India: Emergency rule: Gandhi announced her Twenty-Point Program soon after the emergency was proclaimed, and most points were aimed at reducing inflation and energizing the economy by punishing tax evaders, black marketers, smugglers, and other real criminals. Prices did come down, production indexes rose dramatically, and even the monsoon proved cooperative…

Twenty-second Amendment, amendment (1951) to the Constitution of the United States effectively limiting to two the number of terms a president of the United States may serve. It was one of 273 recommendations to the U.S. Congress by the Hoover Commission, created by Pres. Harry S. Truman, to

Twenty-seventh Amendment, amendment (1992) to the Constitution of the United States that required any change to the rate of compensation for members of the U.S. Congress to take effect only after the subsequent election in the House of Representatives. Commonly known as the Congressional

Jonathan Franzen: Franzen based his debut novel, The Twenty-seventh City (1988), in a fictional St. Louis. It envisions a dystopic city, primarily populated by Asian immigrants, where police use violence to intimidate political opponents of the power-hungry police chief. Franzen’s second novel, Strong Motion (1992), draws on the author’s experience working in…

twenty-six, dice game popular in the Midwestern United States from the 1920s through the 1950s, in which a player selects a number from 1 to 6 and then casts 10 dice 13 times, attempting to throw the chosen number 26 times or more, or exactly 13 times, or fewer than 10 times. The house edge

Twenty-six Men and a Girl, short story by Maxim Gorky, published in Russian in 1899 as “Dvadtsat shest i odna” (“Twenty-six and One”). It is a psychological profile of a group of long-suffering bakers who idolize a local seamstress. Critics praised Gorky’s sympathetic tone and rhythmic prose,

Twenty-sixth Amendment, amendment (1971) to the Constitution of the United States that extended voting rights (suffrage) to citizens aged 18 years or older. Traditionally, the voting age in most states was 21, though in the 1950s Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower signaled his support for lowering it.

Twenty-third Amendment, amendment (1961) to the Constitution of the United States that permitted citizens of Washington, D.C., the right to choose electors in presidential elections. It was proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960, and its ratification was certified on March 29, 1961.

China: Readjustment and reaction, 1961–65: …referred to as the “Twenty-three Articles,” Mao in January 1965 stated for the first time that the principal enemy was to be found within the party, and he once more proclaimed the urgency of class struggle and mass-line politics.

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: …della città di Alba [1952; The Twenty-three Days of the City of Alba]). There were sad tales of lost war by Giuseppe Berto (Il cielo è rosso [1947; The Sky Is Red] and Guerra in camicia nera [1955; “A Blackshirt’s War”]) and by Mario Rigoni Stern (Il sergente nella neve…

Twenty20 cricket, truncated form of cricket that revolutionized the game when it was introduced in 2003 with rule changes that put a premium on hitting and scoring, gaining a new audience for cricket. The basic rules are the same as for the longer versions, but innings are limited to 20 overs a

Jamie Cullum: …signed with Universal and recorded Twentysomething in 2003, which was followed by months of busy international touring. His singing and playing, which evoked swing and ballad moods rather than rock, were an anomaly in the pop music of the day, but the CD sold 2,000,000 units, 400,000 of them in…

Akan languages, dialect cluster of the Nyo group within the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Its principal members are Asante (Ashanti), Fante (Fanti), Brong (Abron), and Akuapem. The Akan cluster is located primarily in southern Ghana, although many Brong speakers live in eastern

dvija, in the Hindu social system, members of the three upper varnas, or social classes—the Brahmans (priests and teachers), Kshatriyas (warriors), and Vaishyas (merchants)—whose sacrament of initiation is regarded as a second or spiritual birth. The initiation ceremony (upanayana) invests the male

Twice-Told Tales, collection of previously published short stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne, issued in 1837 and revised and expanded in 1842. The 1837 edition consisted of 18 stories; the 1842 enlargement brought the total to 39. Stories such as “The Gray Champion,” “The May-Pole of Marymount,” “The

