Arthur L. Schawlow was an American physicist and corecipient, with Nicolaas Bloembergen of the United States and Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn of Sweden, of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work in developing the laser and in laser spectroscopy. As a child, Schawlow moved with his family to

Arthur L. Schawlow was an American physicist and corecipient, with Nicolaas Bloembergen of the United States and Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn of Sweden, of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work in developing the laser and in laser spectroscopy. As a child, Schawlow moved with his family to

Dolph Schayes was an American professional basketball player who was one of the game’s best-known players in the 1950s and who became the first in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA) to score 15,000 points in a career. An exception to the sports maxim that “nice guys finish

Dolph Schayes was an American professional basketball player who was one of the game’s best-known players in the 1950s and who became the first in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA) to score 15,000 points in a career. An exception to the sports maxim that “nice guys finish

Ituri Forest: Study and exploration: …the 1930s the Jesuit missionary Paul Schebesta undertook the first anthropological studies of the people of the Ituri. Since then, many aspects of the behaviour, ecology, and growth and demography of the Bambuti and their villager neighbours have been studied by anthropologists from the United States, Europe, and Japan.

Shekhina, (Hebrew: “Dwelling,” or “Presence”), in Jewish theology, the presence of God in the world. The designation was first used in the Aramaic form, shekinta, in the interpretive Aramaic translations of the Old Testament known as Targums, and it was frequently used in the Talmud, Midrash, and

environmental theatre: Richard Schechner’s environmental productions Dionysus in 69, Makbeth, and Commune were performed in his Performing Garage on Off-Off-Broadway in New York City.

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, case in which on May 27, 1935, the Supreme Court of the United States abolished the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA; see National Recovery Administration), a cornerstone of the New Deal. By unanimous vote, the court held that Congress had exceeded

Solomon Schechter was an outstanding authority on the Talmud, and a researcher who discovered important ancient documents. He was also a leader of Conservative Judaism in the United States. Schechter studied the Talmud, the authoritative rabbinical compendium of Jewish law, lore, and commentary, in

stained glass: Traditional techniques: …is first described in the Schedula diversarum artium, a compendium of craft information probably written between 1110 and 1140 by the monk Theophilus (tentatively identified as the 12th-century goldsmith Rugerus of Helmarshausen). First, a full-sized cartoon, or line drawing, of the window was painted directly onto the top of a…

income tax: The meaning of income: The use of multiple schedules is questionable on grounds of both neutrality and horizontal equity (persons with the same income, under like circumstances, paying the same amount of tax), and countries with schedular taxes frequently supplement them with a progressive rate scale applicable to total income. These schedular income…

therapeutics: Indications for use: Schedule I encompasses heroin and other drugs with a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use in the United States. Schedule II drugs, including narcotics such as opium and cocaine and stimulants such as amphetamines, have a high potential for abuse and dependence.…

therapeutics: Indications for use: Schedule II drugs, including narcotics such as opium and cocaine and stimulants such as amphetamines, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Schedule III includes those drugs such as certain stimulants, depressants, barbiturates, and preparations containing limited amounts of

therapeutics: Indications for use: Schedule III includes those drugs such as certain stimulants, depressants, barbiturates, and preparations containing limited amounts of codeine that cause moderate dependence. Schedule IV contains drugs that have limited potential for abuse or dependence, and includes some sedatives, antianxiety agents, and nonnarcotic

therapeutics: Indications for use: Schedule IV contains drugs that have limited potential for abuse or dependence, and includes some sedatives, antianxiety agents, and nonnarcotic analgesics. Schedule V drugs have an even lower potential for abuse than do schedule IV substances. Some, such as cough medicines and antidiarrheal agents containing…

therapeutics: Indications for use: Schedule V drugs have an even lower potential for abuse than do schedule IV substances. Some, such as cough medicines and antidiarrheal agents containing limited amounts of codeine, can be purchased without a prescription. Physicians must have a DEA registration number to prescribe any controlled…

Dalit, term used to refer to any member of a wide range of social groups that were historically marginalized in Hindu caste society. The official designation Scheduled Caste is the most common term now used in India for people in these groups, although members of the Scheduled Castes often prefer

