Wernicke area, region of the brain that contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech. This area was first described in 1874 by German neurologist Carl Wernicke. The Wernicke area is located in the posterior third of the upper temporal convolution of the left hemisphere of the

alcoholism: Acute diseases: …adequate diet may lead to Wernicke disease, which results from an acute complete deficiency of thiamin (vitamin B1) and is marked by a clouding of consciousness and abnormal eye movements. It also can lead to Korsakoff syndrome, marked by irreversible loss of recent memory, with a tendency to make up…

alcoholism: Acute diseases: …adequate diet may lead to Wernicke disease, which results from an acute complete deficiency of thiamin (vitamin B1) and is marked by a clouding of consciousness and abnormal eye movements. It also can lead to Korsakoff syndrome, marked by irreversible loss of recent memory, with a tendency to make up…

Carl Wernicke was a German neurologist who related nerve diseases to specific areas of the brain. He is best known for his descriptions of the aphasias, disorders interfering with the ability to communicate in speech or writing. Wernicke studied medicine at the University of Breslau and did

nervous system disease: Deficiency states: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (common in alcoholics) results from a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and consists of eye movement disorders, cerebellar incoordination, memory loss, and peripheral neuropathy. If peripheral neuropathy is the only symptom of thiamine deficiency, the disorder is called beriberi. In each case, replacement of…

Wernigerode, city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), central Germany. It lies at the confluence of the Holtemme and Zillierbach rivers, north of the Harz Mountains and southwest of Magdeburg. First mentioned in 1121 and chartered in 1229, it joined the Hanseatic League in 1267. In 1429 it became the seat

Powhatan: …had its own chief, or weroance, and Powhatan ruled as the chief of these chiefs.

Powhatan: …was at the village of Werowocomoco. Powhatan initially acted ambivalently toward the English settlement, sometimes ordering or permitting attacks against the colonists while at other times trading tribal food for sought-after English goods such as metal tools. During the colony’s early years, he appears to have viewed the English as…

Werra River, river in Germany that rises on the southwestern slopes of the Thüringer Wald (Thuringian Forest), just north of Eisfeld, and flows generally north for 181 miles (290 km) to Münden, where it joins the Fulda River to form the

Werribee, town and shire in southern Victoria, Australia, situated on the Werribee River about 19 miles (29 km) southwest by rail from Melbourne and nearly 5 miles from the coast of Port Phillip Bay. Three major government facilities are located at Werribee: the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of

Giaches de Wert was a Flemish composer best known to his contemporaries for his madrigals. He was highly praised by contemporary musicians, particularly Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, and Claudio Monteverdi. It is likely that de Wert was taken to Italy as a boy to be a singer in

Giaches de Wert was a Flemish composer best known to his contemporaries for his madrigals. He was highly praised by contemporary musicians, particularly Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Thomas Morley, and Claudio Monteverdi. It is likely that de Wert was taken to Italy as a boy to be a singer in

Batman: The Caped Crusader in the Golden Age: …facing Batman—indeed, all comics—was psychiatrist Frederic Wertham. In his polemic against the industry, Seduction of the Innocent (1954), Wertham charged that comics morally corrupt their impressionable young readers, impeaching Batman and Robin in particular for supposedly flaunting a gay lifestyle. Wertham wrote, “They live in sumptuous quarters, with beautiful flowers…

Barbara Tuchman was an author who was one of the foremost American popular historians in the second half of the 20th century. Barbara Wertheim was born a member of a wealthy banking family and was educated at Walden School in New York City. After four years at Radcliffe College (B.A., 1933), she

60 Minutes: Jon Wertheim.

Max Wertheimer was a Czech-born psychologist, one of the founders, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler, of Gestalt psychology (q.v.), which attempts to examine psychological phenomena as structural wholes, rather than breaking them down into components. During his adolescence, Wertheimer

Austria: Social, economic, and cultural trends in the Baroque period: …Samuel Oppenheimer and his successor Samson Wertheimer for funds. Soon, however, it attempted to establish state-controlled banking firms. The Banco del Giro, founded in Vienna in 1703, quickly failed, but the Vienna Stadtbanco of 1705 managed to survive; the Universalbancalität of 1715 was liquidated after a short period of operation.