Western architecture: From the 17th to the 19th century: …rebuild his house, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, Middlesex, he proposed to reflect faithfully in its architecture his tastes for topography, history, and heraldry. He formed a “committee on taste” to advise him on the design. Among the members were the amateur archaeologists Richard Bentley and John Chute, both of whom provided…

inselberg: C.R. Twidale of Australia demonstrated the role of subsurface weathering in shaping the flanking hillslopes and pediments of granitic inselbergs.

stem: Growth and anatomy: …lateral shoots, called branchlets, or twigs, arise. The point at which a leaf diverges in axis from a stem is called the axil. A bud formed in the axil of a previously formed leaf is called an axillary bud, and it, like the leaves, is produced from the tissues of…

long-horned beetle: The twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) deposits eggs in twigs and then girdles, or cuts, a groove around the twig. Eventually the twig dies and breaks off, and the larvae develop inside the dead twig. The Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), native to China and Korea, is…

Twiggy is a British fashion model and actress whose gamine frame and mod look defined the fashion industry during much of the late 20th century. She is widely considered to have been one of the world’s first supermodels—a top fashion model who appears simultaneously on the covers of the world’s

John W. Campbell: One such story is “Twilight” (1934), in which machines work on incessantly, long after man is gone. These popular works prompted much imitation.

Stephenie Meyer: …manuscript for her first book, Twilight (2005; film 2008), in three months. Soon thereafter Little, Brown and Co. offered her $750,000—the most the company had ever offered a first-time author—for the manuscript and two future books. The Twilight Saga, as her series of four books came to be known, tells…

Robert Pattinson: Twilight and stardom: …stardom as Edward Cullen in Twilight (2008), the first in a string of films based on author Stephenie Meyer’s young adult book series of the same name. He acted in all four sequels as well: New Moon (2009), Eclipse (2010), Breaking Dawn—Part 1 (2011), and Breaking Dawn—Part 2 (2012). The…

Japanese music: Composers in Western styles: …by the work Yuzuru (1952; Twilight Crane) by Ikuma Dan. The plot is a Japanese folktale, and, although the musical style is a mixture of the music of Maurice Ravel and the late works of Giacomo Puccini, one finds as well deliberate uses of folk songs and idioms. Shimizu Osamu…

James Turrell: …Meeting House, Houston (2000), and Twilight Epiphany at the Suzanne Deal Booth Centennial Pavilion, Rice University, Houston (2012), Turrell built environments with strategic apertures and hidden LED displays calculated to “bring the cosmos down” into the viewers’ space. His “ganzfields” (a term used to describe a uniform field of light…

twilight glow, weak, widespread, and relatively steady glow from the sky that is observed around twilight; it is part of the overall phenomenon called airglow

Ahmed Ali: …publication of his first novel, Twilight in Delhi (1940), which was written in English. It nostalgically chronicles the passing of the traditional Muslim aristocracy in light of encroaching British colonialism in the early 20th century. His second novel, Ocean of Night (1964), examines the cultural rift in India that preceded…

Ismail Kadare: …i perëndive të stepës (1978; Twilight of the Eastern Gods) is a roman à clef about Kadare’s time at the Gorky Institute. His subsequent works of fiction included Nëpunësi i pallatit të ëndrrave (1981; The Palace of Dreams), Dosja H. (1990; The File on H.), and Piramida (1995; The Pyramid).…

Elio Vittorini: …strizza l’occhio al frejus (1947; The Twilight of the Elephant); and another allegory, Le donne di Messina (1949; Women on the Road). Vittorini’s critical writings are collected in Diario in pubblico (1957; “Public Diary”) and the posthumously published Le due tensione: appunti per una ideologia della letteratura (1967; “The Two…

Jimmy Webb: Later hits and works: …include Ten Easy Pieces (1996), Twilight of the Renegades (2005), Just Across the River (2010), and Still Within the Sound of My Voice (2013).

Twilight Saga, series of vampire-themed novels for teenagers written by American author Stephenie Meyer. The Twilight Saga includes four titles: Twilight (2005; film 2008), New Moon (2006; film 2009), Eclipse (2007; film 2010), and Breaking Dawn (2008; film part 1, 2011, part 2, 2012). The series

Rami Malek: Early career: …a vampire named Benjamin in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn–Part 2.

