Internal dissent

Signs of dissent began to appear within the ANC leading up to the party’s 2007 national conference, where the next president of the ANC—and, most likely, the next president of the country—was to be selected. Although Mbeki was barred by South Africa’s constitution from serving a third term as president of the country, securing a third term as party president would have guaranteed him considerable influence in choosing the country’s next president in 2009. His bid for leadership of the party was challenged by Jacob Zuma, the former deputy president whom he had dismissed in 2005 amid charges of corruption; the next year Zuma also stood trial for an unrelated charge of rape. He was acquitted of rape in May 2006, and the corruption charges were dropped later that year. Despite repeated allegations of wrongdoing—which his supporters claimed were politically motivated—Zuma remained a popular figure within the ANC and, in what was one of the most contentious leadership battles in the party’s history, was selected over Mbeki in December 2007 to be party president.

The animosity between the two camps continued to escalate in the next year and came to a head in the fall. In September 2008, following an allegation by a High Court judge that there had been high-level political interference in Zuma’s prosecution on corruption charges, the Zuma-led ANC asked Mbeki to resign from the South African presidency. Mbeki did so, reluctantly. The request for Mbeki’s resignation angered part of the ANC membership base, and several high-ranking ANC officials resigned from their government positions in protest.

Another source of tension within the party was Zuma’s close ties to the South African Communist Party and to the Congress of South African Trade Unions. Although both organizations had long been allies of the ANC, there was growing concern among many ANC members that those groups were exerting too much influence on the ANC under Zuma’s leadership.

The discord in the ANC proved to be too great to overcome. High-ranking members and Mbeki supporters Mbhazima Shilowa, Mluleki George, and Mosiuoa Lekota broke away from the ANC and established a new party, Congress of the People (COPE). The new party, which pledged to reach out to minorities and women, was officially launched in December 2008 and attracted members from the ANC as well as other organizations. Despite the challenge from COPE and other parties, the ANC was victorious in the 2009 general election, finishing far ahead of its competitors, with almost 66 percent of the national vote. The party maintained control of all provinces except the Western Cape, which was won by the Democratic Alliance (DA).

As the ANC’s 2012 national conference grew near, signs of discontent within the party were evident, partly because of corruption scandals plaguing Zuma and the ANC-led government, as well as dissatisfaction with the general pace of progress being made in the country. Zuma, however, still appeared to have a majority of support. At the last minute he was challenged by Kgalema Motlanthe—the current deputy president of the party as well as of the country—for the party presidency, but Zuma handily defeated him.

In the 2014 elections the ANC’s status as the governing party was secured for another five years when the party won about 62 percent of the national vote. At the provincial level it remained the dominant party in all provinces except the Western Cape. The success of the party came even though its membership base had seen erosion from dissatisfaction with the performance of the ANC-led government and by other parties gaining in popularity. One such party, the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), was founded in 2013 by Julius Malema, the fiery former ANC Youth League leader who had been expelled from the ANC in 2012.

The ANC saw its worst performance yet in the 2016 municipal elections. It lost control of key urban areas and, for the first time since the ANC took power in 1994, won less than 60 percent of the total vote. The party’s loss of support was widely attributed to the electorate’s dissatisfaction with how the ANC-led governments at the municipal and national levels were handling the economy and delivery of services, as well as frustration with the persistent corruption and scandals associated with Zuma and the ANC.

Another closely fought battle for the party’s presidency played out at the ANC’s national conference in December 2017, with the polarization of Zuma’s supporters and critics at the fore. The two front-runner candidates were Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, a physician, veteran politician, and former chairperson of the African Union Commission who also happened to be the president’s former wife, and Cyril Ramaphosa, a successful businessman and party stalwart who served as deputy president of both the ANC and the country. Dlamini-Zuma had the backing of Zuma and his supporters as well as party members drawn to her promise to tackle the racial inequality that still existed in the country. Ramaphosa, meanwhile, had the support of those believing that he would be the more business-friendly leader of the two as well as those who had been most vocal in criticizing the scandals that surrounded Zuma and thus supported Ramaphosa’s promise to fight corruption. Ramaphosa was narrowly elected party president.

Ramaphosa’s victory further weakened Zuma’s standing in the party, as did a December 2017 court ruling that held that the National Assembly had failed to fulfill its obligation to hold Zuma accountable for his actions as they pertained to the Nkandla scandal—which involved extensive upgrades made to Zuma’s home in Nkandla, ostensibly for security reasons, that were paid for by the state and the legal fallout from his initial disregard of a recommendation that he repay the government for a portion of the upgrades that were deemed unrelated to matters of security. Both events increased the likelihood that the ANC would pressure Zuma to step down as president prior to the 2019 elections in order to stem the damage to the party from the allegations of scandal and corruption that had swirled around him for so long. In early 2018 ANC officials engaged in several meetings and negotiation sessions regarding Zuma’s remaining time as president. The situation peaked on February 13, 2018, when the ANC announced that it had decided to recall Zuma from the presidency. The recall, however, did not legally compel Zuma to step down, so the party had to wait for him to offer his resignation. Zuma acquiesced, albeit somewhat defiantly, and offered his resignation the next day. He was succeeded as president of the country by Ramaphosa.