opera: Later opera in France: Massenet, including Manon (1884) and Werther (1892; libretto derived from Goethe’s Leiden des jungen Werthers; “The Sorrows of Young Werther”), were phenomenally popular in their day, as was Gustave Charpentier’s Louise (1900; libretto by the composer). The latter has remained in opera house repertories because of its loving, romanticized portrait…

Werther, fictional character, a German Romantic poet who is the melancholy young hero of the novel Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (1774; The Sorrows of Young Werther), by Johann Wolfgang von

Caritas Internationalis: …a young Roman Catholic priest, Lorenz Werthmann, to provide social welfare services to the poor and disadvantaged. Similar groups soon formed in other countries. International coordination efforts led in 1924 to the creation of a regular conference of national Roman Catholic social welfare organizations, which was given the name Caritas…

Lina Wertmüller was an Italian film director and screenwriter noted for her comedies focusing on the eternal battle of the sexes and on contemporary political and social issues. In 1977 she became the first woman to receive an Academy Award nomination for best director. Wertmüller graduated from

Western sculpture: Late Gothic: …of his nephew and heir, Claus de Werve, until his death in 1439. Further, the pattern of the finally completed tomb of Philip the Bold became famous immediately and was frequently imitated all over Europe.

Heinrich Himmler: …older men, and later the Werwolf, a guerrilla force intended to continue the struggle after the war. He also unsuccessfully commanded two army groups.

Vesak, a festival of utmost significance in Buddhism, particularly in Theravada Buddhism, that commemorates the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha. The holiday is observed on the full-moon day of the lunar month Vesakha, the fourth month of the lunar calendar, which falls in April, May,

gerrymandering: One year later, in Wesberry v. Sanders, the Court declared that congressional electoral districts must be drawn in such a way that, “as nearly as is practicable, one man’s vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another’s.” And in the same year, the Court…

Wesel, town, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies along the Rhine and Lippe rivers and the Lippe-Seiten Canal, northwest of the Ruhr. Chartered in 1241, it joined the Hanseatic League in about 1350 and has long been an important trade and shipping point. It was also a

Andreas Vesalius was a Renaissance physician who revolutionized the study of biology and the practice of medicine by his careful description of the anatomy of the human body. Basing his observations on dissections he made himself, he wrote and illustrated the first comprehensive textbook of

Rhine River: Navigational improvements: …and by the less important Wesel–Datteln–Hamm Canal (1930), which runs parallel to the lower course of the Lippe. The Rhine–Herne Canal’s capacity for craft of 1,350 tons became the standard both for the minimum capacity of canals built since World War II and for barges. Nearer the Rhine’s mouth, the…

Stanisław Wyspiański: Wesele (1901; The Wedding, filmed in 1973 by Andrzej Wajda), his greatest and most popular play, premiered in 1901. Its story was suggested by the actual marriage of the poet Lucjan Rydel to a peasant girl in a village near Kraków. The marriage is used symbolically to…

Christianity: Influence of logical positivism: German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach (The Essence of Christianity, 1841) in the 19th century. It was promoted in the early 20th century by George Santayana, John Dewey, and J.H. Randall, Jr., and later by Christian writers such as D.Z. Phillips and Don Cupitt. According to them, true Christianity consists in…

Adolf von Harnack: …Das Wesen des Christentums (1900; What Is Christianity?), which was the transcript of a course of lectures he had delivered at the University of Berlin.

Richard Wagner: Exile: …was his hopeless love for Mathilde Wesendonk (the wife of a rich patron), which led to separation from his wife, Minna.

phenomenology: Basic method: …grasping the essence is the Wesensschau, the intuition of essences and essential structures. This is not a mysterious kind of intuition. Rather, one forms a multiplicity of variations of what is given, and while maintaining the multiplicity, one focuses attention on what remains unchanged in the multiplicity; i.e., the essence…

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: …are determined by Wesenwille (natural will)—i.e., natural and spontaneously arising emotions and expressions of sentiment.