Robert Pattinson: Twilight and stardom: …all four sequels as well: New Moon (2009), Eclipse (2010), Breaking Dawn—Part 1 (2011), and Breaking Dawn—Part 2 (2012). The movies became a major pop culture sensation, and Pattinson’s profile rose even further as his romantic relationship with his costar in the films, Kristen Stewart, was constantly publicized in the…

birth: Relief of pain in labour: … was given to produce “twilight sleep.” On awakening from the induced dreamlike state, the woman would have no memory of her labour pains. The desire to be an active participant in the birth experience and to avoid the side effects of delirium and hallucinations led to abandonment of this…

Edith Wharton: Among her later novels are Twilight Sleep (1927), Hudson River Bracketed (1929), and its sequel, The Gods Arrive (1932). Her autobiography, A Backward Glance, appeared in 1934. In all Wharton published more than 50 books, including fiction, short stories, travel books, historical novels, and criticism.

Rod Serling: …narrate the science-fiction anthology series The Twilight Zone, which became known for its unexpected plot twists and moral lessons; for this he won a third writing Emmy, in 1959. He also wrote screenplays, often based on his television scripts, such as Patterns (1956) and The Rack (1956). He was also…

George Miller: …to direct a segment of Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983). Shortly after the film’s release, Kennedy was killed in a helicopter crash.

Middlebury College: Alexander Twilight became the first black man to earn a baccalaureate in the United States when he graduated from the college in 1823. Twenty-one years earlier Middlebury had awarded an honorary degree to black clergyman Lemuel Haynes. Women were first admitted in 1883.

Anna Deavere Smith: In 1993 her next offering, Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992, was a similarly crafted exploration of the violence that erupted after the acquittal of four white police officers charged in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, an African American.

twill, one of the three basic textile weaves, producing a fabric with a diagonal rib, ridge, or wale. In regular twill the diagonal line is repeated regularly, usually running upward from left to right at a 45° angle. The weave can be varied in many ways, for example, by changing the direction of

twill, one of the three basic textile weaves, producing a fabric with a diagonal rib, ridge, or wale. In regular twill the diagonal line is repeated regularly, usually running upward from left to right at a 45° angle. The weave can be varied in many ways, for example, by changing the direction of

Oklahoma: The arts: …and rock musicians Leon Russell, Dwight Twilley, and the Flaming Lips, not to mention a host of familiar names from the world of country music topped by Garth Brooks, Reba McEntire, Roger Miller, Hank Thompson, Conway Twitty, Vince Gill, and Carrie Underwood.

twin, either of two young who are simultaneously born from one mother. Twinning, common in many animals, is of two biological kinds: the one-egg (monozygotic), or identical, type and the two-egg (dizygotic), or fraternal, type. The latter type is more usual and can be thought of simply as a litter

mineral: Twinning: …direction common to both (twin axis) with the angular rotation typically 180°, and (3) inversion about a point (twin centre). An instance of twinning is defined by a twin law that specifies the presence of a plane, an axis, or a centre of twinning. If a twin has three…

mineral: Twinning: …inversion about a point (twin centre). An instance of twinning is defined by a twin law that specifies the presence of a plane, an axis, or a centre of twinning. If a twin has three or more parts, it is referred to as a multiple, or repeated, twin.

chimera: …during development, two individuals, or twin chimeras, one or both of whom contain two genetically distinct cell populations, are produced. The most widely known examples of twin chimerism are blood chimeras. These individuals are produced when blood anastomoses (connections) form between the placentas of dizygotic twins, thereby enabling the transfer…

Patrick Joseph Frawley, Jr.: …to political issues through his Twin Circle Publishing Co., which purchased the National Catholic Register in 1970. Frawley supported treatment programs for alcohol and drug addiction as well, having experienced successful treatment for alcoholism in 1964. In the second half of the 20th century, Frawley became involved in the motion-picture…

Minneapolis, city, seat of Hennepin county, southeastern Minnesota, U.S. It lies at the head of navigation on the Mississippi River, near the river’s confluence with the Minnesota River. With adjoining St. Paul to the east, it forms the Twin Cities metropolitan area, the largest conurbation in the

