, they are most…

joint disease: Inflammatory joint diseases: types of arthritis: …membrane) is referred to as synovitis. Arthralgias simply are pains in the joints; as ordinarily used, the word implies that there is no other accompanying evidence of arthritis. Rheumatism, which is not synonymous with these, does not necessarily imply an inflammatory state but refers to all manners of discomfort of…

synovial tissue, thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous

nuclear ceramics: High-level waste: …second-generation solid waste form is synroc, a ceramic synthetic rock. Synroc contains various titanate-mineral phases that have the capability of forming solid solutions with nearly all the radioactive species in HLW. Similar minerals exist in nature, where they have survived under demanding conditions for geologic time periods. The production of…

bird: Skeleton: …to 23 fused vertebrae, the synsacrum, to which the pelvic girdle is fused. Posterior to the synsacrum is a series of free tail (caudal) vertebrae and finally the pygostyle, which consists of several fused caudal vertebrae and supports the tail feathers.

miracle fruit, (Synsepalum dulcificum), evergreen shrub of the family Sapotaceae, grown for its mild fruits that make subsequently eaten sour foods taste sweet. The miracle fruit plant is native to tropical West Africa, where it is used locally to sweeten palm wine and other beverages. The

Syntactic Structures, foundational work of transformational-generative grammar, first published in 1957, by the American linguist and philosopher Noam Chomsky. It is widely recognized for its radical reconception of grammar as a mathematically precise system of recursive rules characterizing the

phalanx: …in the phalanx was the syntagma, normally 16 men deep. Each soldier was armed with the sarissa, a 13- to 21-foot spear; in battle formation, the first five ranks held their spears horizontally in front of the advancing phalanx, each file being practically on the heels of the men in…

Matthew Blastares: …Blastares in 1335 compiled the Syntagma alphabeticum (“Alphabetical Arrangement”), a handbook of Byzantine church and civil laws that synthesized material from previous collections. It was almost immediately translated into Slavonic at the behest of King Stefan Dušan of Serbia and appeared in a Bulgarian version during the 15th century and…

canon law: Eastern churches: This Syntagma canonum (“Body of Canons”), or Corpus canonum orientale (“Eastern Body of Canons”), was subsequently complemented by the canons attributed to other 4th- and 5th-century councils, canonical letters of 12 Greek Fathers and of the 3rd-century Latin bishop of Carthage, St. Cyprian, and the Constitutiones…

wind instrument: Trumpet-type aerophones: …clearly depicted in Michael Praetorius’s Syntagma musicum (1619). Praetorius’s illustration of trombones, for example, features crooks inserted between the slide and bell sections. Terminal crooks were common on trumpets from the 17th through the 19th century. They were also used, singly and in combination, on the horn until the mid-18th…

Epicureanism: Epicureanism and egoism in modern philosophy: …the Syntagma philosophiae Epicuri (Treatise on Epicurean Philosophy), was issued posthumously at The Hague 10 years later. At the same time, in England, Thomas Hobbes, a friend of Gassendi, took up again the theory of pleasure and interpreted it in a dynamic sense, which was therefore closer to the…

Pierre Gassendi: Skepticism and atomism: In his final Epicurean work, Syntagma philosophicum (“Philosophical Treatise”), published posthumously in 1658, Gassendi attempted to find what he called a middle way between skepticism and dogmatism. He argued that, while metaphysical knowledge of the “essences” (inner natures) of things is impossible, by relying on induction and the information provided…

George Pachymeres: …Constantinople’s academy evolved into the Syntagma tōn tessarōn mathēmatōn (“Compendium of Four Mathematics”), a type of classical handbook on mathematics, music, geometry, and astronomy. The Syntagma, with its innovative use of Arabic numbers, became the standard academic text in Greek Byzantine culture.

