Desi Arnaz: I Love Lucy and Desilu Productions: …included the popular television series The Untouchables (1959–63), Mission: Impossible (1966–73), and Star Trek (1966–69), among others.

Tuskegee syphilis study, American medical research project that earned notoriety for its unethical experimentation on African American patients in the rural South. The project, which was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) from 1932 to 1972, examined the natural course of untreated

Edwidge Danticat: Untwine (2015), a novel for young adults, concerns the ramifications of a tragic accident that befalls a pair of twins. In The Art of Death: Writing the Final Story (2017), Danticat recounted her own mother’s passing and explored how other writers have depicted death in…

copernicium (Cn), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 112. In 1996 scientists at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung [GSI]) in Darmstadt, Ger., announced the production of atoms of copernicium from fusing zinc-70 with lead-208. The

livermorium (Lv), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 116. In 2000 scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, announced the production of atoms of livermorium when

darmstadtium (Ds), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 110. In 1995 scientists at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung [GSI]) in Darmstadt, Germany, announced the formation of atoms of element 110 when lead-208 was fused with nickel-62.

oganesson (Og), a transuranium element that occupies position 118 in the periodic table and is one of the noble gases. Oganesson is a synthetic element, and in 1999 scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, announced the production of atoms of oganesson as a

moscovium (Mc), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 115. In 2010 scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, U.S., announced the production of four atoms of moscovium when

flerovium (Fl), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 114. In 1999 scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California, produced atoms of flerovium from colliding atoms of calcium-48

tennessine (Ts), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 117. In 2010 Russian and American scientists announced the production of six atoms of tennessine, which were formed when 22 milligrams of berkelium-249 were bombarded with atoms of calcium-48, at the cyclotron at the Joint

nihonium (Nh), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 113. In 2004 scientists at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Saitama, Japan announced the production of one atom of element 113, which was formed when bismuth-209 was fused with zinc-70. Extremely

roentgenium (Rg), artificially produced transuranium element of atomic number 111. In 1994 scientists at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung [GSI]) in Darmstadt, Ger., formed atoms of element 111 when atoms of bismuth-209 were bombarded with atoms of

Peter Carey: …included The Tax Inspector (1991), The Unusual Life of Tristan Smith (1994), Jack Maggs (1997), and True History of the Kelly Gang (2000; film 2019), a fictional account of the Australian outlaw Ned Kelly. My Life as a Fake (2003) and Theft (2006) explore issues of authenticity in

William Faulkner: Later life and works of William Faulkner: The Unvanquished (1938) was relatively conventional, but The Hamlet (1940), the first volume of the long-uncompleted “Snopes” trilogy, emerged as a work of extraordinary stylistic richness. Its episodic structure is underpinned by recurrent thematic patterns and by the wryly humorous presence of V.K. Ratliff—an itinerant…

I AM movement: …his experiences in a book, Unveiled Mysteries, published in 1934, and he afterward claimed to receive regular messages, termed “discourses,” from St. Germain and other Masters. Because one of the Masters from whom Ballard received dictations was Jesus, members of the I AM movement consider themselves Christian. The Ballards claimed…

William Cowper: …Huntingdon, lodging with the Reverend Morley Unwin, his wife Mary, and their small family. Pious Calvinists, the Unwins supported the evangelical revival, then a powerful force in English society. In 1767 Morley Unwin was killed in a riding accident, and his family, with Cowper, took up residence at Olney, in…

Richard Henderson: …1975, together with MRC colleague Nigel Unwin, Henderson described a preparation method using a glucose solution for sample preservation in the vacuum environment, which enabled thin sheets of cell membrane, containing thousands of proteins, to be spread across the microscope grid. The array, because of its relatively large size, increased…

Svetlana Alexievich: …voyny ne zhenskoe litso (War’s Unwomanly Face; also translated as The Unwomanly Face of War: An Oral History of Women in World War II), an investigative study that chronicled the lives of Soviet women during World War II, followed that same year by Poslednie svideteli (Last Witnesses: An Oral…

George Strait: Strait’s response, “Unwound” (1981), reached number six on Billboard magazine’s Hot Country Songs chart, landed him an extended contract with MCA, and ultimately launched his career as a professional musician.

