Sir Edwin Sandys was a leading Parliamentary opponent of King James I of England and a founder of the colony of Virginia. His activities in Parliament prepared the way for the Parliamentarian movement that eventually deposed and executed James’s successor, Charles I. Sandys was the son of Edwin

Erich Fromm: In The Sane Society (1955), Fromm presented his argument that modern man has become alienated and estranged from himself within consumer-oriented industrial society. Known also for his popular works on human nature, ethics, and love, Fromm additionally wrote books of criticism and analysis of Freudian and…

Viktor Saneyev is a Soviet athlete who dominated the triple jump during the late 1960s and ’70s. He won four Olympic medals, including three golds. Saneyev was originally a high jumper, but a knee injury forced him to switch to the long and triple jumps; by 1963 he was concentrating on the triple

Sanfilippo’s syndrome, rare hereditary (autosomal recessive) metabolic disease characterized by severe mental retardation. There are three varieties, each caused by a defect in a different enzyme involved in the breakdown of mucopolysaccharides, a group of substances important in the structure and

Sanford, city, seat (1913) of Seminole county, east-central Florida, U.S., on the St. Johns River and Lake Monroe, about 20 miles (30 km) northeast of Orlando. Permanent settlement dates from 1836, when Camp Monroe (late Fort Mellon) was established. A trading post called Mellonville had evolved by

African Americans: Television and film: …starred in the popular series Sanford and Son (1972–77). One of the most acclaimed weekly shows ever produced was The Cosby Show (1984–92), starring comedian Bill Cosby. Keenen Ivory Wayans, star of the long-running satirical sketch comedy show In Living Color, won an Emmy Award for his work in 1990.…

Edward T. Sanford was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1923–30). Sanford was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1888 and began his law practice in Knoxville. His public career began in 1907 when President Theodore Roosevelt named him assistant attorney general. The following

Edward T. Sanford was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1923–30). Sanford was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1888 and began his law practice in Knoxville. His public career began in 1907 when President Theodore Roosevelt named him assistant attorney general. The following

Isabel Sanford was an American actress best known for her role as Louise (“Weezy”) Jefferson in the long-running television situation comedy The Jeffersons (1975–85). Sanford made her acting debut in the American Negro Theater’s 1946 production of On Strivers Row, and her first movie role was as

Redd Foxx was an American comedian known for his raunchy stand-up routines. His style of comedy, which featured foul language and highly adult subject matter, influenced generations of comics. He was also a television actor, star of the hit television series Sanford and Son, which ran on NBC from

Maria Louise Sanford was an American educator remembered for the innovation and inspiration she brought to her teaching. Sanford graduated from the New Britain Normal School in 1855 and then taught school in various Connecticut towns for 12 years. In 1867 she moved to Pennsylvania, where in 1869

Wrangell Mountains: …point in the range, and Mount Sanford (16,237 feet [4,949 metres]). Snowfields drain into glaciers as long as 45 miles (70 km). Most of the summits are extinct volcanoes; Mount Wrangell (14,163 feet [4,317 metres]) was the last to approach the dormant stage. Rich copper deposits were discovered north of…

Jean Cocteau: Influence of Radiguet: …creation of his first film, Le Sang d’un poète, a commentary on his own private mythology; the themes that then seemed obscure or shocking seem today less private and more universal because they have appeared in other works. Also in the early 1930s Cocteau wrote what is usually thought to…

sang de boeuf, a glossy, rich, bloodred glaze often slashed with streaks of purple or turquoise used to decorate pottery, particularly porcelain. The effect is produced by a method of firing that incorporates copper, a method first discovered by the Chinese of the Ming dynasty, probably during the

horizontally divided red-white national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.Indonesia’s flag was officially adopted on August 17, 1945, three days after the conclusion of World War II. It remained the national flag when Indonesia won recognition of its independence from the Netherlands in