Adivasi: …have been known officially as Scheduled Tribes. In the early 21st century the Adivasi population of India was more than 84 million, with the majority living in the northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland. Smaller numbers inhabit the hills and forests of central and southern India as well…

telecommunications network: Network access: …can be established either by scheduling (a technique in which nodes take turns transmitting in an orderly fashion) or by random access to the channel.

computer program: …or terminated, as when a scheduling program determines which user program is to be executed next. Certain operating-system programs, however, may operate as independent units to facilitate the programming process. These include translators (either assemblers or compilers), which transform an entire program from one language to another; interpreters, which execute…

computer science: Operating systems: , handling sequences of jobs that are compiled and executed one at a time without intervention by the user. Accompanying each job in a batch were instructions to the operating system (OS) detailing the resources needed by the job, such as the amount of CPU time required, the files…

Carl Wilhelm Scheele was a German Swedish chemist who independently discovered oxygen, chlorine, and manganese. Scheele, the son of a German merchant, was born in a part of Germany that was under Swedish jurisdiction. In 1757 Scheele was apprenticed to a pharmacist in Gothenburg, Sweden. His

Carl Wilhelm Scheele was a German Swedish chemist who independently discovered oxygen, chlorine, and manganese. Scheele, the son of a German merchant, was born in a part of Germany that was under Swedish jurisdiction. In 1757 Scheele was apprenticed to a pharmacist in Gothenburg, Sweden. His

scheelite, calcium tungstate mineral, CaWO4, that is an important ore of tungsten. It acquired commercial value in the 20th century when tungsten became used in alloy steels and electric-light filaments. The mineral is named in honour of the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who obtained

Peter Scheemakers was a Belgian sculptor who was considered a founder of modern sculpture in England. Scheemakers trained with his father, also a sculptor, in Antwerp before arriving in England sometime prior to 1721. He produced tomb monuments and garden statuary in a restrained classical style.

Conservative Party of Canada: …leader until May 2017, when Andrew Scheer, an MP from Saskatchewan, was elected leader. Scheer led the party into the 2019 federal election, in which it won a narrow victory in the popular vote but did not win enough seats to wrest power from the Liberals. Scheer was replaced as…

Reinhard Scheer was an admiral who commanded the German High Seas Fleet at the Battle of Jutland (1916). Scheer entered the German navy in 1879 and by 1907 had become the captain of a battleship. He became chief of staff of the High Seas Fleet under Henning von Holtzendorff in 1910 and commander of

Western painting: International Gothic: …associated with an artist named Herman Scheerre, who seems to have come from the region of Cologne. His figures have a rather plump softness that brings them into line with stylistic developments elsewhere; he also had a command of perspective and compositional structure lacking in the work of most previous…

Joseph Victor von Scheffel was a poet and novelist whose immensely popular humorous epic poem Der Trompeter von Säckingen (1854; “The Trumpeter of Säckingen”) and historical novel Ekkehard (1855) appealed to sentimental popular taste and made him one of the most widely read German authors of his

American Subarctic peoples: Cultural continuity and change: …to new towns, such as Schefferville (Quebec), Yellowknife (Northwest Territories), and Inuvik (Northwest Territories). These towns offered employment in industries such as commercial fishing, construction, mining, and defense. Expanding economic opportunities in the north also drew families from southern Canada, and for the first time fairly large numbers of indigenous…

Angelus Silesius was a religious poet remembered primarily as the author of Der cherubinischer Wandersmann (1674; “The Cherubic Wanderer”), a major work of Roman Catholic mysticism. The son of a Lutheran Polish nobleman, Scheffler was court physician to the duke of Oels in his native Silesia when

schefflera, any of several tropical evergreen trees or shrubs, in the ginseng family (Araliaceae), that are widely cultivated as indoor foliage plants because of their tolerance to low light conditions. The genus Schefflera includes the New Zealand seven fingers (S. digitata), which may reach a

schefflera: …most common schefflera is the Australian umbrella tree (S. actinophylla, or Brassaia actinophylla), which can grow up to 12 m. It is widely used as a landscape tree in Hawaii and other warm areas and is also one of the most popular indoor plants around the world. A cultivated dwarf…

The Thousand and One Nights: …vizier, however, has two daughters, Shahrazad (Scheherazade) and Dunyazad; and the elder, Shahrazad, having devised a scheme to save herself and others, insists that her father give her in marriage to the king. Each evening she tells a story, leaving it incomplete and promising to finish it the following night.…

Scheherazade, orchestral suite by Russian composer Nicolay Rimsky-Korsakov that was inspired by the collection of largely Middle Eastern and Indian tales known as The Thousand and One Nights (or The Arabian Nights). Exemplary of the late 19th-century taste for program music—or, music with a story

Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg: …to music by Johann Adolph Scheibe and Johann Christian Bach and later adapted for a well-known duodrama by Jiří Antonín Benda.