Berthold Delbrück: …in Sanskrit and Greek (Syntaktische Forschungen), which was the first thoroughly methodical and complete treatment of a problem in comparative syntax. He was professor of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics at the University of Jena (1873–1912). His great achievement was preparing the three volumes on syntax in Grundriss der vergleichenden…

syntax, the arrangement of words in sentences, clauses, and phrases, and the study of the formation of sentences and the relationship of their component parts. In a language such as English, the main device for showing the relationship among words is word order; e.g., in “The girl loves the boy,”

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Synteliidae 1 genus, a few species in Mexico and the Orient. Superfamily Hydrophiloidea (water scavenger beetles) Head usually with Y-shaped line on front; antennae short, hairy and club-shaped at end; habits mostly aquatic; maxillary palp usually longer than antennae; 6 families.

heredity: Synteny: Genomic sequencing and mapping have enabled comparison of the general structures of genomes of many different species. The general finding is that organisms of relatively recent divergence show similar blocks of genes in the same relative positions in the genome. This situation is called…

wood wasp: The cedar wood wasps, represented in North America by the species Syntexis libocedrii, are found in the Pacific coastal states. Adults are about 8 to 14 mm (0.3 to 0.5 inch) in length. The larva bores into the wood of the incense cedar, Calocedrus decurrens.

synthesis, in philosophy, the combination of parts, or elements, in order to form a more complete view or system. The coherent whole that results is considered to show the truth more completely than would a mere collection of parts. The term synthesis also refers, in the dialectical philosophy of

mathematics: The three classical problems: …reversed procedure is called “synthesis.”

carbon monoxide: …and molecular hydrogen are called synthesis gas, or syngas.

chemical synthesis, the construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. It is the process by which many substances important to daily life are obtained. It is applied to all types of chemical compounds, but most syntheses are of organic molecules. Chemists synthesize chemical

cell cycle: …stage), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis, or M, stage). The stages G1, S, and G2 make up interphase, which accounts for the span between cell divisions. On the basis of the stimulatory and inhibitory messages a…

chemical synthesis, the construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler ones. It is the process by which many substances important to daily life are obtained. It is applied to all types of chemical compounds, but most syntheses are of organic molecules. Chemists synthesize chemical

music synthesizer, machine that electronically generates and modifies sounds, frequently with the use of a digital computer. Synthesizers are used for the composition of electronic music and in live performance. The intricate apparatus of the sound synthesizer generates wave forms and then subjects

ligase, any one of a class of about 50 enzymes that catalyze reactions involving the conservation of chemical energy and provide a couple between energy-demanding synthetic processes and energy-yielding breakdown reactions. They catalyze the joining of two molecules, deriving the needed energy from

epistemology: Immanuel Kant: …squares have four sides,” (2) synthetic a posteriori propositions, such as “The cat is on the mat” and “It is raining,” and (3) what he called “synthetic a priori” propositions, such as “Every event has a cause.” Although in the last kind of proposition the meaning of the predicate term…

synthetic a priori proposition, in logic, a proposition the predicate of which is not logically or analytically contained in the subject—i.e., synthetic—and the truth of which is verifiable independently of experience—i.e., a priori. Thus the proposition “Some bodies are heavy” is synthetic because

abrasive: Abrasive materials: their composition and properties: Synthetic abrasives, on the other hand, are the product of considerable processing of raw materials or chemical precursors; they include silicon carbide, synthetic diamond, and alumina (a synthetic form of corundum). Most natural abrasives have been replaced by synthetic materials because nearly all industrial applications…

Haber-Bosch process, method of directly synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, developed by the German physical chemist Fritz Haber. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1918 for this method, which made the manufacture of ammonia economically feasible. The method was translated

radar: Radar imaging: …resolution, is the basis for synthetic aperture radar (SAR). SAR produces an image of a scene that is similar, but not identical, to an optical photograph. One should not expect the image seen by radar “eyes” to be the same as that observed by optical eyes. Each provides different information.…

synthetic biology, field of research in which the main objective is to create fully operational biological systems from the smallest constituent parts possible, including DNA, proteins, and other organic molecules. Synthetic biology incorporates many different scientific techniques and approaches.