Friedrich Nietzsche: Nietzsche’s mature philosophy: …the four Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen (1873; Untimely Meditations), are dominated by a Romantic perspective influenced by Schopenhauer and Wagner. The middle period, from Human, All-Too-Human up to The Gay Science, reflects the tradition of French aphorists. It extols reason and science, experiments with literary genres, and expresses Nietzsche’s emancipation from his…

Mount Unzen, volcano on central Shimabara Peninsula, western Kyushu, Japan. Mount Unzen is actually a group of composite volcanoes, the highest of which is Mount Fugen, at 4,462 feet (1,360 metres). Mount Unzen underwent a major eruption in 1792; the disaster killed as many as 15,000 people in what

Mount Unzen, volcano on central Shimabara Peninsula, western Kyushu, Japan. Mount Unzen is actually a group of composite volcanoes, the highest of which is Mount Fugen, at 4,462 feet (1,360 metres). Mount Unzen underwent a major eruption in 1792; the disaster killed as many as 15,000 people in what

Unzha River, river in central Russia that rises in two headstreams in the Northern Urals and flows generally south for 340 miles (550 km) through timberland country to join the Volga River opposite

Elio Vittorini: …Vittorini’s other important works are Uomini e no (1945; “Men and Non-Men”), an account of his Resistance experiences; the allegorical Marxist novel Il sempione strizza l’occhio al frejus (1947; The Twilight of the Elephant); and another allegory, Le donne di Messina (1949; Women on the Road). Vittorini’s critical writings are…

Dino Buzzati: …to be a spirit, and L’uomo che andrà in America (performed and published 1962; “The Man Who Will Go to America”), the story of an old painter who realizes, on being told that he has won a coveted American prize, that the news also means the end of his life…

Alberto Moravia: …essays, L’uomo come fine (1963; Man as an End), and his autobiography, Alberto Moravia’s Life, was published in 1990. He was married for a time to the novelist Elsa Morante.

Taviani brothers: Un uomo da bruciare (1962; A Man for the Burning), made with Orsini’s collaboration, was their first feature film. It is a portrait of a murdered trade union leader, and its long tracking shots demonstrate what was to become a Taviani trademark. They made one more film with Orsini before…

Giovanni Papini: …novel Un uomo finito (1912; A Man—Finished; U.S. title, The Failure), a candid account of his early years in Florence and his desires for ideological certainty and personal achievement.

Italian literature: Other writings: … (1961; An Arid Heart), and Un uomo solo (1978; “A Man by Himself”).

Renaissance man, an ideal that developed in Renaissance Italy from the notion expressed by one of its most-accomplished representatives, Leon Battista Alberti (1404–72), that “a man can do all things if he will.” The ideal embodied the basic tenets of Renaissance humanism, which considered man the

United Party (UP), one of the leading political parties of South Africa from its inception in 1934 until dissolution in 1977. It was the governing party from 1934 to 1948 and thereafter the official opposition party in Parliament. The United Party was a product of the political crisis brought about

Peter Gabriel: …followed later that year with Up, his first full-length studio release in 10 years. The former recalled his work on Passion, while the latter was a dark meditation on loss and longing.

Union Pacific Railroad Company, company that extended the American railway system to the Pacific Coast; it was incorporated by an act of the U.S. Congress on July 1, 1862. The original rail line was built westward 1,006 miles (1,619 km) from Omaha, Nebraska, to meet the Central Pacific, which was

FARC: …PCC, established a political party, Patriotic Union (Unión Patriótica; UP), in a cease-fire agreement with the government. The UP participated in elections beginning in 1986 and won a large portion of the votes. In subsequent years, however, thousands of UP members, including three of the party’s presidential candidates, were killed…

Disney Company: Continuing expansion: ABC, Pixar, Marvel Entertainment, and Lucasfilm: (2007), WALL∙E (2008), Up (2009), Toy Story 3 (2010), Inside Out (2015), Coco (2017), Toy Story 4 (2019), and Soul (2020), won Academy Awards for best animated film. Disney’s own computer-animated films also proved popular. Among them were Tangled (2010),

United Press International: …upon the merger of the United Press (UP; 1907) with the International News Service (INS). UPI and its precursor agencies pioneered in some key areas of news coverage, including the wired transmission of news photographs in 1925.