Schwyz: …feet [1,798 m], and the Scheidegg, 5,463 feet [1,665 m]) are within its borders; but the land is largely hilly rather than mountainous. The valley of Schwyz was first mentioned in 972 as Suittes. Later, a community of freemen settled at the foot of the Grosser Mythen (6,230 feet [1,899…

Philipp Scheidemann was a German Social Democratic politician who, without party or government authorization, on Nov. 9, 1918, made the Weimar Republic a fact by proclaiming it from the balcony of the Reichstag. He later became the republic’s first chancellor. A journalist and (from 1903) member of

Steven Spielberg: Commercial success: It featured Roy Scheider as the police chief of a resort town who battles a man-eating white shark. Joining him are Richard Dreyfuss as a marine biologist and Robert Shaw as a shark hunter. The highly praised thriller received an Academy Award nomination for best picture, and…

Samuel Scheidt was an organist and composer who, with Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, influenced the Baroque organ style of northern Germany. Scheidt studied with Sweelinck in Amsterdam and by 1604 became organist at the Church of St. Maurice (Moritzkirche) in Halle. About 1609 he became organist, and

Scheie’s syndrome, uncommon hereditary metabolic disease characterized by clawing of the hands, corneal clouding, incompetence of the aortic valve of the heart, and painful nerve compression in the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome). The disease was described by Harold Scheie of the United States in

Scheie’s syndrome, uncommon hereditary metabolic disease characterized by clawing of the hands, corneal clouding, incompetence of the aortic valve of the heart, and painful nerve compression in the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome). The disease was described by Harold Scheie of the United States in

Hans Leonhard Schäuffelein was a German painter and designer of woodcuts whose work bears the strong influence of Albrecht Dürer. An altarpiece for the Church of Ober-Sankt-Veit, near Vienna, believed to be his first work, was drawn by Dürer. In 1509 Schäuffelein worked in the Tirol and later in

Johann Hermann Schein was a German composer of sacred and secular music, one of the earliest (with Michael Praetorius and Heinrich Schütz) to introduce the Italian Baroque style into German music. Schein’s father, a teacher and pastor, died when the boy was seven, and the family moved from rural

Galileo: Telescopic discoveries of Galileo: …and entered a debate with Christoph Scheiner (1573–1650), a German Jesuit and professor of mathematics at Ingolstadt, about the nature of sunspots (of which Galileo was an independent discoverer). This controversy resulted in Galileo’s Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari e loro accidenti (“History and Demonstrations Concerning Sunspots and…

zither: …zithers, such as the Alpine Scheitholt, have narrow rectangular sound boxes and fewer melody strings, their three or more bass strings providing merely a dronelike accompaniment on the tonic and dominant (first and fifth notes of the scale). Their age is unknown; the Scheitholt was described by the German composer…

Randy W. Schekman is an American biochemist and cell biologist who contributed to the discovery of the genetic basis of vesicle transport in cells. Bubblelike vesicles transport molecules such as enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters within cells, carrying their cargo to specific destinations in

Randy W. Schekman is an American biochemist and cell biologist who contributed to the discovery of the genetic basis of vesicle transport in cells. Bubblelike vesicles transport molecules such as enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters within cells, carrying their cargo to specific destinations in

Auguste, Baron Lambermont: …negotiating a settlement of the Schelde Question—the dispute over Dutch control of the maritime commerce of Antwerp, Belgium’s main port.

Schelde River, river, 270 miles (435 km) long, that rises in northern France and flows across Belgium to its North Sea outlet in Dutch territory. Along with the Lower Rhine and the Meuse rivers, it drains one of the world’s most densely populated areas. As a waterway, with its numerous branch

tunnels and underground excavations: Modern practice: …has been greatly enlarged—the 1969 Schelde River tunnel in Antwerp, Belg., used precast sections 328 feet long by 33 feet high by 157 feet wide. This unusually large width accommodates two highway tubes of three lanes each, one two-track railroad tube, and one bicycle tube. Particularly unusual was a 1963…

canals and inland waterways: Major inland waterways of Europe: …40 km (25 miles), the Schelde-Rhine Canal was built.

