Electrical cooperatives

Despite the obvious advantages of the other, more available power sources, progressive farmers in a number of countries were determined to exploit the possibilities of electricity on their farms. To get electricity, farmers formed cooperatives that either bought bulk power from existing facilities or built their own generating stations.

It is believed that the first such cooperatives were formed in Japan in 1900, followed by similar organizations in Germany in 1901. Multiplying at a considerable rate, these farmer cooperatives not only initiated rural electrification as such but provided the basis for its future development.

From these small beginnings the progress of rural electrification, though necessarily slow, steadily gained impetus until, in the 1920s, public opinion eventually compelled governments to consider the development of rural electrification on a national basis. Today in the more developed countries virtually all rural premises—domestic, commercial, industrial, and farms—have an adequate supply of electricity. Renewable energies, such as solar power or wind power, can provide electricity to farmers off the traditional grid.

Early applications of electricity were of necessity restricted to power and some lighting, although the full value of lighting was not completely realized for years. Electric motors were used to drive barn machinery, chaffcutters and root cutters, cattle cake and grain crushers, and water pumps. Electricity’s ease of operation and low maintenance showed savings in time and labor. It was not long before the electric motor began to replace the mobile steam engine on threshing, winnowing, and other crop-processing equipment outside the barn.

In the fields, a number of electrically driven, rope-haulage plowing installations, some of them quite large, came into use in several European countries. These systems, however, did not stand the test of time or competition from the mobile internal-combustion-driven tractor.

Applications of electricity in agriculture did not increase greatly until the 1920s, when economic pressures and the increasing drift of labor from the land brought about a change in the whole structure of agriculture. This change, based on new techniques of intensive crop production resulting from the development of a wide range of mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical equipment, was the start of the evolution of agriculture from a labor-intensive industry to the present capital-intensive industry, and in this electricity played a major part.

Modern applications

Modern applications of electricity in farming range from the comparatively simple to some as complex as those in the manufacturing industries. They include conditioning and storage of grain and grass; preparation and rationing of animal feed; and provision of a controlled environment in stock-rearing houses for intensive pig and poultry rearing and in greenhouses for horticultural crops. Electricity plays an equally important part in the dairy farm for feed rationing, milking, and milk cooling; all these applications are automatically controlled. Computers have increasingly been employed to aid in farm management and to directly control automated equipment.

The engineer and farmer have combined to develop electrically powered equipment for crop conservation and storage to help overcome weather hazards at harvest time and to reduce labor requirements to a minimum. Grain can now be harvested in a matter of days instead of months and dried to required moisture content for prolonged storage by means of electrically driven fans and, in many installations, gas or electrical heaters. Wilted grass, cut at the stage of maximum feeding value, can be turned into high-quality hay in the barn by means of forced ventilation and with very little risk of spoilage loss from inclement weather.

Conditioning and storage of such root crops as potatoes, onions, carrots, and beets, in especially designed stores with forced ventilation and temperature control, and of fruit in refrigerated stores are all electrically based techniques that minimize waste and maintain top quality over longer periods than was possible with traditional methods of storage.

The two most significant changes in the pattern of agricultural development since the end of World War II have been the degree to which specialization has been adopted and the increased scale of farm enterprises. Intensive animal farming operations grew in many industrialized countries, especially in the United States. Large numbers of beef cattle are raised in feedlot enclosures and fed carefully balanced rations by automatic equipment. Pigs by the thousands and poultry by the tens of thousands are housed in special buildings with controlled environments and are fed automatically with complex rations. Large dairy herds are machine-milked in milking parlors, and the cows are then individually identified and fed appropriate rations by complex electronic equipment. The milk passes directly from the cow into refrigerated bulk milk tanks and is ready for immediate shipment.