Latin America

Anticlerical tendencies varied considerably from country to country in Latin America after it had achieved independence from Spain and Portugal. Although Colombia, for example, witnessed the enactment of anticlerical legislation and its enforcement during more than three decades (1849–84), it soon restored “full liberty and independence from the civil power” to the Roman Catholic church (1888). In Venezuela, on the other hand, the government of Antonio Guzmán Blanco (1870–88) virtually crushed the institutional life of the church, even attempting to legalize the marriage of priests. Some of the restrictions were later relaxed, but on the whole anticlericalism remained dominant. A strong outburst of anticlerical resentment occurred in Mexico in the period from 1924 to 1938, when suppressive anticlerical legislation accompanied social reforms. Anticlerical legislation remained on the statute books in subsequent decades, but the Roman Catholic clergy could work more freely than before.

Germany

Anticlericalism was not novel in Germany, but it was strengthened intellectually by ideas generally accepted during the French Revolution. Free thought, with its principle of the “lay state,” made headway particularly in southern Germany and played a part in the revolutionary incidents of 1848. The rise of Marxian socialism likewise brought large segments of the working population into the anticlerical camp. But Roman Catholics in the populous Rhenish areas were mostly constitutionalists, in sympathy with some tenets of liberalism. Their political program, which led to the formation of the Centre Party, included the defense of the right of all religious minorities.

Shortly after the unification of Germany in 1871, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, adopting part of the liberal program, began the Kulturkampf, a series of attacks on the Roman Catholic church. Anticlerical legislation was enacted: the number of religious orders was restricted, the Jesuits were banned, civil marriage was sanctioned, and uncooperative priests were removed from their parishes. Resistance was punished, and some bishops were deposed. Most of the anticlerical legislation was removed from the statute books in the 1880s. The prohibition of the Jesuits remained in force, however, until 1917.