dye: Development of synthetic dyes: Perkin’s accidental discovery of mauve as a product of dichromate oxidation of impure aniline motivated chemists to examine oxidations of aniline with an array of reagents. Sometime between 1858 and 1859, French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin found that reaction of aniline

Georges Braque: Cubism: …1912 Picasso and Braque entered Synthetic Cubism, the phase in which subject matter became more central as the artists moved their forms out of the confusion of contrasting planes. That year Braque created what is generally considered the first papier collé by attaching three pieces of wallpaper to the drawing…

synthetic diamond, man-made diamond that is usually produced by subjecting graphite to very high temperatures and pressures. Synthetic diamond resembles natural diamond in most fundamental properties, retaining the extreme hardness, broad transparency (when pure), high thermal conductivity, and

synthetic division, short method of dividing a polynomial of degree n of the form a0xn + a1xn − 1 + a2xn − 2 + … + an, in which a0 ≠ 0, by another of the same form but of lesser degree (usually of the form x − a). Based on the remainder theorem, it is sometimes called the method of detached

synthetic biology: BioBricks and xeno-nucleic acids: …other scientists attempted to create synthetic DNA with an expanded genetic code that included new base pairs in addition to the naturally occurring pairs of A-T (adenine-thymine) and C-G (cytosine-guanine).

designer drugs: …drugs, in popular usage, illegal synthetic, laboratory-made chemicals. Although the term is not precisely defined, it is understood to refer to commonly abused drugs such as fentanyl, ketamine, LSD, PCP, quaaludes, methcathinone, and GHB (gammahydroxy butyrate), as well as to amphetamine derivatives such as Ecstasy (3,4, Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; MDMA) and methamphetamine

dye: Development of synthetic dyes: Perkin’s accidental discovery of mauve as a product of dichromate oxidation of impure aniline motivated chemists to examine oxidations of aniline with an array of reagents. Sometime between 1858 and 1859, French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin found that reaction of aniline

synthetic fibre, man-made textile fibre produced entirely from chemical substances, unlike those man-made fibres derived from such natural substances as cellulose or protein. See Man-Made

syngas, mixture of primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide that often also contains some amount of carbon dioxide and methane and that is highly combustible. Syngas is used primarily in the production of hydrocarbon fuels, such as diesel fuel and methanol, and in the production of industrial

emerald: …long made to manufacture it synthetically. These efforts finally met with success between 1934 and 1937, when a German patent was issued to cover its synthesis. Synthetic emeralds are currently manufactured in the United States by either a molten-flux process or a hydrothermal method; in the latter technique, aquamarine crystals…

grease: Synthetic grease may consist of synthetic oils containing standard soaps or may be a mixture of synthetic thickeners, or bases, in petroleum oils. Silicones are greases in which both the base and the oil are synthetic. Synthetic greases are made in water-soluble and water-resistant forms…

pharmaceutical industry: Synthetic human proteins: Another important milestone for medical science and for the pharmaceutical industry occurred in 1982, when regulatory and marketing approval for Humulin®, human insulin, was granted in the United Kingdom and the United States. This marketing approval was an important advancement because it…

insecticide: Environmental contamination and resistance: The advent of synthetic insecticides in the mid-20th century made the control of insects and other arthropod pests much more effective, and such chemicals remain essential in modern agriculture despite their environmental drawbacks. By preventing crop losses, raising the quality of produce, and lowering the cost of farming,…

synthetic language, any language in which syntactic relations within sentences are expressed by inflection (the change in the form of a word that indicates distinctions of tense, person, gender, number, mood, voice, and case) or by agglutination (word formation by means of morpheme, or word unit,