Louis Guilloux: …masterpiece, Le Sang noir (1935; Bitter Victory). Set in Guilloux’s hometown during World War I, it has as its central character an idealist embittered by experience, driven by his sense of the absurdity of existence to a point beyond hope or despair. Guilloux’s own left-wing ideals were severely tested by…

horizontally divided red-white national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.Indonesia’s flag was officially adopted on August 17, 1945, three days after the conclusion of World War II. It remained the national flag when Indonesia won recognition of its independence from the Netherlands in

Apichatpong Weerasethakul: …next film, Sang sattawat (Syndromes and a Century), was commissioned for Vienna’s Mozart-inspired New Crowned Hope festival in 2006. Like several films that preceded it, Syndromes and a Century also has a two-part structure, with what one critic called “two incarnations of the same tale.” Each part is set…

Lao literature: Early Lao literature: …such major classical works as Sang Sinsai and Thao Hung Thao Cheuang were probably composed. The titles of these works are drawn from the names of their subjects: the former relates the exploits of a legendary prince, and the latter is the tale of a Southeast Asian warrior-king. Following the…

Kenya: Disputed 2007 and 2013 elections, a new constitution, and ICC proceedings: …minister William Ruto, radio executive Joshua arap Sang, and ODM chairperson Henry Kosgey. In January 2012 the ICC announced that four of the six suspects—Kenyatta, Muthaura, Ruto, and Sang—would face trial. They were charged with committing crimes against humanity during the period of postelection violence, with Kenyatta and Muthaura allegedly…

Sanggan River, river in Shanxi and Hebei provinces, part of the Hai River system, northwestern China. The Sanggan River is formed from source streams that rise close to Ningwu, near the Great Wall of China, and flows across the dry plateau of northern Shanxi. After running northeast in a trough

N.F.S. Grundtvig: His Sang-værk til den danske kirke (1837–81; “Song Collection for the Danish Church”) contains new versions of traditional Christian hymns, as well as numerous original hymns, many of them well known in Norwegian, Swedish, German, and English translations.

Republic of the Congo: Settlement patterns: …the Binga Pygmies and the Sanga are scattered through the northern basin. Precolonial trade between north and south stimulated both cooperation and competition, while French favouritism toward the peoples of the southwest and postindependence politics intensified ethnic and regional rivalries. Massive internal migration and urbanization since independence have reproduced these…

Mesopotamian religion: Administration: …usually administered by officials called sangas (“bishops”), who headed staffs of accountants, overseers of agricultural and industrial works on the temple estate, and gudus (priests), who looked after the god as house servants. Among the priestesses the highest-ranking was termed en (Akkadian: entu). They were usually princesses of royal blood…

Sangha River, tributary of the Congo River, formed by the Mambéré and Kadeï headstreams at Nola, southwestern Central African Republic. The Sangha River flows 140 miles (225 km) south to Ouesso in Congo (Brazzaville), forming part of Cameroon’s border with the Central African Republic and Congo.

Japanese performing arts: 7th to 16th centuries: …entertainments” of China and called sangaku, “variety arts,” in Japan—became widely popular as well. During the Heian period (794–1185) professional troupes, ostensibly attached to temples and shrines to draw crowds for festival days, combined these lively stage arts, now called sarugaku (literally, monkey or mimic music), with dancing to drums…

Sangallo family, family of outstanding Florentine Renaissance architects. Its most prominent members were Antonio da Sangallo the Elder; his elder brother Giuliano da Sangallo; Antonio (Giamberti) da Sangallo the Younger, the nephew of Giuliano and Antonio da Sangallo the Elder; and Francesco da

Sangallo family: Antonio da Sangallo the Elder (1455–1535), a military architect in his younger years, is best known for the major work of his life, the pilgrimage church of the Madonna di San Biago at Montepulciano, a tiny but important cultural centre of Tuscany. An ideal central-plan…