St. Paul, city, capital of Minnesota, U.S., and seat of Ramsey county. Situated in the southeastern part of the state, St. Paul is at the head of navigation on the Mississippi River near its confluence with the Minnesota River. The city adjoins Minneapolis on the west, and together they form the

Minnesota: Constitutional framework: The Twin Cities Metropolitan Council, the members of which are appointed by the governor, is responsible for the development of certain areawide services that local government is unable to provide, including sewage and water systems, transportation, regional parks, and major land uses. It plays a coordinating…

twinning: Other grains added to the twin form crystals that often appear symmetrically joined, sometimes in a starlike or crosslike shape.

Hilary Putnam: Realism and meaning: Putnam devised his “Twin Earth” thought experiment to demonstrate this claim. Twin Earth replicates Earth in almost every detail, including its inhabitants, who are exact duplicates of the inhabitants of Earth, speaking the same languages and having the same mental lives (e.g., the same beliefs and mental images).…

Twin Falls, city, seat (1907) of Twin Falls county, south-central Idaho, U.S. Located near Twin Falls (65 feet [20 metres] high), Shoshone Falls (212 feet [65 metres]), and Auger Falls (140 feet [43 metres]) of the Snake River, the city is adjacent to a spectacular canyon that bisects the broad,

Hattiesburg, city, seat (1908) of Forrest county, southeastern Mississippi, U.S., on the Leaf and Bouie rivers, 70 miles (113 km) north of Gulfport. The city, in a longleaf-pine forest area, was founded in 1882 by Captain William H. Hardy, lumberman and engineer, who named it for his wife (it was

industrial glass: Flat glass: The development of the twin grinding and polishing machine in 1935 at the Pilkington Brothers works in Doncaster, Eng., made it possible for plate to be made by horizontal flow through a double-roller process and then ground and polished on-line. Finally, it took seven years of intense development before…

twin paradox, an apparent anomaly that arises from the treatment of time in German-born physicist Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity. The counterintuitive nature of Einstein’s ideas makes them difficult to absorb and gives rise to situations that seem unfathomable. For example, suppose

San Francisco: City site: …of San Francisco’s hills are Twin Peaks, Mount Davidson, and Mount Sutro, all of which exceed 900 feet (270 metres) in elevation. The best known are Nob Hill, where the wealthy “nobs” (nabobs) built extravagant mansions in the 1870s, and Telegraph Hill, which once looked down on the Barbary Coast,…

Twin Peaks, American television drama that was broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network (1990–91) and Showtime (2017). It garnered critical acclaim and a cult following with its unconventional narrative, surreal tone, and eerie characters. Twin Peaks was created by Mark Frost

Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, American mystery film, released in 1992, that was directed by David Lynch and served as both a prequel to and a culmination of his television series Twin Peaks (1990–91). In its exploration of horror and abnormal psychological states, the film has affinities with

mineral: Twinning: …by a mirror plane (twin plane), (2) rotation about a crystal direction common to both (twin axis) with the angular rotation typically 180°, and (3) inversion about a point (twin centre). An instance of twinning is defined by a twin law that specifies the presence of a plane, an…

twin prime conjecture, in number theory, assertion that there are infinitely many twin primes, or pairs of primes that differ by 2. For example, 3 and 5, 5 and 7, 11 and 13, and 17 and 19 are twin primes. As numbers get larger, primes become less frequent and twin primes rarer still. The first

twin prime conjecture: …that there are infinitely many twin primes, or pairs of primes that differ by 2. For example, 3 and 5, 5 and 7, 11 and 13, and 17 and 19 are twin primes. As numbers get larger, primes become less frequent and twin primes rarer still.