Auguste, Baron Lambermont: …negotiating a settlement of the Schelde Question—the dispute over Dutch control of the maritime commerce of Antwerp, Belgium’s main port.

Schelde River, river, 270 miles (435 km) long, that rises in northern France and flows across Belgium to its North Sea outlet in Dutch territory. Along with the Lower Rhine and the Meuse rivers, it drains one of the world’s most densely populated areas. As a waterway, with its numerous branch

Max Scheler was a German social and ethical philosopher. Although remembered for his phenomenological approach, he was strongly opposed to the philosophical method of the founder of phenomenology, Edmund Husserl (1859–1938). Scheler studied philosophy at the University of Jena under Rudolf Eucken

Maximilian Schell was an Austrian actor and filmmaker who was most closely associated with the post-World War II courtroom drama Judgment at Nuremberg. Schell created the role of the accused Nazi war criminals’ eloquent defense attorney, Hans Rolfe, in the play’s original 1959 production on the TV

Liechtenstein: Geography: …traditional regions of Vaduz and Schellenberg are still recognized as unique regions—the Upper Country (Oberland) and the Lower Country (Unterland), respectively—and they form separate electoral districts. All citizens age 18 or older who live in the principality are eligible to vote in national elections.

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling: Period of intense productivity: …there he became acquainted with Caroline Schlegel, among the most gifted women in German Romanticism, and married her in 1803. The unpleasant intrigues that accompanied this marriage and the dispute with Fichte caused Schelling to leave Jena, and he accepted an appointment at the University of Würzburg.

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling was a German philosopher and educator, a major figure of German idealism, in the post-Kantian development in German philosophy. He was ennobled (with the addition of von) in 1806. Schelling’s father was a Lutheran minister, who in 1777 became a professor of

Thomas C. Schelling was an American economist who shared the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences with Robert J. Aumann. Schelling specialized in the application of game theory to cases in which adversaries must repeatedly interact, especially in international trade, treaties, and conflicts. The

Thomas C. Schelling was an American economist who shared the 2005 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences with Robert J. Aumann. Schelling specialized in the application of game theory to cases in which adversaries must repeatedly interact, especially in international trade, treaties, and conflicts. The

military aircraft: The jet age: …in 1934; and government aerodynamicist Helmut Schelp in 1937. Whittle had a running bench model by the spring of 1937, but backing from industrialist Ernst Heinkel gave von Ohain the lead. The He 178, the first jet-powered aircraft, flew on Aug. 27, 1939, nearly two years before its British equivalent,…

schema, in social science, mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behaviour. People use schemata (the plural of schema) to categorize objects and events based on common elements and characteristics and thus interpret and predict the world.

rhetoric: Elements of rhetoric: …metaphor, a textural effect) and scheme (like allegory, a structural principle). To the former category belong such figures as metaphor, simile (a comparison announced by “like” or “as”), personification (attributing human qualities to a nonhuman being or object), irony (a discrepancy between a speaker’s literal statement and his attitude or…

Martin Noth: In his book Das System der zwölf Stämme Israels (1930; “The Scheme of the Twelve Tribes of Israel”), written when he was just 28, Noth proposed the theory that the unity called Israel did not exist prior to the covenant assembly at Shechem in Canaan (Joshua 24), where,…

Courtney Love: …were joined by the drummer Patty Schemel and the bassist Kristen Pfaff. Cobain committed suicide days before the release of Hole’s second album, Live Through This (1994). Two months later Pfaff died of a heroin overdose. In 1998 Hole released Celebrity Skin, a commercial and critical success, but the group…

schemochrome, any one of many colourless, submicroscopic structures in organisms that serve as a source of colour by the manner in which they reflect light. Among those physical structures in organisms that fractionate light into its component colours are ridges, striations, facets, successive

Róza Déryné Széppataki was the first female Hungarian opera singer and the most famous Hungarian actress of the first half of the 19th century. Her parents sent her to Pest (now part of Budapest), then a predominantly German city, to learn the German language. In 1810 she joined the theatre company