Sangallo family: Antonio da Sangallo the Younger (1484–1546) was the most influential architect of his time. He arrived in Rome when he was about 20 and built a town house for the cardinal Alessandro Farnese in 1513. When the cardinal became Pope Paul III, he had Antonio…

Sangallo family: Francesco da Sangallo, known as Il Margotta (1494–1576), the son of Giuliano, was primarily a sculptor whose style was characterized by minute detailing. He sculpted the tomb of Bishop Marzi-Medici (1546) in the church of Santissima Annunziata, Florence, as well as the tomb of Bishop…

Sangallo family: Giuliano da Sangallo (1445?–1516) was an architect, sculptor, and military engineer whose masterpiece, a church of Greek-cross plan, Santa Maria delle Carceri in Prato (1485–91), was strongly influenced by Filippo Brunelleschi. It is the purest, most classic expression of that style of 15th-century architecture. Giuliano…

Sangam literature, the earliest writings in the Tamil language, thought to have been produced in three chankams, or literary academies, in Madurai, India, from the 1st to the 4th century ce. The Tolkappiyam, a book of grammar and rhetoric, and eight anthologies (Ettuttokai) of poetry were

Vijayanagar: The first dynasty, the Sangama, lasted until about 1485, when—at a time of pressure from the Bahmanī sultan and the raja of Orissa—Narasimha of the Saluva family usurped power. By 1503 the Saluva dynasty had been supplanted by the Tuluva dynasty. The outstanding Tuluva king was Krishna Deva Raya.…

Sangamon Interglacial Stage, major division of Pleistocene time and deposits in North America (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 2.6 million years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago). The Sangamon Interglacial follows the Illinoian Glacial Stage and precedes the Wisconsin Glacial Stage, both

Sangamon River, river in central Illinois, U.S. It rises near Ellsworth in McLean county and flows briefly southeast. It then curves southwest, bending around Decatur, where a dam impounds Lake Decatur, and turns west to pass near Springfield, the state capital, and then north and west to join the

University of Illinois, state system of higher education in Illinois, U.S. It consists of three campuses, the main campus in the twin cities Champaign and Urbana and additional campuses in Chicago and Springfield. The universities are teaching and research institutions with land-grant standing and

Oumou Sangaré is a Malian singer and songwriter known for championing women’s rights through wassoulou, a style of popular music derived from vocal and instrumental traditions of rural southern Mali. The earliest influence on Sangaré’s musical development was her mother, a migrant to Bamako from

Sangareddi, town, capital of Medak district, western Telangana state, southern India. It is located in an upland region of the Golconda plateau in the Deccan near the Manjra River, just northwest of the Hyderabad conurbation. The town has mainly an agricultural economy (rice, sugarcane, and

Sangareddi, town, capital of Medak district, western Telangana state, southern India. It is located in an upland region of the Golconda plateau in the Deccan near the Manjra River, just northwest of the Hyderabad conurbation. The town has mainly an agricultural economy (rice, sugarcane, and

Sangareddi, town, capital of Medak district, western Telangana state, southern India. It is located in an upland region of the Golconda plateau in the Deccan near the Manjra River, just northwest of the Hyderabad conurbation. The town has mainly an agricultural economy (rice, sugarcane, and

Sikhism: Guru Ram Das: …with the care of defined sangats (congregations) and who at least once a year presented the Guru with reports on and gifts from the Sikh community. Particularly skilled in hymn singing, Guru Ram Das stressed the importance of this practice, which remains an important part of Sikh worship. A member…

Japanese art: Sculpture: …construction of Tōdai Temple is Hokkedō, also known as Sangatsudō, located at the eastern edge of the Tōdai complex. Tradition suggests that Hokkedō, the oldest building in the Tōdai complex, may have been the temple of the monk Rōben, who, working in tandem with Emperor Shōmu, was the driving force…

Japanese art: Sculpture: …construction of Tōdai Temple is Hokkedō, also known as Sangatsudō, located at the eastern edge of the Tōdai complex. Tradition suggests that Hokkedō, the oldest building in the Tōdai complex, may have been the temple of the monk Rōben, who, working in tandem with Emperor Shōmu, was the driving force…

Ecuador: Relief: … (17,451 feet [5,319 metres]), and Sangay (17,158 feet [5,230 metres]). These are included in two ranges connected at intervals by transversal mountain chains, between which are large isolated valleys or basins, called hoyas.