multiple birth: Twin studies: Because MZ twins carry identical genes, they have been used extensively in medical and psychological research. By comparing sets of MZ twins to carefully matched control sets of DZ twins (the “twin method”), researchers have attempted to elucidate the relative importance of heredity…

twin wire process, in papermaking, modification of the Fourdrinier process using two wire mesh belts instead of one to form the pulp into paper. See Fourdrinier

technology of photography: The twin-lens reflex: The twin-lens reflex is a comparatively bulky dual camera (Figure 3) with a fixed-mirror reflex housing and top screen mounted above a roll-film box camera. Its two lenses focus in unison so that the top screen shows the image sharpness and framing as…

tirzepatide, synthetic antidiabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Tirzepatide is the first drug in a class of agents known as dual glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) receptor agonists. Because both GLP-1 and GIP are so-called incretin

Pericles: …Pattern of Painful Adventures by Laurence Twine.

basketry: Wattle construction: (2) In the twined type, the threads are twisted in twos or threes, two or three strands twining around the standards and enclosing them. The twining may be close or openwork or may combine tight standards and spaced threads. Close twining mainly occurs in three zones: Central Africa,…

basketry: Wattle construction: (2) In the twined type, the threads are twisted in twos or threes, two or three strands twining around the standards and enclosing them. The twining may be close or openwork or may combine tight standards and spaced threads. Close twining mainly occurs in three zones: Central Africa,…

Christchurch: Christchurch, town and borough (district), administrative county of Dorset, historic county of Hampshire, England. It lies at the confluence of the Rivers Stour and Avon (East, or Hampshire, Avon) and adjoins the English Channel resort of Bournemouth.

twinflower, (Linnaea borealis), evergreen, creeping shrub of the family Caprifoliaceae, native to moist pinelands or cold bogs in northern regions of both hemispheres. It is named for the paired, nodding, bell-like white or pink flowers borne above a mat of small, roundish leaves. The fragrant

partridgeberry, (Mitchella repens), North American plant of the madder family (Rubiaceae), growing in dry woods from southwestern Newfoundland westward to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. Partridgeberry is a good wild-garden plant for shady places and is popular in winter terrariums

Nathan F. Twining was a U.S. Air Force officer who played a large part in directing the air war against Japan during World War II. A 1918 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., Twining became a U.S. army pilot in 1924 and gained further experience thereafter as a combat unit

Nathan F. Twining was a U.S. Air Force officer who played a large part in directing the air war against Japan during World War II. A 1918 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y., Twining became a U.S. army pilot in 1924 and gained further experience thereafter as a combat unit

Harvey Milk: …was derided as the “Twinkie defense” by the satirist Paul Krassner while reporting on the trial for the San Francisco Bay Guardian. White’s conviction on the lesser charge of voluntary manslaughter sparked an uproar in the city that was subsequently termed the “White Night Riot.”

multiple birth: Twins and twinning: Twinning refers to the process that leads to the production of more than one offspring at one birth. In humans the most frequent type of twinning results in the birth of two babies (twins) at once, although repetition of twinning may lead to triplets,…

twinning, in crystallography, regular intergrowth of two or more crystal grains so that each grain is a reflected image of its neighbour or is rotated with respect to it. Other grains added to the twin form crystals that often appear symmetrically joined, sometimes in a starlike or crosslike shape.

twinning: …repetitions rotated about a common twinning axis, or both. Such twinning planes and axes have simple relations to the crystallographic axes of the crystal and are governed by some fundamental laws; e.g., because the resulting twin would be identical to the original crystal, no plane of symmetry in the simple…

twinning: …reflected images along a common twinning plane, repetitions rotated about a common twinning axis, or both. Such twinning planes and axes have simple relations to the crystallographic axes of the crystal and are governed by some fundamental laws; e.g., because the resulting twin would be identical to the original crystal,…

refrigeration: Twinning, in 1856. Shortly afterward, an Australian, James Harrison, examined the refrigerators used by Gorrie and Twinning and introduced vapour-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meat-packing industries. A somewhat more complex system was developed by Ferdinand Carré of France in 1859. Unlike earlier vapour-compression machines,…

Gemini, in astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying in the northern sky between Cancer and Taurus, at about 7 hours right ascension and 22° north declination. Its brightest stars are Castor and Pollux (Alpha and Beta Geminorum); Pollux is the brighter of the two, with a magnitude of 1.15, and is the

William Shakespeare: The early romantic comedies: …play called the Menaechmi (Twins). The story of one twin (Antipholus) looking for his lost brother, accompanied by a clever servant (Dromio) whose twin has also disappeared, results in a farce of mistaken identities that also thoughtfully explores issues of identity and self-knowing. The young women of the play,…

Native American literature: Southwest: …pair of culture heroes, the Twins, also called the Little War Gods, who help stabilize the surface of the Earth and teach the people many features of their culture, including ceremonials. When the people were weary during the migration, powerful spirit-beings known as kachinas came and danced until someone made…

Lucy Fitch Perkins: …books, best remembered for her Twins series of storybooks that ranged in setting among different cultures and times.