The 2019 elections were held on May 8. On the national stage, it was the party’s worst showing to date, a sign of the continuing dissatisfaction with the ANC-led government. Although the ANC still took a majority of the vote—about 58 percent—and secured a five-year term as president for Ramaphosa, it was the party’s smallest margin of victory since taking power in 1994. At the provincial level, the party was able to keep control of eight out of nine provinces it previously held, with the Western Cape once again going to the DA.

Ramaphosa found himself at odds with his anti-corruption reputation when he became embroiled in a scandal known as “Farmgate.” In June 2022 Arthur Fraser, an ally of Zuma, filed a complaint alleging that Ramaphosa had covered up a theft in 2020 of at least $4 million in foreign money that had been kept in a couch at Ramaphosa’s Phala Phala game farm and that Ramaphosa had been involved in the kidnapping and bribery of suspects in the robbery. The allegations raised several questions, including where such a large amount of foreign currency came from and if Ramaphosa had properly declared it. Ramaphosa admitted that the robbery had occurred in February 2020 but claimed that a much smaller amount of money had been stolen, which he attributed to proceeds from the sale of animals in late 2019. Details of the alleged incident provided by Ramaphosa and his staff were at times contradictory, raising the appearance of misconduct. The scandal had some calling for Ramaphosa’s resignation, but when the National Assembly met on December 13, 2022, to decide whether impeachment proceedings should be initiated against him, the motion was voted down; the ANC—which held a majority in the body—had instructed its members to reject it. Ramaphosa was later cleared of wrongdoing by investigations from two government agencies. Meanwhile, just days after the impeachment vote, he was reelected as ANC president at the party’s national conference after winning more votes than his only challenger, Zweli Mkhize.

In late 2023 the ANC cautiously watched the launch of a new political party, uMkhonto weSizwe Party (MK Party), to which Zuma had surprisingly thrown his support in spite of remaining in the ANC; he stated that, although he would die as a member of the ANC, he could not campaign for the ANC under Ramaphosa in the upcoming 2024 elections. In response, the ANC suspended Zuma on January 29, 2024. The ANC also took issue with the new party’s use of the name and logo from that of the apartheid-era military wing of the ANC that Mandela, Zuma, and others had served in. It sought a court order from the High Court in Durban to stop the new party from using the name and logo and challenged the legitimacy of the new party’s registration with the country’s electoral commission over a procedural matter, but it lost both cases. Meanwhile, support for the MK Party grew, siphoning off some of the ANC’s traditional support.

Between the threat of the new party and the ANC’s diminished support—which had eroded over the years for reasons that included a lack of economic progress under the ANC, the party’s many corruption scandals, and the inequalities among the country’s peoples that had persisted decades after legislated apartheid ended—the ANC as a political party approached the May 2024 elections weaker than it had ever been. For the first time since winning power in 1994, the party faced the prospect of not being able to garner more than 50 percent of the National Assembly vote, giving rise to the likelihood that the ANC might need to form a coalition with at least one other party if it were to remain in power. Those fears were realized when the results showed that the ANC, while winning more votes than any other party, had only received about 40 percent of the vote in the May 29 election, and the party prepared to discuss options for the difficult task of forming a governing coalition with one or more parties. Although a coalition with the Democratic Alliance (DA), which came in second, would have provided a governing majority and reassured investors, who favored the party’s economic policies, the DA’s history as the official opposition party to the ANC, as well as perceptions among ANC members and allies that it was the party of the white minority and wealthy elite, did not make it an attractive partner. Malema’s EFF, which came in fourth, was open to a potential coalition with the ANC, though the two parties together fell just short of a majority. Zuma’s MK Party, which came in third, initially refused to negotiate with the ANC unless Ramaphosa was removed as president, a provision which the ANC rejected. Furthermore, the DA refused to be a part of any coalition with the EFF and MK Party; the EFF and MK Party, likewise, refused to work with the DA.

Given its options, the ANC chose to form a government of national unity (GNU), and invited all parties to join. The DA was the first party to sign a statement of intent agreement and was soon followed by others, including the Inkatha Freedom Party, and Ramaphosa was reelected president. It was hoped that the number of parties involved in the GNU, which continued to grow, would help reassure those ANC members and allies who were opposed to working with the DA that the party’s influence on the government would be mitigated.

On July 29, 2024, the party announced that it had expelled Zuma from the ANC:

The charged member is found guilty of contravening Rule 25.17.17.4 of the ANC Constitution, read with subsection (2), for prejudicing the integrity or repute of the Organisation by acting in collaboration with a registered political party, to wit the uMkhonto We Sizwe Party [sic], which is not in alliance with the ANC, in a manner contrary to the aims, policies and objectives of the ANC. The charged member is expelled from the ANC.

Percentage of the vote won by the African National Congress in National Assembly elections since 1994