foam glass, lightweight, opaque glass material having a closed-cell structure. It is made in molds that are packed with crushed or granulated glass mixed with a chemical agent such as carbon or limestone. At the temperature at which the glass grains become soft enough to cohere, the agent gives off

lubrication: Liquid, oily lubricants.: Synthetic lubricants generally can be characterized as oily, neutral liquid materials not usually obtained directly from petroleum but having some properties similar to petroleum lubricants. In certain ways they are superior to hydrocarbon products. Synthetics exhibit greater stability of viscosity with temperature changes, resistance to…

compost, crumbly mass of rotted organic matter made from decomposed plant material, used in gardening and agriculture. Compost is especially important in organic farming, where the use of synthetic fertilizers is not permitted. Compost improves soil structure, provides a wide range of nutrients for

pigment: Synthetic organic pigments are derived from coal tars and other petrochemicals. Inorganic pigments are made by relatively simple chemical reactions—notably oxidation—or are found naturally as earths.

blood doping: Synthetic oxygen carriers include perfluorocarbons and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers. These agents effectively transport and deliver oxygen to tissues and have been explored as oxygen carriers in blood-substitute products for purposes such as emergency blood transfusion. Synthetic oxygen carriers also became popular with athletes, although their…

biblical literature: Psalms: Synthetic parallelism involves the completion or expansion of the idea of the first part in the second part.

Herbert Spencer: Life and works: …subscriptions for a comprehensive work, The Synthetic Philosophy, which was to include, besides the already-published Principles of Psychology, volumes on first principles and on biology, sociology, and morality. First Principles was published in 1862, and between then and 1896, when the third volume of The Principles of Sociology appeared, the…

analytic proposition: …all bodies are heavy is synthetic, since the notion of weight supposes in addition to the notion of body that of bodies in relation to one another. In the 19th century Bernard Bolzano, a Prague logician and epistemologist, added a third category, the analytically false.

resin: Synthetic resins comprise a large class of synthetic products that have some of the physical properties of natural resins but are different chemically. Synthetic resins are not clearly differentiated from plastics.

nuclear ceramics: High-level waste: …second-generation solid waste form is synroc, a ceramic synthetic rock. Synroc contains various titanate-mineral phases that have the capability of forming solid solutions with nearly all the radioactive species in HLW. Similar minerals exist in nature, where they have survived under demanding conditions for geologic time periods. The production of…

rubber: Synthetic rubber production: Synthetic elastomers are produced on an industrial scale in either solution or emulsion polymerization methods. (Solution polymerization and emulsion polymerization are described in the article chemistry of industrial polymers.) Polymers made in solution

Hugh MacDiarmid: …1978, Edinburgh) was the preeminent Scottish poet of the first half of the 20th century and leader of the Scottish literary renaissance.

Colleen Moore: … (1923), Naughty But Nice (1927), Synthetic Sin (1929), and Why Be Good? (1929).

single crystal: …often occur as single crystals; synthetic single crystals, especially silicon and gallium arsenide, are used in solid-state electronic devices such as integrated circuits and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

evolution: The synthetic theory: The rediscovery in 1900 of Mendel’s theory of heredity, by the Dutch botanist and geneticist Hugo de Vries and others, led to an emphasis on the role of heredity in evolution. De Vries proposed a new theory of evolution known as mutationism, which…

Raoul Hausmann: …later published the piece as Synthetisches Cino der Malerei (“Synthetic Cinema of Painting”). Both the anti-art Dada manifesto and Hausmann’s declaration on new media were recited before a riotous audience at the first event of the Berlin Dada Club, on April 12, 1918. The artists’ evening of performance and readings…