Ecuador: Sports and recreation: …parks and nature preserves, including Sangay National Park in the central Andes (a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1983), are increasingly used for picnicking, mountaineering, and fishing. Ecuador’s Olympic participation began at the 1924 Summer Games in Paris. The country’s first Olympic medal, gold in the 20-km walk, was won…

Lobsang Sangay is a Tibetan scholar and political leader who became prime minister in the Tibetan Central Administration, the Tibetan government-in-exile, in 2011. He was both the first non-monk and the first person born outside Tibet to hold the position. Sangay was born in a refugee camp for

Sanniquellie, town, north-central Liberia, located at the intersection of roads from Monrovia and Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). A rural administrative centre among the Mano and Malinke (Mandingo), Sanniquellie has secondary schools and the George W. Harley Memorial Hospital. There is local trade in

Madhubala: They appeared together again in Sangdil (1952), a loose adaptation of Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre, and in the drama Amar (1954). Her other notable roles included that of a spoiled and naïve heiress in the comedy Mr. and Mrs. ’55 (1955), directed by and costarring Guru Dutt; a young…

recombinant DNA: Methods: and Walter Gilbert, and the Sanger method, discovered by English biochemist Frederick Sanger. In the most commonly used method, the Sanger method, DNA chains are synthesized on a template strand, but chain growth is stopped when one of four possible dideoxy nucleotides, which lack a 3′ hydroxyl group, is incorporated,…

Eugen Sänger was a German rocket propulsion engineer whose projected “antipodal bomber,” with a range far greater than that made possible by its fuel capacity alone, greatly interested the major Western governments and the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. The development of long-range

Frederick Sanger was an English biochemist who was twice the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. He was awarded the prize in 1958 for his determination of the structure of the insulin molecule. He shared the prize (with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert) in 1980 for his determination of base

George Sanger was an English circus impresario who was the proprietor, with his brother John Sanger, of one of England’s biggest circuses in the 19th century. (See also circus: 19th-century developments.) Sanger was an assistant in his father’s touring peep show. In 1853 he and his brother formed

John Sanger was an English circus impresario who was, with his brother George Sanger, the proprietor of one of the largest and most important English circuses in the 19th century. (See also circus: 19th-century developments.) Sanger was an assistant in his father’s touring peep show, and he and his

Wikipedia: Origin and growth: …a free online encyclopaedia, with Larry Sanger as editor in chief. Nupedia was organized like existing encyclopaedias, with an advisory board of experts and a lengthy review process. By January 2001 fewer than two dozen articles were finished, and Sanger advocated supplementing Nupedia with an open-source encyclopaedia based on wiki…

Margaret Sanger was the founder of the birth control movement in the United States and an international leader in the field. She is credited with originating the term birth control. Sanger was the sixth of 11 children. She attended Claverack College and then took nurse’s training in New York at the

West Java: …west to east includes Mounts Sanggabuana, Gede, Pangrango, Kendang, and Cereme. The highest of these peaks rise to elevations of about 10,000 feet (3,000 metres). A series of these volcanoes cluster to form a great tangle of upland that includes the Priangan plateau, which has an elevation of about 1,000…

Sanggan River, river in Shanxi and Hebei provinces, part of the Hai River system, northwestern China. The Sanggan River is formed from source streams that rise close to Ningwu, near the Great Wall of China, and flows across the dry plateau of northern Shanxi. After running northeast in a trough