Schenck v. United States, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on March 3, 1919, that the freedom of speech protection afforded in the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment could be restricted if the words spoken or printed represented to society a “clear and present danger.” In June

Schenck v. United States: Charles T. Schenck was general secretary of the U.S. Socialist Party, which opposed the implementation of a military draft in the country. The party printed and distributed some 15,000 leaflets that called for men who were drafted to resist military service. Schenck was subsequently arrested…

poker: History of poker: …began in 1871, when Colonel Jacob Schenck, the U.S. minister to Great Britain, explained the game to a group of gentlemen that included members of the British court. Queen Victoria heard about the game and expressed interest, whereupon Schenck wrote and had privately printed (1872) a set of rules to…

Arthur van Schendel was a Dutch novelist and short-story writer, whose basically Romantic temperament, combined with a concentrated, restrained, almost classical style, produced some of the greatest novels of his period. His first important novels Een zwerver verliefd (1904; “A Wanderer in Love”)

Schenectady, county, east-central New York state, U.S., comprising a hilly region bordered to the southeast by the Mohawk River (which also bisects the county) and to the west by Schoharie Creek. The Mohawk incorporates the New York State Canal System (completed 1918) and its constituent the Erie

Schenectady, city, seat (1809) of Schenectady county, east-central New York, U.S., on the Mohawk River and New York State Canal System. With Albany and Troy, it forms an urban-industrial complex. Founded as a Dutch settlement in 1662, it took its name from the nearby Mohawk village of Schaunactada,

Hans Leonhard Schäuffelein was a German painter and designer of woodcuts whose work bears the strong influence of Albrecht Dürer. An altarpiece for the Church of Ober-Sankt-Veit, near Vienna, believed to be his first work, was drawn by Dürer. In 1509 Schäuffelein worked in the Tirol and later in

Hans Leonhard Schäuffelein was a German painter and designer of woodcuts whose work bears the strong influence of Albrecht Dürer. An altarpiece for the Church of Ober-Sankt-Veit, near Vienna, believed to be his first work, was drawn by Dürer. In 1509 Schäuffelein worked in the Tirol and later in

Schengen Agreement, international convention initially approved by Belgium, France, West Germany (later Germany), Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in Schengen, Luxembourg, on June 14, 1985. The signatories agreed to begin reducing internal border controls, with the ultimate goal of allowing free

police: Computerization: …established a computerized information system—the Schengen Information System (SIS)—which allows the authorities of certain member states, plus some other European countries, to send or receive data about criminals, missing persons, stolen property, and other matters of interest to law enforcement officers. Each member of the EU, however, must devise its…

Ard Schenk is a Dutch speed skater who in 1972 won three gold medals in the Winter Olympic Games in Sapporo, Japan. He was the first skater to win the 500-, 1,500-, 5,000- and 10,000-metre races at the world championships in a single year (1972). Schenk was the son of a former national skating

Ard Schenk is a Dutch speed skater who in 1972 won three gold medals in the Winter Olympic Games in Sapporo, Japan. He was the first skater to win the 500-, 1,500-, 5,000- and 10,000-metre races at the world championships in a single year (1972). Schenk was the son of a former national skating

Heinrich Schenker was an Austrian music theorist whose insights into the structural hierarchies underlying much of 18th- and 19th-century music led to a new understanding of the laws of melodic and harmonic construction and form. Schenker was not well known in his time; he worked as a private

Robert Schenkkan is an American actor and writer who was best known for his historical plays, which notably included The Kentucky Cycle, a series of short plays that won a Pulitzer Prize in 1992. Schenkkan grew up in Austin, Texas, in a family with a passionate appreciation for the arts. His

Robert Schenkkan is an American actor and writer who was best known for his historical plays, which notably included The Kentucky Cycle, a series of short plays that won a Pulitzer Prize in 1992. Schenkkan grew up in Austin, Texas, in a family with a passionate appreciation for the arts. His

Shenute was a monastic reformer, abbot of the White Monastery, near Atripe in Upper Egypt, who is regarded as a saint in the Coptic (Egyptian Christian) Church. Shenute entered monastic life as a youth and succeeded his uncle as abbot of the White Monastery in 383. He revived the rule of Pachomius,

loincloth: … Egyptians wore a loincloth (schenti) of woven material that was wrapped around the body several times and tied in front or belted. Sometimes the schenti was pleated or partially pleated and sometimes stiffened to project in front.