Synthetism, in art, method of painting evolved by Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and others in the 1880s to emphasize two-dimensional flat patterns, thus breaking with Impressionist art and theory. The style shows a conscious effort to work less directly from nature and to rely more

syntrophism, mutual dependence of different types of organisms for the satisfaction of their respective nutritional needs. The intermediate or end products of metabolism of one organism are essential materials for another. Syntrophism is exemplified in the mixed population of an ecosystem

algae: Annotated classification: approximately 250 species; Mallomonas and Synura. Class Xanthophyceae (yellow-green algae) Primarily coccoid, capsoid, or filamentous; mostly in freshwater environments; about 600 species; includes Botrydium, Bumilleriopsis, Tribonema, and

protozoan: Annotated classification: Synurales Produce stomatocysts. Lack chlorophyll c2. Possess a unique flagellar root system. Eustigmatales Small unicells that are coccoid (nonmotile) in the vegetative phase. Cells can be single, paired, or colonial. Lack fucoxanthin and are yellow-green in colour; lack chlorophyll c. Motile cells contain a prominent

algae: Annotated classification: Class Synurophyceae Previously placed in Chrysophyceae; silica-scaled; unicellular or colonial flagellates sometimes alternating with capsoid benthic stage; cells covered with elaborately structured silica scales; approximately 250 species; Mallomonas and Synura. Class Xanthophyceae (

tropical rainforest: General structure of the rainforest: …be grouped into categories called synusiae, which make up distinct layers of vegetation. In tropical rainforests the synusiae are more numerous than in other ecosystem types. They include not only mechanically independent forms, whose stems are self-supporting, and saprophytic plants but also mechanically dependent synusiae such as climbers, stranglers, epiphytes,…

Ob River: Physiography: …Sosva, the Vogulka, and the Synya rivers from the left. These main channels are reunited below Shuryshkary into a single stream that is up to 12 miles (19 km) wide and 130 feet (40 metres) deep; but after the confluence of the Poluy (from the right) the river branches out…

fruit: Animal dispersal: Synzoochory, deliberate carrying of diaspores by animals, is practiced when birds carry diaspores in their beaks. The European mistle thrush (Turdus viscivorus) deposits the viscid seeds of mistletoe (Viscum album) on potential host plants when, after a meal of the berries, it whets its bill…

Robert Adam: The Adam style: …to redesign the interior of Syon House. Adam produced an important plan that proposed filling an old centre court with a vast, domed, pantheon-like hall; it was not executed, however. The entrance hall of Syon, based on a basilica—a rectangular building divided into three areas by two rows of columns—with…

Robert Adam: The Adam style: …to redesign the interior of Syon House. Adam produced an important plan that proposed filling an old centre court with a vast, domed, pantheon-like hall; it was not executed, however. The entrance hall of Syon, based on a basilica—a rectangular building divided into three areas by two rows of columns—with…

Syphax was the king of the Masaesyli, a Numidian tribe (in North Africa). Formerly a Carthaginian dependent, he rebelled in 214 bc in consultation with Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus, who were fighting Carthaginian forces in Spain at the time. In 206, he expelled his neighbour and

great Indian bustard: Conservation status: …Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), the lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus), and their habitats from further declines. The program was modeled after Project Tiger, a massive national effort initiated in the early 1970s to protect the tigers of India and their habitat.

syphilis, systemic disease that is caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis is usually a sexually transmitted disease, but it is occasionally acquired by direct nonsexual contact with an infected person, and it can also be acquired by an unborn fetus through infection in the

Girolamo Fracastoro: He is best-known for “Syphilis sive morbus Gallicus” (1530; “Syphilis or the French Disease”), a work in rhyme giving an account of the disease, which he named. He made an intense study of epidemic diseases, and, while in the service of Pope Paul III at the Council of Trent…

syphilis test, any of several laboratory procedures for the detection of syphilis. The most commonly used tests are carried out on a sample of blood serum (serological tests for syphilis, or STS). Serological tests are divided into two types: nontreponemal and treponemal. Nontreponemal tests

laryngitis: Syphilitic laryngitis is one of the many complications of syphilis. In the second stage of syphilis, sores or mucous patches can form; as the disease advances to the third stage, there is tissue destruction followed by healing and scar formation. The scars can distort the…