Minnesota Twins, American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, that plays in the American League (AL). The Twins originally played in Washington, D.C. (1901–60), and were known as the Senators before relocating to Minneapolis in 1961. The franchise has won three World Series

Danny DeVito: Career: … (1986), and the buddy film Twins (1988). In 1992 he portrayed the supervillain Oswald Cobblepot, who transforms into the Penguin, in the action film Batman Returns. He also branched out to directing films such as the satirical comedy The War of the Roses (1989), the crime biopic Hoffa (1992), and…

Mbari Mbayo Club: Twins Seven Seven was a dancer, drummer, and graphic artist; his themes were imaginative variations on Yoruba mythology and legend and were always full of humour. Jimoh Buraimoh was known for his mosaic compositions made with local beads, potsherds, or stones. Samuel Ojo worked in…

African religions: Mythology: Twinship is a predominant theme in much West African myth and ritual, because the human body is conceived as the twin of the cosmic body. According to the cosmogony shared by the Dogon, Bambara, and Malinke peoples of Mali, the primordial beings were twins, and…

dipluran: Members of the family Campodeidae have two long slender abdominal cerci that are sensitive to vibrations.

gelechiid moth, (family Gelechiidae), any of more than 4,500 species of moths (order Lepidoptera), some of which are important pests. The brown adults have gray or silver markings and average 19 mm (34 inch) in wingspan. The hindwings have somewhat concave outer margins and pointed tips, in

Sir Ranulph Fiennes is a British adventurer, pioneering polar explorer, and writer, who, among his many exploits, in 1979–82 led the first north-south surface circumnavigation of the world (i.e., along a meridian). Fiennes inherited the baronetcy at birth, as his father, an army officer, had

twist, vigorous dance that developed in the early 1960s in the United States and became internationally popular after its adoption in fashionable circles. The twist’s characteristic hip, arm, and leg movements have been described as “drying the buttocks with an imaginary towel while grinding out an

the Isley Brothers: …of the Top Notes’ “Twist and Shout” remained on Billboard’s pop chart for 11 weeks.

hydrocarbon: Cycloalkanes: designated as chair, boat, and skew (or twist), are essentially free of angle strain. Of these three the chair is the most stable, mainly because it has a staggered arrangement of all its bonds. The boat and skew conformations lack perfect staggering of bonds and are destabilized by torsional strain.…

drill: For general-purpose twist drills the helix angle is about 32°. The angle formed by the two sides of the tapering point is 118° for standard drills, while for drilling tough metals, a flatter point with a 135° angle is recommended. The peripheral portion of the drill body…

figure skating: Lifts: The twist lift requires both partners to skate backward as the man lifts his partner over his head and tosses her into the air. The airborne woman completes up to three rotations before being caught at the waist by the man and smoothly placed back on…

Abe Reles was an American killer and gangster who became a celebrated police informer in 1940–41. The son of Austrian–Jewish immigrants, Reles stole his nickname of Kid Twist from a gangster idol and pursued a life of crime. By the age of 34 in 1940, he had been arrested 42 times (six times for

Oliver Twist, fictional character, a young orphan who is the hero of Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist (1837–39), a novel that illustrates how poverty nurtures

Hank Ballard: He also wrote “The Twist” (1959), which sparked a dance craze in the United States.

Philip Kaufman: Films in the 21st century: After Twisted (2004), which starred Ashley Judd as a San Francisco homicide inspector suspected of being a serial killer, Kaufman made the television movie Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012). The HBO production featured Clive Owen as the mercurial author and Nicole Kidman as the equally