history of film: Australia: … (The Getting of Wisdom, 1977), Fred Schepisi (The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith, 1978), George Miller (Mad Max, 1979), and the first AFTRS graduates, Phillip Noyce (Newsfront, 1978) and Gillian Armstrong (My Brilliant Career, 1979). Unlike the productions financed with foreign capital by the Canadian Film Development Corporation during the same…

Jesus Only: …California, one of the participants, John G. Scheppe, experienced the power of the name of Jesus, and many accepted his revelation. McAlister’s teaching and the emotional testimony of Scheppe and others marked the emergence of the Jesus Only movement, which ultimately led to the denial of the traditional doctrine of…

cryptology: Developments during World Wars I and II: Koch of the Netherlands and Arthur Scherbius of Germany, independently discovered the rotor concept and designed machines that became the precursors of the best-known cipher machine in history, the German Enigma used in World War II. (See figure.)

Vitaly Scherbo is a Belarusian gymnast who was the first gymnast to win six gold medals in one Olympics. Scherbo, the son of athletes, quickly advanced in Soviet sports, competing in his first gymnastics meet at the age of seven. At age 15 he became a member of the Soviet national team, and his

Hermann Scherchen was a German conductor and champion of 20th-century music. He was influential in the careers of many contemporary composers. Scherchen was musically self-taught. Early in his career he played the viola, and for a time he toured with the Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg.

Éric Rohmer was a French motion-picture director and writer who was noted for his sensitively observed studies of romantic passion. Rohmer was an intensely private man who provided conflicting information about his early life. He offered different given names and gave several dates of birth,

Éric Rohmer was a French motion-picture director and writer who was noted for his sensitively observed studies of romantic passion. Rohmer was an intensely private man who provided conflicting information about his early life. He offered different given names and gave several dates of birth,

Rock Hudson was an American actor noted for his good looks and movie roles during the 1950s and ’60s and popular television series in the 1970s. A well-liked actor of modest talent, Hudson was one of the first known Hollywood celebrities to die of AIDS-related complications; the extensive publicity

string theory: Predictions and theoretical difficulties: …California Institute of Technology and Joel Scherk of the École Normale Supérieure and, independently, Tamiaki Yoneya of Hokkaido University came to a radical conclusion. They suggested that one of the supposedly failed predictions of string theory—the existence of a particular massless particle that no experiment studying the strong force had…

African architecture: Nomads and pastoralists: Some San scherms (shelters) are little more than depressions in the ground, but groups such as the !Kung build light-framed shelters of sticks and saplings covered with grass. Other hunter-gatherers, such as the Hadza of Tanzania, live in dry savanna territory, which contains a wide range of…

Lee Miller: War correspondent for Vogue: …teamed up with Life photojournalist David E. Scherman. Together they followed the 83rd Infantry Division of the U.S. Army as it advanced on the front lines. Miller became the first female photojournalist to do so. She photographed the Liberation of Paris, the battle of Saint-Malo, field hospitals in Normandy, and…

Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor was the doyenne of American high society in the latter half of the 19th century, who held the ground of “old money” in the face of changing times and values. Caroline Schermerhorn was the daughter of a wealthy merchant and had colonial Dutch aristocracy on both

Willem Drees: …affairs in the governments of Willem Schermerhorn and Louis Beel. In 1946 Drees and Schermerhorn, a left-wing Liberal, had formed a new socialist party, the Partij van de Arbeid (“Party of Labour”). As prime minister from Aug. 6, 1948, Drees formed ministries that were coalitions of his own party and…

tapestry: 19th and 20th centuries: …from 1896 to 1903 at Scherrebek, followed by similar enterprises at nearby Kiel and Meldorf. The most significant development, however, occurred at the design school of the Bauhaus, where tapestry was created during the 1920s and early 1930s. Abstract in composition, the Bauhaus designs were deeply rooted in the theory…

Paul Scherrer was a Swiss physicist who collaborated with Peter Debye in the development of a method of X-ray diffraction analysis. The Debye–Scherrer method is widely used to identify materials that do not readily form large, perfect crystals. Scherrer spent most of his life in Zürich, where he