Weser River, major river of western Germany that serves as an important transport artery from Bremerhaven and Bremen. Formed near the city of Münden by the union of its two headstreams—the Fulda and the Werra—the Weser flows 273 miles (440 km) northward through northern Germany to the North Sea.

Bremerhaven: …1924 formed the town of Wesermünde, which in turn absorbed Bremerhaven in 1939 under Prussian jurisdiction. This unified city, restored to Bremen in 1947, was thereafter known by the name of Bremerhaven.

Delaware: Education: …curriculum, also in Wilmington; and Wesley College (1873), in Dover.

Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington was an Irish-born commander of the British army during the Napoleonic Wars and later prime minister of Great Britain (1828–30). He first rose to military prominence in India, won successes in the Peninsular War in Spain (1808–14), and shared in the victory

Charles Wesley was an English clergyman, poet, and hymn writer who, with his elder brother John, started the Methodist movement in the Church of England. Charles Wesley, the youngest and third surviving son of Samuel and Susanna Wesley, entered Westminster School, London, in 1716. In 1726 he was

Donald Judd: …van Bruggen, David Rabinowitch, and John Wesley.

John Wesley was an Anglican clergyman, evangelist, and founder, with his brother Charles, of the Methodist movement in the Church of England. John Wesley was the second son of Samuel, a former Nonconformist (dissenter from the Church of England) and rector at Epworth, and Susanna Wesley. After six

Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley was a British statesman and government official. Wellesley, as governor of Madras (now Chennai) and governor-general of Bengal (both 1797–1805), greatly enlarged the British Empire in India and, as lord lieutenant of Ireland (1821–28, 1833–34), attempted

Samuel Wesley was a composer and organist who helped introduce the music of J.S. Bach into England. The son of Charles Wesley, the hymn writer, and the nephew of John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, he began an oratorio, Ruth, at a young age and at age 11 published Eight Lessons for the

Samuel Sebastian Wesley was a composer and organist, one of the most distinguished English church musicians of his time. The natural son of Samuel Wesley, he was a chorister of the Chapel Royal and held posts in London and at Exeter cathedral, Leeds Parish Church, Winchester cathedral, and

Wesleyan Church, U.S. Protestant church, organized in 1968 by the merger of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America and the Pilgrim Holiness Church. The Wesleyan Methodist Church originated in 1843 after members of the Methodist Episcopal Church withdrew from that church to organize a

Methodism: Origins: After the schism, English Methodism, with vigorous outposts in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, rapidly developed as a church, even though it was reluctant to perpetuate the split from the Church of England. Its system centred in the Annual Conference (at first of ministers only, later thrown open to…

Holiness movement: …Episcopal Church to found the Wesleyan Methodist Church of America, establishing a pattern of defections or looser ties. Sizable numbers of Protestants from the rural areas of the Midwest and South were joining the Holiness movement. These people had a penchant for strict codes of dress and behaviour. Most of…

Wesleyan University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Middletown, Connecticut, U.S. It comprises the College of Letters and the College of Social Studies and departments in the sciences, mathematics, humanities, arts, and social and behavioral sciences. Altogether it offers

Wessel Islands, chain of small islands extending 75 miles (120 km) northeast from the Napier Peninsula in northeastern Northern Territory, Australia, into the Arafura Sea. Named for a Dutch ship that explored the area in 1636, the islands form the western gate to the Gulf of Carpentaria at Cape

BND: …he was succeeded by General Gerhard Wessel, a noted specialist on Soviet affairs and organizations. The BND reported to the West German chancellor. Its divisions were concerned with subversion, counterintelligence, and foreign intelligence, and it was headquartered at Munich, West Germany. In addition to foreign intelligence the BND engaged in…

Horst Wessel was a martyr of the German Nazi movement, celebrated in the song “Horst Wessel Lied,” which was adopted as an anthem by Nazi Germany. A student and low-life bohemian, Wessel joined the Nazi Party in 1926 and became a member of the SA (Storm Troopers). In 1930 political enemies,

Johan Herman Wessel was a Norwegian-born Danish writer and wit, known for his epigrams and light verse and for a famous parody of neoclassical tragedy. From 1761 when he entered the University of Copenhagen until his death at 43, Wessel lived the bohemian life of a debt-ridden, perpetual student.