paresis, psychosis caused by widespread destruction of brain tissue occurring in some cases of late syphilis. Mental changes include gradual deterioration of personality, impaired concentration and judgment, delusions, loss of memory, disorientation, and apathy or violent rages. Convulsions are n

syphilis: Syphilis through history: …to a mythic Greek shepherd, Syphilus, who was cursed by the god Apollo with a dread disease. The theory of a New World origin has been supported by evidence of treponematosis found in the skeletal remains of pre-Columbian American Indians. On the other hand, “leprosy” in Europe before 1500 was…

siphon, instrument, usually in the form of a tube bent to form two legs of unequal length, for conveying liquid over the edge of a vessel and delivering it at a lower level. Siphons may be of any size. The action depends upon the influence of gravity (not, as sometimes thought, on the difference in

Freyja, (Old Norse: “Lady”), most renowned of the Norse goddesses, who was the sister and female counterpart of Freyr and was in charge of love, fertility, battle, and death. Her father was Njörd, the sea god. Pigs were sacred to her, and she rode a boar with golden bristles. A chariot drawn by

Syr Darya, river in the Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. The Syr Darya is formed by the confluence of the Naryn and Qoradaryo rivers in the eastern Fergana Valley and generally flows northwest until it empties into the Aral Sea. With a length of 1,374 miles (2,212

China: The era of good government: …the Tang armies defeated the Xueyantou (Syr Tardush), former vassals of the eastern Turks, who became Tang vassals in 646. The Tuyuhun in the region around Koko Nor caused considerable trouble in the early 630s. Taizong invaded their territory in 634 and defeated them, but they remained unsubdued and invaded…

Syracuse, city, city, seat (1827) of Onondaga county, central New York, U.S. It lies at the south end of Lake Onondaga, midway between Albany and Buffalo (147 miles [237 km] west). The site, once the territory of the Onondaga Indians and headquarters of the Iroquois Confederacy, was visited by

Syracuse, city, on the east coast of Sicily, 33 miles (53 km) south of Catania. It was the chief Greek city of ancient Sicily. Syracuse was settled about 734 bce by Corinthians led by the aristocrat Archias, and the city soon dominated the coastal plain and hill country beyond. The original Greek

Syracuse University, private, coeducational institution of higher education, located in Syracuse, New York, U.S. It offers more than 400 undergraduate, graduate, and professional programs through 13 colleges and schools. Research facilities include the Aging Studies Institute, the Center for

Battle of Syracuse, (September 413 bce). The peace of Nicias of 421 bce did not end the Peloponnesian War. Within a few years, new Athenian leaders were looking for conquests among Sparta’s allies on Sicily, an important source of grain supplies for the Spartan confederation. Athens sent a massive

Siege of Syracuse, (214–212 bce). Fought as part of the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage, the capture of Syracuse by Rome marked the end of the independence of the Greek cities in southern Italy and Sicily. It also led to the death of the noted mathematician and inventor Archimedes, who

Syr Darya, river in the Central Asian republics of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. The Syr Darya is formed by the confluence of the Naryn and Qoradaryo rivers in the eastern Fergana Valley and generally flows northwest until it empties into the Aral Sea. With a length of 1,374 miles (2,212

Syria, country located on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea in southwestern Asia. Its area includes territory in the Golan Heights that has been occupied by Israel since 1967. The present area does not coincide with ancient Syria, which was the strip of fertile land lying between the eastern

Palestine, area of the eastern Mediterranean region, comprising parts of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip (along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea) and the West Bank (west of the Jordan River). The term Palestine has been associated variously and sometimes

Lebanon: Greek and Roman periods: …north and east Syria, and Syria Phoenice in the southwestern region, which included not only coastal Phoenicia but also the territory beyond the mountains and into the Syrian Desert. Under the provincial reorganization of the Eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II in the early 5th century ce, Syria Phoenice was expanded…