R.E.M.: again reinvented its sound with Up (1998), an adventurous album of sonic experimentation. The band continued to perform and record together into the 2000s—releasing Reveal (2001) and Around the Sun (2004)—but also branched out individually to work with other performers. In 2007 R.E.M. was inducted into the Rock and Roll…

Harry Styles: …released its debut studio album, Up All Night, in 2011. Styles cowrote three songs on the album, which climbed quickly to number two on the U.K. Albums Chart and to number one on the Billboard 200. One Direction’s next four albums—Take Me Home (2012), Midnight Memories (2013), Four (2014), and…

Creedence Clearwater Revival: …“Down on the Corner,” “Up Around the Bend,” and “Travelin’ Band” (1970) and offered many other songs equal to them in craftsmanship.

Joan Didion: …others), True Confessions (1981), and Up Close and Personal (1996).

David Williamson: … Brilliant Lies (1993; film 1996), Up for Grabs (2001), Influence (2005), Let the Sunshine (2010), and Nearer the Gods (2018). Williamson also wrote several screenplays, including Phar Lap (1982) and, in collaboration with Peter Weir, Gallipoli (1981) and

African American literature: Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois: A classic American success story, Up from Slavery solidified Washington’s reputation as the most eminent African American of the new century. (To read one of Washington’s speeches, see The Road to African American Progress.) Yet Washington’s primacy was soon challenged. In his landmark collection of essays, The Souls of Black…

Elliott Nugent: …feature film, the frenetic comedy Up in Arms. Nugent then reteamed with Hope on the box-office hit My Favorite Brunette (1947), a film noir spoof. Hope starred as a baby photographer who gets mistaken for a private detective and takes on a case that results in his being framed for…

George Clooney: In Up in the Air (2009), Clooney appeared as a consultant who specializes in firing people, and he portrayed an assassin on assignment in Italy in the thriller The American (2010). He moved behind the camera again for the tense political drama The Ides of March…

Alec Baldwin: Personal life, activism, and other work: …2013 the weekly talk show Up Late with Alec Baldwin debuted on the cable television channel MSNBC. After just five episodes, however, Baldwin was suspended for calling a paparazzo a homophobic slur. Shortly thereafter the show ended. In 2018 he hosted a weekly talk show, The Alec Baldwin Show, which…

United Press International: It also established UP Movietone News to supply news film to television stations.

Carole King: …and Goffin hits included “Up on the Roof” (1962; the Drifters), “One Fine Day” (1963; the Chiffons), “Don’t Bring Me Down” (1966; the Animals), and “(You Make Me Feel like) A Natural Woman” (1967; Aretha Franklin).

quark: Quark flavours: The up quark (charge 23e) and down quark (charge −13e) make up protons and neutrons and are thus the ones observed in ordinary matter. Strange quarks (charge −13e) occur as components of K mesons and various

Robert Mulligan: …director had more success with Up the Down Staircase (1967), an adaptation of Bel Kaufman’s best seller about the trials and tribulations of a young teacher (Sandy Dennis) in the New York City school system. In 1968 Mulligan reunited with Peck on The Stalking Moon, a suspenseful western that starred…

Irvin Kershner: From B-24s to Laura Mars: Up the Sandbox (1972), from Anne Roiphe’s novel, was a protofeminist comedy featuring Barbra Streisand. Although the movie received mixed reviews, it features one of Streisand’s most appealing performances. S*P*Y*S (1974) was much less successful, with Elliott Gould and Donald Sutherland as inept CIA agents

Anne Roiphe: Roiphe’s second novel, Up the Sandbox! (1970), is probably her best known. The sharply satiric work chronicles the story of a college-educated young mother, Margaret, trapped in a humiliating marriage and a thankless domestic routine. To delineate Margaret’s vague longings for change, Roiphe’s narrative alternates between Margaret’s real…

Roy Cazaly: In 1979 the song “Up There Cazaly” topped the national record charts, and it has become a famous Australian anthem.