Wesselényi Conspiracy, (c. 1664–71), group of Hungarians, organized by Ferenc Wesselényi, that unsuccessfully plotted to overthrow the Habsburg dynasty in Hungary; its efforts resulted in the establishment of an absolutist, repressive regime in Hungary. When the Habsburg emperor Leopold I (reigned

Wesselényi Conspiracy: …magnates, including the palatine administrator Ferenc Wesselényi; the bán (governor) of Croatia, Péter Zrínyi; the chief justice of Hungary, Ferenc Nádasdy; and Ferenc Rákóczi. They formed a conspiracy to free Hungary from Habsburg rule and secretly negotiated for assistance from France and Turkey.

Pop art: Pop art in the United States: …that Pop art took were Tom Wesselman’s Great American Nude series, flat, direct paintings of faceless sex symbols; and George Segal’s constructed tableaux featuring life-sized plaster-cast figures placed in actual environments (e.g., lunch counters and buses) retrieved from junkyards. Most Pop artists aspired to an impersonal, urbane attitude in their…

Judaism: In central Europe: …he joined with a poet, Naphtali Herz (Hartwig) Wessely (1725–1805), in translating the Torah into German, combining Hebrew characters with modern German phonetics in an effort to displace Yiddish, and wrote a modern biblical commentary in Hebrew, the Beʾur (“Commentary”). Within a generation, Mendelssohn’s Bible was to be found in…

Wessex, one of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, whose ruling dynasty eventually became kings of the whole country. In its permanent nucleus, its land approximated that of the modern counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Wiltshire, and Somerset. At times its land extended north of the River Thames, and

Thomas Hardy: Early life and works: …the Madding Crowd (1874), introduced Wessex for the first time and made Hardy famous by its agricultural settings and its distinctive blend of humorous, melodramatic, pastoral, and tragic elements. The book is a vigorous portrayal of the beautiful and impulsive Bathsheba Everdene and her marital choices among Sergeant Troy, the…

Thomas Hardy: Poetry: …rated poetry above fiction, and Wessex Poems (1898), his first significant public appearance as a poet, included verse written during his years as a novelist as well as revised versions of poems dating from the 1860s. As a collection it was often perceived as miscellaneous and uneven—an impression reinforced by…

Thomas Hardy: Middle period: Wessex Tales (1888) was the first collection of the short stories that Hardy had long been publishing in magazines. His subsequent short-story collections are A Group of Noble Dames (1891), Life’s Little Ironies (1894), and A Changed Man (1913). Hardy’s short novel The Well-Beloved (serialized…

Wessex: …of Anglo-Saxon England, whose ruling dynasty eventually became kings of the whole country. In its permanent nucleus, its land approximated that of the modern counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Wiltshire, and Somerset. At times its land extended north of the River Thames, and it eventually expanded westward to cover Devon and…

Western sculpture: Central Europe: …the group of families from Wessobrunn in southern Bavaria that specialized in stucco work and produced a long series of masters, including Johann Georg Übelherr and Joseph Anton Feuchtmayer, whose masterpieces are the Rococo figures at Birnau on Lake Constance. The sculptor Christian Wenzinger worked at Freiburg im Breisgau in…

Smith & Wesson: …by Horace Smith (1808–93) and Daniel B. Wesson (1825–1906) in Norwich, Connecticut, to make lever-action Volcanic repeating handguns firing caseless self-consuming bullets. That venture failed, however, and the two men established a second partnership in 1856 in Springfield to produce small “tip-up” revolvers. Those pistols featured completely bored-through

Lucinda Williams: …2007 of the hit album West, Williams seemed to have finally earned the high level of commercial success that many believed she deserved. It was followed by Little Honey (2008) and Blessed (2011), both of which also found acclaim. In 2014 Williams resolved her problems working with commercial record labels…

western Africa, region of the western African continent comprising the countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Western Africa

forest cobra: guineensis), and the West African banded cobra (N. savannula).

chimpanzee: Taxonomy: …Europe; the West African, or masked, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes verus), known as the common chimpanzee in Great Britain; the East African, or long-haired, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes schweinfurthii); and the Nigerian-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. troglodytes ellioti, which was formerly classified as P. troglodytes vellerosus).