Sanggan River, river in Shanxi and Hebei provinces, part of the Hai River system, northwestern China. The Sanggan River is formed from source streams that rise close to Ningwu, near the Great Wall of China, and flows across the dry plateau of northern Shanxi. After running northeast in a trough

sangha, Buddhist monastic order, traditionally composed of four groups: monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen. The sangha is a part—together with the Buddha and the dharma (teaching)—of the Threefold Refuge, a basic creed of Buddhism. The sangha originated in the group of disciples who renounced the

Sangha River, tributary of the Congo River, formed by the Mambéré and Kadeï headstreams at Nola, southwestern Central African Republic. The Sangha River flows 140 miles (225 km) south to Ouesso in Congo (Brazzaville), forming part of Cameroon’s border with the Central African Republic and Congo.

Sri Lanka: Conversion to Buddhism: Mahendra sent for his sister Sanghamitta, who arrived with a branch of the Bo tree (at Bodh Gaya), under which the Buddha had attained enlightenment. The sapling was ceremonially planted in the city. Sanghamitta founded an order of nuns, and a stupa (shrine), the Thuparamacetiya, was built by the king…

Sānghar, town, Sindh province, southern Pakistan. The town is connected by road with the cities of Hyderābād, Karāchi, and Sukkur. Sānghar is a market town and has several cotton-textile factories. The surrounding area consists chiefly of semiarid land, a part of the great Thar Desert, and some

Southeast Asian arts: Balinese dance-drama: The sanghyang dance is usually performed by two young girls who gradually go into a state of trance as women sing in chorus and incense is wafted about them. Supposedly entered by the spirit of the nymph Supraba, the girls rise and dance, often acrobatically, though…

Sangihe Islands, archipelago off the northeastern tip of Celebes (Sulawesi), Indonesia. The islands, with a total area of 408 square miles (1,056 square km), extend northward from Celebes for about 160 miles (260 km) and define most of the eastern limit of the Celebes Sea. They are administered

Sangihe Islands, archipelago off the northeastern tip of Celebes (Sulawesi), Indonesia. The islands, with a total area of 408 square miles (1,056 square km), extend northward from Celebes for about 160 miles (260 km) and define most of the eastern limit of the Celebes Sea. They are administered

Sangihe Islands, archipelago off the northeastern tip of Celebes (Sulawesi), Indonesia. The islands, with a total area of 408 square miles (1,056 square km), extend northward from Celebes for about 160 miles (260 km) and define most of the eastern limit of the Celebes Sea. They are administered

Diet: …of Representatives (Shūgiin) and the House of Councillors (Sangiin). The latter takes the place of the old House of Peers and has a membership of 250 consisting of two categories: 100 councillors elected from the nation at large with the remaining 152 elected as prefectural representatives. Every voter may cast…

South Asian arts: Further development of the grama-ragas: The mammoth 13th-century text Sangitaratnakara (“Ocean of Music and Dance”), composed by the theorist Sharngadeva, is often said to be one of the most important landmarks in Indian music history. It was composed in the Deccan (south-central India) shortly before the conquest of this region by the Muslim invaders…

Norodom Sihanouk: He founded the Sangkum Reastr Niyum (“People’s Socialist Community”) in January 1955, won a referendum in February approving its program, and on March 2 abdicated in favour of his father, Norodom Suramarit, becoming the new monarch’s prime minister, foreign minister, and subsequently permanent representative to the United Nations.…

Sangli, city, southern Maharashtra state, western India. It lies in a upland region along the Krishna River, about 20 miles (32 km) east-northeast of Kolhapur. Sangli is the former capital (1761–1947) of Sangli state. The city’s original name was Sahagalli—from the Marathi terms saha (“six”) and

Chakma, largest of the indigenous populations of Bangladesh, also settled in parts of northeastern India and in Myanmar (Burma). Their Indo-Aryan language has its own script, but the Chakma writing system has given way, for the most part, to Bengali script. The earliest history of the Chakma people

