Mad
Mad, American satirical magazine that started as a four-colour comic book in 1952 and transitioned into a black-and-white magazine in 1955. Mad quickly became one of the best-selling humour magazines in the United States and inspired numerous imitators. It is notable for its film and television parodies, as well as its satirical jabs at advertising and consumerism.
Founding of Mad magazine
American humorist Harvey Kurtzman created Mad as a way to boost his income as an editor at EC Comics, where he began working in 1949. Fellow editor Al Feldstein had a higher salary than Kurtzman, because he wrote and edited seven bimonthly horror, science-fiction, and suspense titles, whereas Kurtzman wrote and edited the company’s two war/action-oriented titles, Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat. EC publisher William Maxwell Gaines suggested that Kurtzman could earn a raise by starting a magazine dedicated to humour, which was Kurtzman’s forte. It is uncertain who came up with the title Mad. Kurtzman claimed that he originated the title; Gaines believed it came from him or Feldstein.
The first few issues of Mad primarily parodied comic books and comic strips, and sales initially were weak. Sales picked up with the fourth issue, which contained a parody of Superman titled “Superduperman!” and written by Kurtzman and illustrated by artist Wallace Wood. DC Comics, which published Superman, threatened Gaines with a lawsuit over perceived copyright infringement, but Gaines simply ignored the threat.
EC Comics went through difficult times in the mid-1950s as a result of a growing public furor over the perceived detrimental influence on young readers of crime and horror comics. When distributors refused to carry his comic books, Gaines ceased his horror and crime titles and experimented with the publication of a variety of more mainstream comics, as well as a series of magazines with illustrated stories branded “Picto-Fiction.” All of these efforts failed after a few issues, leaving Gaines with only Mad, which by then had been transformed into a magazine.
Kurtzman’s stint on the reimagined Mad was short-lived. In 1956 he confronted Gaines, demanding a 51 percent stake in the publication and threatening to leave if he did not get it. Gaines refused the demand and made Feldstein Mad’s editor. Meanwhile, Kurtzman started work on a slick, full-colour humour magazine titled Trump, which was published by Playboy magazine magnate Hugh Hefner. The new magazine ceased publication after two issues, however, because of high production costs and other factors. Nevertheless, Kurtzman would go on to create two other humour magazines, Humbug and Help!, as well as numerous other works.
Feldstein hired several new writers and artists, and under his stewardship Mad’s circulation grew exponentially, reaching a sales high of more than 2.1 million copies in 1974. Feldstein had a unique agreement with Gaines under which his salary was partially predicated on sales. It made him one of the highest-paid magazine editors in the United States. He retired from Mad in 1985.
In an attempt to modernize Mad and make it more engaging for contemporary readers, the magazine was revamped in 2018, with illustrator Bill Morrison as executive editor. It started anew with issue number 1 in June 2018. A year later Mad ceased regular newsstand sales and began publishing only reprinted material.
Alfred E. Neuman
Mad’s mascot Alfred E. Neuman (whose motto is “What—Me Worry?”) first appeared in 1954 on the cover of a Mad reprint anthology. He next showed up as a small piece of clip art in the mail-order catalogue parody on the cover of issue number 21 in March 1955, when Mad was still a comic book. When Mad transitioned to a magazine format, the character appeared in a cover border, and then in April 1956 his image filled the inside of the magazine’s back cover. He was soon elevated to the role of mascot and appeared on almost every cover thereafter. The grinning, gap-toothed youth first took on the name Alfred E. Neuman in an advertising parody in the September 1956 issue of Mad, Feldstein’s first as editor. Feldstein hired artist Norman Mingo to refine the character’s signature look, and Mingo’s version of Alfred E. Neuman became the template for all artists who would subsequently depict him for the magazine (almost exclusively on the cover).
Images very similar to that of Alfred E. Neuman had appeared in advertising, postcards, and other media many decades before he was adopted as Mad’s mascot. A number of people came forward claiming to own the copyright to the image, and one claim, filed by Helen Pratt Stuff, eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that the image had sprung from the public domain. Alfred E. Neuman became so closely associated with Mad that in 1963 a letter mailed from Auckland, New Zealand, bearing only an image of the character was delivered to the Mad offices in New York.