Berlin West Africa Conference, a series of negotiations (Nov. 15, 1884–Feb. 26, 1885) at Berlin, in which the major European nations met to decide all questions connected with the Congo River basin in Central Africa. The conference, proposed by Portugal in pursuance of its special claim to control

Africa: The Precambrian: …stable areas, such as the West African craton (Taoudeni and Tindouf basins), the Congo craton, the Kalahari craton (Nama basin of Namibia), and the Tanzania craton (Bukoban beds). Tectonic and magmatic activity was concentrated in mobile belts surrounding the stable areas and took place throughout the late Proterozoic, during the…

West African crocodile, (Crocodylus suchus), large species of crocodile inhabiting forested swamps, marshes, freshwater rivers and streams, and even some arid regions of western and central Africa. The West African crocodile is found from Senegal and The Gambia eastward to Somalia and from Chad,

dwarf crocodile, (Osteolaemus tetraspis), the world’s smallest living crocodile species, growing to a maximum length of 1.8 meters (5.9 feet) and a maximum weight of 45.4 kg (100 pounds). The species inhabits swamps and small freshwater streams in sub-Saharan western and central Africa, from Guinea

Burkina Faso: Finance: …States, an agency of the West African Economic and Monetary Union, which consists of eight countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo) that were once French colonies in Africa. Branches of the central bank in Burkina Faso are located in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. Among…

forest cobra, (Naja melanoleuca), large, agile, venomous snake of the cobra family (Elapidae), native to humid forests throughout western and central Africa. The forest cobra has a calm temperament, and few bites to humans are reported, though such bites can be lethal if left untreated. In 2018

Frederick Lugard: …was to become the famous West African Frontier Force. Lugard’s success in this difficult undertaking led to his appointment as high commissioner for Northern Nigeria.

mamba: …of Central Africa, and the West African green mamba (D. viridis) are all more timid than the black mamba and have not been reported to attack humans. Like the black mamba, they will flatten their necks into a narrow hood as a defensive posture. Green mambas prey upon birds, small…

manatee: Evolution and paleontology: The West African manatee is also similar to the ancestral forms and may have dispersed from South America to Africa via transoceanic currents. Amazonian manatees appear to be descendants of Miocene trichechids isolated in a closed interior basin of South America.

West African monsoon, a major wind system that affects West African regions between latitudes 9° and 20° N and is characterized by winds that blow southwesterly during warmer months and northeasterly during cooler months of the year. Although areas just outside of this region also experience wind

Liberia: Drainage: Liberia forms part of the West African Shield, a rock formation 2.7 to 3.4 billion years old, composed of granite, schist, and gneiss. In Liberia the shield has been intensely folded and faulted and is interspersed with iron-bearing formations known as itabirites. Along the coast lie beds of sandstone, with…

eflornithine: …gambiense, which causes Gambian (or West African) sleeping sickness. It is not effective against T. brucei rhodesiense, which causes Rhodesian (or East African) sleeping sickness.

eflornithine: …gambiense, which causes Gambian (or West African) sleeping sickness. It is not effective against T. brucei rhodesiense, which causes Rhodesian (or East African) sleeping sickness.

Alligator Rivers: …for nearly 100 miles; the West Alligator (50 miles [80 km]) generally parallels the course of the South Alligator. The region includes Kakadu National Park.

West Allis, city, western suburb of Milwaukee, Milwaukee county, southeastern Wisconsin, U.S. It is situated just south of Wauwatosa. Potawatomi and Menominee Indians were among the early inhabitants of the region. In 1835 settlers from New York arrived and began farming along Honey Creek, for

glacier: West Antarctica: The part of the main continent lying south of the Americas, between longitudes 45° W and 165° E, is characterized by irregular bedrock and ice-surface topography and numerous nunataks and deep troughs. Two large ice shelves occur in West Antarctica: the Filchner-Ronne Ice…

Antarctica: Structural framework: …and Cenozoic mobile belt in West Antarctica—separated by the fault-block belt, or horst, of the Transantarctic Mountains. East and West Antarctica have come to be known respectively as the Gondwana and Andean provinces, indicating general affinities of each sector with other regions; that is, the east seems to have affinity…

Aramaic language: West Aramaic dialects include Nabataean (formerly spoken in parts of Arabia), Palmyrene (spoken in Palmyra, which was northeast of Damascus), Palestinian-Christian, and Judeo-Aramaic. West Aramaic is still spoken in a small number of villages in Syria.