Jules Dassin: Blacklist and exile: Up Tight! (1968) was Dassin’s first film shot in the United States in some 20 years. A remake of The Informer boasted many of the day’s top African American actors, including Ruby Dee, Raymond St. Jacques, and Roscoe Lee Browne.

the Tragically Hip: Formation and early hits: The Tragically Hip then recorded Up to Here in Memphis, Tennessee, with producer Don Smith (who also produced records by Keith Richards and Tom Petty). The album went platinum in six months. Singles “Blow at High Dough” and “New Orleans Is Sinking,” huge hits in Canada, were also top 10…

Buffy Sainte-Marie: Later career: The song “Up Where We Belong” was among her most successful works of that period. Cowritten with Jack Nitzsche and Will Jennings and recorded by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes for the film An Officer and a Gentleman (1982), the song reached number one on the Billboard…

Glenn Close: …with a musical group called Up with People.

Shania Twain: Come On Over and Up!: …she released the highly anticipated Up!. The double album contained both country and pop versions of the songs. Her Greatest Hits collection, featuring a duet with country artist Billy Currington, appeared in 2004.

Lerwick: …is dramatically represented in Lerwick’s Up-Helly-Aa (Fire Festival) at the end of January, when a full-sized model of a Norse longship is dragged through the town in a torchlight procession and then burned. The town is home to the Shetland Museum and Archives (2007), which contains artifacts relating to the…

United Progressive Alliance (UPA), alliance of political parties in India whose largest and predominant constituent is the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). From 2004 to 2014 it was the core of the ruling coalition under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The centre-left alliance was formed

Ukraine: The Nazi occupation of Soviet Ukraine: …that became known as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainska Povstanska Armiia; UPA). As well as conducting guerrilla warfare with the Germans, the Soviet partisans and the UPA fought each other.

upasampada, Buddhist rite of higher ordination, by which a novice becomes a monk, or bhikhu (Pali: bhikkhu; Sanskrit: bhikshu). Ordination is not necessarily permanent and, in some countries, may be repeated in a monk’s lifetime. A candidate for ordination must be at least 20 years old, have the

upādāna, (Sanskrit and Pāli), in the Buddhist chain of dependent origination, the grasping that leads to becoming. See

aṅgā: Upadeśa (“instruction”), discussions of doctrine—sometimes esoteric doctrine—often in question-and-answer form. The term has also been used for Abhidhamma (scholastic section of the canon), for philosophical treatises, for Tantric works, and for commentaries.

Shankara: Later life and thought: The Upadeshasahasri, which is a good introduction to Shankara’s philosophy, is the only noncommentative work that is certainly authentic.

upadhi, in Indian philosophy, the concept of adventitious limiting conditions. In logic, upadhi operates as follows: a syllogism requires a ground (hetu) to prove the proposition—e.g., that there is fire on the mountain is proved by the presence of smoke. But this ground needs a qualification:

upamana, in Indian philosophy, the fourth of the five means (pramanas) by which one can have valid cognitions of the world. Upamana describes knowledge imparted by means of analogy. For example, when the meaning of the word gavaya (Sanskrit: “wild ox”) is unknown, the similarity of the name to the

upanayana, Hindu ritual of initiation, restricted to the three upper varnas, or social classes, that marks the male child’s entrance upon the life of a student (brahmacharin) and his acceptance as a full member of his religious community. The ceremony is performed between the ages of 5 and 24, the

Upanishad, one of four genres of texts that together constitute each of the Vedas, the sacred scriptures of most Hindu traditions. Each of the four Vedas—the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda—consists of a Samhita (a “collection” of hymns or sacred formulas); a liturgical prose

Upanishad, one of four genres of texts that together constitute each of the Vedas, the sacred scriptures of most Hindu traditions. Each of the four Vedas—the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda—consists of a Samhita (a “collection” of hymns or sacred formulas); a liturgical prose

Upanishad, one of four genres of texts that together constitute each of the Vedas, the sacred scriptures of most Hindu traditions. Each of the four Vedas—the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda—consists of a Samhita (a “collection” of hymns or sacred formulas); a liturgical prose

South Asian arts: Early Indian architecture (2nd century bc–3rd century ad): At Uparkot in Junāgadh, Gujarāt, is a remarkable series of rock-cut structures dating from the 3rd–4th century ad, which appear to be secular in character and in all probability served as royal pleasure houses.