The lawsuit related to Alfred E. Neuman’s image was just one of many that Gaines faced over the years. Among the most notable was a copyright infringement suit filed by the Music Publishers’ Protective Association over a parody song book published in the 1961 collection More Trash from Mad. The parody songs featured original lyrics and were to be “sung to the tune of” popular songs. The case eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which effectively upheld a lower court’s decision that parody and satire were protected speech.
Mad books
Gaines started publishing paperback reprint collections of Mad material in 1954, beginning with The Mad Reader, a black-and-white reprint of Mad’s early comic book stories. A total of 93 collections were published through 1993, many of which went through multiple printings. Collections were published that spotlighted specific artists and writers, including Antonio Prohías (creator of the regular feature “Spy v. Spy,” which focused on a pair of espionage agents hell-bent on destroying each other, a reflection of the madness of Cold War brinkmanship), Mort Drucker, Dave Berg, Don Martin, Frank Jacobs, and Sergio Aragonés. Although the magazine now no longer publishes original material, it continues to reprint collections of previously published material.
In addition to book collections, Mad regularly published special issues of the magazine containing previously published material along with unique items such as humorous stamps, posters, stickers, signs, and even floppy vinyl records.
The Mad Show
In 1965 Gaines was approached about creating a musical stage show based on Mad. He assigned writers Stan Hart and Larry Siegel to write the script, and The Mad Show premiered Off-Broadway in New York in January 1966. It was a critical success and ran for a total of 871 performances. Directed by Steven Vinaver, The Mad Show featured actors MacIntyre Dixon, Linda Lavin, Richard Libertini, Paul Sand, and Jo Anne Worley, the last of whom would go on to appear in the NBC television comedy series Rowan & Martin’s Laugh-In.
Movies and Mad TV
Film parodies were among Mad’s most popular features, and Gaines was approached numerous times about making a motion picture based on the magazine. A film titled The Mad Movie was announced in 1979, but the film was canceled before production began because of cost. In the late 1970s Gaines gave his blessing to a motion picture titled Up the Academy, written by Tom Patchett and Jay Tarses and directed by Robert Downey, Sr. Mad’s name was to feature prominently in the film’s advertising, and the film was to feature a statue of Alfred E. Neuman. The movie also was to briefly include a live-action Alfred E. Neuman, that is, an actor in a Neuman mask. Gaines was greatly disappointed with the resulting film, which differed substantially from the screenplay to which he had agreed, and he paid Warner Home Video $30,000 to remove Mad’s name and all references to Alfred E. Neuman from the video’s eventual release, in 1980. Mad parodied Up the Academy in the October 1980 issue with the title “Mad Magazine Resents ‘Throw Up the Academy,’ ” written by Stan Hart and illustrated by Angelo Torres.
Mad TV, a sketch comedy series based on Mad magazine, aired on Fox Television from 1995 to 2016.
Sensibility and legacy of Mad
Beyond the laughs generated by its “Usual Gang of Idiots” (as the staff referred to itself on the masthead), Mad performed an important consciousness-raising function for the first generation of its readers. It came onto the scene not only in the wake of McCarthyism and during the conformist era of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency but also at a time when the mainstream media was excessively deferential to authority. In irreverently satirizing and parodying advertising, consumerism, politics, popular culture, and social mores, Mad challenged its mostly youthful readers to peer behind the veneer of sunny optimism and to recognize when they were being lied to—in essence, to question authority. Mad’s sensibility especially influenced the Baby Boomers, who came of age during the magazine’s heyday in the 1960s and ’70s, not only those who pursued careers in humour (such as the creators of Saturday Night Live, Second City Television, and National Lampoon magazine) but also those who took to the streets to protest the Vietnam War and racial discrimination. The spirit of Mad would continue to influence subsequent generations of humourists, from the creators of South Park to those of The Onion.