Nationalist Congress Party: (Congress Party)—Sharad Pawar, Purno Sangma, and Tariq Anwar—after they had been expelled from that party for demanding that only a person born in India should be allowed to become the country’s president, vice president, or prime minister. The issue arose after Sonia Gandhi, the Italian-born widow of former…

creole languages: Examples from Africa include Sango, a creole based on the Ngbandi language and spoken in the Central African Republic; Kinubi, based on the Arabic language and spoken in Uganda; and Kikongo-Kituba and Lingala, which are based on Kikongo-Kimanyanga and Bobangi,

Kūkai: …his first major work, the Sangō shiiki (“Essentials of the Three Teachings”), in which he proclaimed the superiority of Buddhism over Confucianism and Taoism. Buddhism, he wrote, contained everything that was worthwhile in the other two beliefs, and it also showed more concern than either for man’s existence after death.…

Sangoan industry, sub-Saharan African stone tool industry of Acheulean derivation dating from about 130,000 to 10,000 years ago. It is more or less contemporaneous with the Fauresmith industry of southern Africa. The Sangoan industry was discovered in 1920 at Sango Bay, Uganda, and is also found in

sangoma, highly respected healer among the Zulu people of South Africa who diagnoses, prescribes, and often performs the rituals to heal a person physically, mentally, emotionally, or spiritually. The sangoma may address all of these realms in the healing process, which usually involves divination,

Sangre de Cristo Mountains, segment of the southern Rocky Mountains in the United States, extending south-southeastward for about 250 miles (400 km) from Poncha Pass, in south-central Colorado, to the low divide southwest of Las Vegas, New Mexico. Usually considered an extension of the Front Range,

Ramón López Velarde: His first book of poems, La sangre devota (1916; “Devout Blood”), treats the simplicity of country life, the tension between sensuality and spirituality, and the poet’s love for his cousin Fuensanta (Josefa de los Ríos); the language is often complex and full of daring imagery. In Zozobra (1919; “Anguish”) the…

bullfighting: Bullfighting and the arts: …is Sangre y arena (1909; Blood and Sand, 1922), by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, which was adapted for film many times, arguably the most famous version starring Rita Hayworth and Tyrone Power (1941). The best-known poem of Federico García Lorca is Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías (1935; Eng. trans. Lament for…

wine: Flavoured wines: Sangria, a popular punch in many Spanish-speaking countries, is made with red or white wine mixed with sugar and plain or sparkling water, flavoured with citrus fruit, and served chilled. Mulled wine is usually made with red wine diluted with water, sweetened with sugar, flavoured…

Abruzzi: principal rivers (the Tronto, Pescara, Sangro, and Trigno) drain to the Adriatic, providing irrigation in their lower courses. The course of these streams is irregular, and, because of massive deforestation on the upper slopes, floods and landslides occur frequently during the spring and fall rains.

Sangrur, town, southeastern Punjab state, northwestern India. It is situated about 30 miles (50 km west-southwest of Patiala. The town was founded in the 17th century and became the capital of the former princely state of Jind. In 1948 it acceded to the Indian union along with other princely states

Tibet: The unification of Tibet: …completed by another great figure, Sangs-rgyas-rgya-mtsho, who in 1679 succeeded as minister regent just before the death of his patron the fifth Dalai Lama. By then a soundly based and unified government had been established over a wider extent than any for eight centuries.

Margaret Elizabeth Munson Sangster was an American writer and editor, noted in her day for her stories and books that mingled Christian devotion with homely wisdom. Margaret Munson was an avid reader from an early age. She turned easily to writing, and her first published story, “Little Janey”

Sanguan, in Chinese Daoism, the Three Officials: Tianguan, official of heaven who bestows happiness; Diguan, official of earth who grants remission of sins; and Shuiguan, official of water who averts misfortune. The Chinese theatre did much to popularize Tianguan by introducing a skit before each