Rosales: Moraceae: …latex of Antiaris toxicaria (upas tree) contains an extremely toxic cardiac glycoside, which has the effect of increasing the force of contraction of the muscles of the heart; in tropical Asia it is a valuable source of poison for arrows and darts. Maclura pomifera (Osage orange), of central North…

upasaka, lay devotee of the Gautama Buddha. The term correctly refers to any Buddhist who is not a member of a monastic order, but its modern usage in Southeast Asia more often connotes the particularly pious person who visits the local monastery on the weekly holy days and who undertakes special

upasampada, Buddhist rite of higher ordination, by which a novice becomes a monk, or bhikhu (Pali: bhikkhu; Sanskrit: bhikshu). Ordination is not necessarily permanent and, in some countries, may be repeated in a monk’s lifetime. A candidate for ordination must be at least 20 years old, have the

upasaka, lay devotee of the Gautama Buddha. The term correctly refers to any Buddhist who is not a member of a monastic order, but its modern usage in Southeast Asia more often connotes the particularly pious person who visits the local monastery on the weekly holy days and who undertakes special

Indian philosophy: Fragments from the Mandukya-karika until Shankara: …the vrittis by Bodhayana and Upavarsha (the two may indeed be the same person). There are, however, pre-Shankara monistic interpreters of the scriptures, three of whom are important: Bhartrihari, Mandana (both mentioned earlier), and Gaudapada. Shankara referred to Gaudapada as the teacher of his own teacher Govinda, complimented him for…

upanayana: …and the sacred thread (upavita, or yajnopavita). The thread, consisting of a loop made of three symbolically knotted and twisted strands of cotton cord, is replaced regularly so that it is worn throughout the lifetime of the owner, normally over the left shoulder and diagonally across the chest to…

yab-yum: …active force, or method (upaya, conceived of as masculine), with wisdom (prajna, conceived of as feminine)—a fusion necessary to overcome the false duality of the world of appearances in the striving toward spiritual Enlightenment. The use of sexual union as a symbol of mystical union evolved from Indian Tantric…

Buddhism: Rnying-ma-pa: …tantras are: Kriya, or ritual; Upayoga, which involves the convergence of the two truths and meditation on the pentad of buddhas; Yoga, which involves the evocation of the god, the identification of the self with the god, and meditation on the mandala; Mahayoga, which involves meditation on the factors of…

Cameroon: Moving toward independence: …Union (Union des Populations Camerounaises; UPC), led by Felix-Roland Moumie and Reuben Um Nyobe, demanded a thorough break with France and the establishment of a socialist economy. French officials suppressed the UPC, leading to a bitter civil war, while encouraging alternative political leaders. On January 1, 1960, independence was granted.…

UPC, a standard machine-readable bar code used to identify products purchased in grocery and other retail stores. UPCs encode individual products at the stock keeping unit (SKU) level, allowing a manufacturer or retailer to track the number of units sold during a specified time period. This type of

flag of Uganda: …25, 1962, the newly dominant Uganda People’s Congress (UPC) rejected the flag proposal. Instead, the UPC horizontal tricolour of black-yellow-red was repeated to produce six equal horizontal stripes, and the crested crane was placed on a white disk in the centre. In this design, recommended by Minister of Justice Grace…

Daniel Berkeley Updike was an American printer and scholar, founder in 1893 of the distinguished Merrymount Press in Boston. Between 1880 and 1893 Updike worked for the publisher Houghton Mifflin and from 1892 was at that company’s Riverside Press. He then started his own commercial venture and

John Updike was an American writer of novels, short stories, and poetry, known for his careful craftsmanship and realistic but subtle depiction of “American, Protestant, small-town, middle-class” life. Updike grew up in Shillington, Pennsylvania, and many of his early stories draw on his youthful