Mary Jackson: …its West Area Computing unit—the West Computers, comprising African American female mathematicians—and Jackson’s supervisor was Dorothy Vaughan. The women provided data that were later essential to the early success of the U.S. space program. At the time, NACA was segregated, with Black employees required to use separate bathrooms and dining…

Asia: West Asia: West Asia includes the highlands of Anatolia, the Caucasus, and the Armenian and Iranian highlands.

Atlantic languages, branch of the Niger-Congo language family spoken primarily in Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. The approximately 45 Atlantic languages are spoken by about 30 million people. One language cluster, Fula (also called Fulani, Peul, Fulfulde, and

Triple Crown: In 1853 West Australian became Britain’s first Triple Crown winner. Other countries involved in Thoroughbred racing then followed suit with their own series of “Triple Crown” races, most notably the United States.

West Australian Current, relatively cold surface current of the southeast Indian Ocean, part of the general counterclockwise movement in the southern section of that ocean. As the South Indian Current (part of the West Wind Drift) approaches the west coast of Australia, it turns north to parallel

West Bank, area of the former British-mandated (1920–47) territory of Palestine west of the Jordan River, claimed from 1949 to 1988 as part of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan but occupied from 1967 by Israel. The territory, excluding East Jerusalem, is also known within Israel by its biblical

McPherson Range: …to its highest point at West Barney Peak, 4,459 feet (1,359 m). In 1770 the British navigator Captain James Cook sighted the range from the coast; he named the peak he saw Mount Warning. In 1827 Captain Patrick Logan became the first European to explore the interior of the range,…

West Bend, city, seat (1853) of Washington county, southeastern Wisconsin, U.S. It lies on a bend in the Milwaukee River, about 35 miles (55 km) northwest of Milwaukee. Potawatomi and Menominee Indians were early inhabitants of the area. The city was founded in 1845 and became a stopping place on

West Bengal, state of India, located in the eastern part of the country. It is bounded to the north by the state of Sikkim and the country of Bhutan, to the northeast by the state of Assam, to the east by the country of Bangladesh, to the south by the Bay of Bengal, to the southwest by the state of

West Bengal Duars, physiographic region in extreme northeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It is bounded by Sikkim state and Bhutan to the north, Assam state to the east, the continuation of West Bengal state to the south, and Nepal to the west. The West Bengal Duars were ceded to the

West Bengal: Constitutional framework: Established under the West Bengal Panchayat Act of 1956, panchayats are entrusted with sanitary and conservation services and with the supervision of the village police and the development of cottage industries. A three-tiered panchayat system, comprising several thousand village-level panchayats, several hundred intermediate-level panchayats, and more than a…

West Berkshire, unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Berkshire, southern England. The unitary authority, which occupies the southwestern third of the historic county, covers a large, mainly rural area centred on the town of Newbury, the administrative centre. West Berkshire extends

West Berlin, the western part of the German city of Berlin, which, until the reunification of Germany in 1990, was treated as a city and Land (state) of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), though it was not constitutionally part of that

Isolated by the Cold War and divided by the wall that shaped life in the city until its fall in 1989, Berlin turned in on itself for four decades, looking back to its louche but rich Weimar past and reveling in a cynical present of spies, government subsidies, and anarchic activism. Foreigners who

West Bridgewater, town (township), Plymouth county, eastern Massachusetts, approximately 25 miles (40 km) south of Boston. The area was deeded by Massasoit, a Wampanoag Indian chief and sachem (intertribal leader) of all Wampanoags, to six people in trust for 56 proprietors of Duxbury plantation