Fra Angelico: Years at the priory of San Marco: …well as his earliest collaborator, Battista Sanguigni. The hand of Fra Angelico himself is identifiable in the first 10 cells on the eastern side. Three subjects merit particular attention: a Resurrection, a coronation of the Virgin, and, especially, a gentle Annunciation, presented on a bare white gallery, with St. Peter…

bloodroot, (Sanguinaria canadensis), plant of the poppy family (Papaveraceae), native throughout eastern and midwestern North America. It grows in deciduous woodlands, where it blooms in early spring, and is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. The orange-red sap of the rhizomes was formerly used

bloodroot: …also contain the medical alkaloid sanguinarine. Although the plant is considered toxic, overcollection for use as an herbal medicine and unfounded cancer treatment has depleted wild populations throughout much of its native range.

sanguine, chalk or crayon drawing done in a blood-red, reddish, or flesh colouring. The pigment employed is usually a chalk or clay containing some form of iron oxide. Sanguine was used extensively by 15th- and 16th-century artists such as Leonardo da Vinci (who employed it in his sketches for the

humour: …produced a person who was sanguine (Latin sanguis, “blood”), phlegmatic, choleric, or melancholic. Each complexion had specific characteristics, and the words carried much weight that they have since lost: e.g., the choleric man was not only quick to anger but also yellow-faced, lean, hairy, proud, ambitious, revengeful, and shrewd. By…

Uruguay: Civilian government: Julio María Sanguinetti, a Colorado Batllista, was elected president in November 1984 and inaugurated the following March. Sanguinetti attempted to appease the military—and to safeguard against a coup—by sponsoring a general amnesty (1986), despite calls for criminal trials. Uruguay’s enormous foreign debt inhibited economic recovery,…

burnet, (genus Sanguisorba), genus of about 35 species of perennial herbs in the rose family (Rosaceae), native to the north temperate zone. Some species—notably the garden, or salad, burnet (Sanguisorba minor) and the great burnet (S. officinalis)—are eaten in salads or used as an ingredient in

burnet: …garden, or salad, burnet (Sanguisorba minor) and the great burnet (S. officinalis)—are eaten in salads or used as an ingredient in fines herbes, a mixture of herbs commonly used in French cuisine. The dried leaves are also used to make tea.

Three Kingdoms, (220–280 ce), trio of warring Chinese states—Wei, Shu-Han, and Wu—that followed the demise of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce). In 25 ce, after a brief period of disruption, the great Han empire had been reconstituted as the Dong (Eastern) Han. However, by the end of the 2nd

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, novel traditionally attributed to the 14th-century Chinese writer Luo Guanzhong. Spanning more than a century of Chinese history that includes the era of the Three Kingdoms, this epic saga of the last days of the Han dynasty is a compilation of history and legend

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, novel traditionally attributed to the 14th-century Chinese writer Luo Guanzhong. Spanning more than a century of Chinese history that includes the era of the Three Kingdoms, this epic saga of the last days of the Han dynasty is a compilation of history and legend

Pamirs: Climate: …western valleys; the village of Sangvor, for example, at an elevation of 7,000 feet (2,100 metres), has a snow cover of up to 4 feet (1.2 metres) from November to April. The growing season lasts 200 days in Sangvor but reaches 230 days in the deep valley of the Panj…

Islamic world: The Ṣanhājah confederation: One particular western Saharan Amazigh confederation, the Ṣanhājah, was responsible for the first Amazigh-directed effort to control the Maghrib. The Ṣanhājah were camel herders who traded mined salt for gold with the black kingdoms of the south. By the 11th century their power…

sanhedrin, any of several official Jewish councils in Palestine under Roman rule, to which various political, religious, and judicial functions have been attributed. Taken from the Greek word for council (synedrion), the term was apparently applied to various bodies but became especially the

sanhedrin, any of several official Jewish councils in Palestine under Roman rule, to which various political, religious, and judicial functions have been attributed. Taken from the Greek word for council (synedrion), the term was apparently applied to various bodies but became especially the