John Updike was an American writer of novels, short stories, and poetry, known for his careful craftsmanship and realistic but subtle depiction of “American, Protestant, small-town, middle-class” life. Updike grew up in Shillington, Pennsylvania, and many of his early stories draw on his youthful

updraft and downdraft, in meteorology, upward-moving and downward-moving air currents, respectively, that are due to several causes. Local daytime heating of the ground causes surface air to become much warmer than the air above, and, because warmer air is less dense, it rises and is replaced by

industrial glass: Flat glass: …of the 20th century: the updraw machine, designed by Émile Fourcault of Belgium; and the Irving Colburn machine, developed at the Libbey-Owens Glass Company in Charleston, W.Va., U.S. In the Fourcault process, a one- to two-metre-wide steel mesh bait was introduced into molten glass at the working end of the…

upekṣa, in Buddhism, the perfect virtue of equanimity. It is one of the four practices known as brahmavihāra

upekṣa, in Buddhism, the perfect virtue of equanimity. It is one of the four practices known as brahmavihāra

Anatolian religion: Mythology: …stands on the shoulder of Upelluri, an Atlas figure who carries heaven and earth. Teshub is warned of the danger and goes out to battle in his chariot drawn by bulls, but he fails and appeals for help to Ea (Babylonian god of wisdom). The latter orders the “former gods”…

Upemba National Park, park in southeastern Congo (Kinshasa). It was created in 1939 and has an area of 4,529 square miles (11,730 square km). Its northern and western borders touch the Lualaba River and the surrounding lakes and marshlands of the Kamolondo plains. Lake Upemba, an expansion of the

Congo River: Physiography: Thus, Lake Upemba occurs on the upper Lualaba; Lakes Bangweulu and Mweru occur on the Chambeshi–Luapula–Luvua system; and Lake Tanganyika, which is fed by the Ruzizi (flowing from Lake Kivu) and by the Malagarasi, itself flows into the Lukuga. Rapids

Upernavik, town, western Greenland, situated on a small island in Baffin Bay, about 100 miles (160 km) north of Nordost Bay. It was founded by Danes as a whaling and sealing base in 1772. During the 20th century fisheries expanded, and halibut fishing and processing became a major contributor to

Sri Lanka: End of the war: …coalition of parties called the United People’s Freedom Alliance (UPFA), which had gained a plurality of legislators in parliamentary elections the previous year. The conflict between the Tamil rebels and the government raged on, and in 2006 the LTTE was declared a terrorist organization by the European Union. In January…

Arthur William Upfield was an English-born Australian popular novelist who wrote more than 30 novels featuring Detective Inspector Napoleon (Boney) Bonaparte, a half-Aboriginal Australian detective. Upfield emigrated to Australia in 1911 and was a sheepherder, gold miner, cowhand, soldier, and fur

aerospace industry: Remanufacture and upgrading: The most elaborate type of program under the general heading of maintenance is the remanufacturing process. Performed at aircraft-manufacturing facilities, remanufacture is a measure that combines a general overhaul with an upgrade of some of the aircraft’s systems. The latter process often paces the…

Martha Nussbaum: Her book Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (2001) is a detailed systematic account of the structure, functioning, and value to human flourishing of a wide range of emotions, focusing in particular on compassion and love. It is at the same time a refutation of traditional…

20th-century international relations: Three tests: The first contingents of Operation Uphold Democracy arrived on the 19th, and President Aristide returned home on October 15. U.S. forces remained until March 1995 and were then replaced by a UN force.

submarine: Nuclear propulsion: …1990s, when it built the Upholder class of diesel-electric submarines. Following the end of the Cold War, the Royal Navy stopped the Upholder program at four boats, eventually decommissioning them and selling them to Canada, and returned to an all-nuclear submarine force. France completed its first nuclear submarine, Le Redoutable,…

farthingale chair, armless chair with a wide seat covered in high-quality fabric and fitted with a cushion; the backrest is an upholstered panel, and the legs are straight and rectangular in section. It was introduced as a chair for ladies in the late 16th century and was named in England, probably