Preparing ingredients
- Key People:
- Clarence Birdseye
- Related Topics:
- food
Dry ingredients are weighed and mixed in mixing blenders. The type of blender used depends on the physical characteristics of the ingredient particles and on whether any liquids or shortening agents are to be added to the mix. Complete mixing of the ingredients with the liquids or shortenings is vital to prevent inconsistencies in the final product.
Tomato sauce is often made from tomato paste. Tomato paste usually contains from 24 to 36 percent tomato solids. Typically, it is procured in drums or flexible multiwall bags. Water is pumped in to flush out the paste and to help in diluting it to the desired concentration for sauce. The resulting tomato puree is then mixed with other ingredients to prepare the sauce.
Cream-based sauces begin with stock solutions, which are prepared by boiling raw stock material such as beef, fish, or poultry in water. Boiling is conducted in large kettles that may be operated either open to the atmosphere or under vacuum. Boiling under vacuum, accomplished at temperatures lower than 100 °C (212 °F), helps to retain more flavour compounds in the stock. Salt, spices, and herbs are added during the cooking process. After cooking is completed, the muscle tissue is removed.
Mixing, cooking, and cooling
In preparing sauces, dry mixes and liquids are blended to obtain a well-mixed slurry. The slurry is then fed into a cooking vessel, typically an open steam-jacketed kettle. Kettles may also be fitted with agitators, blenders, or scrapers. The agitator, located on the central axis, moves the product away from the heat-transfer surface of the kettle, an action that provides thorough cooking or cooling of the food material. Sometimes the scraper fingers of the agitator may move the product into the path of a secondary agitator for enhanced blending. Scraping and agitating help to minimize the building up of burned material on the heated surface.
During cooking of sauces, continued heating results in the swelling and gelation of the thickening agents and in the extraction of flavours from the seasoning agents. In order to retain more of the volatile and natural colour pigments, cooking may be done under vacuum.
Cream sauces are usually homogenized after heating. Homogenization ensures that fat globules will retain the small size necessary to stabilize the resulting emulsion. The scraping action must be done at high speed to prevent scorching the product.
After cooking, sauces are cooled rapidly to approximately 4 °C (40 °F). If the sauces contain only small or no particulates, then plate heat exchangers are used for cooling. In a plate heat exchanger, there is an indirect contact between the sauce and a cooling medium such as chilled water. A countercurrent flow arrangement between the sauce and the cooling medium assures high energy efficiency. After cooling, the sauce is stored in chilled holding tanks.
If the sauce formulation involves additional particulates—e.g., diced mushrooms, raisins, or cooked meat—it is often desirable to precook the particulates and then blend them into sauce that has been already cooked and cooled. Although the particulates can be added prior to the cooking process, cooking them in sauce is usually avoided because of the adverse effects of heating on their texture.
Assembly and freezing
Packages
Meal components are commonly assembled on trays made of aluminum foil, paperboard, plastic, or ceramic. Special areas are stamped into the trays to create spaces for individual meal components. This type of package can be conveniently used directly by the consumer for reheating and then serving the food. In the case of boil-in-bag meals, the bag is made of laminated film. After a foodstuff is placed inside the bag, the air inside is evacuated, and the bag with its contents is frozen. The consumer simply places the bag with its contents in boiling water to prepare the meal.
Assembly
In order to assemble the prepared meal, adequate amounts of each meal component must be available. Often, meat portions, vegetables, and pasta are taken to the processing areas in large trays. Sauces are conveyed to the depositing areas by pumps. Depositing machines are then used automatically to weigh and place the required amounts of a given component directly onto the tray or into the bag.
Frozen vegetables are typically fed into a depositor through a feed chamber. The rotating bottom of the feed chamber usually contains several cavities that accept a designated amount of a food material. Under the depositing machines, the movement of the trays on the conveyor belts is sequenced. The cavities open directly over the meal tray above a designated slot. After the meat or vegetable is deposited on the tray, the sauce may be dispensed to coat the desired meal component.
Trays with meal components are inspected to assure that each item has been properly placed in the tray. Machines are used to detect any undesirable items such as metal or glass fragments. The trays are then conveyed directly to a freezer.
Freezing
Freezing of prepared and packaged meals is done rapidly to minimize changes in quality. Typically, once inside a freezer, foods are frozen to at least -40 °C (-40 °F) within 90 minutes.
In one common type of freezer, the belt freezer, food trays or boil-in-bags are placed on a simple wire-mesh belt. The belt conveys the product into an air-blast room operated at -40 °C. While a single belt arrangement is simple, a multitiered belt may be used to save floor space. In this case, a feed conveyor moves the product through several tiers of belts located inside the air-blast room.
A more compact arrangement employs a spiral belt. The spiral arrangement maximizes the belt surface area for a given floor space. A popular type of spiral freezer uses self-stacking belts. In the self-stacking arrangement, each tier rests on the vertical side flanges of the tier beneath. Several configurations of air flow are possible. Counter-current vertical air flow, for instance, permits greater energy efficiencies. The air is channeled between the belts to minimize the time required for freezing. Faster rates of freezing minimize the dehydration of foods.
Plate freezers are commonly used for freezing brick-shaped packaged products. In plate freezers, refrigerant is allowed to circulate inside thin channels within the plates. The packaged products are firmly pressed between the plates. High rates of heat transfer can be obtained between the packaged product and the refrigerant plates.
After the freezing process, the frozen meals are packaged in cartons. The cartons are labeled and stored in a frozen warehouse until needed for shipment to retail outlets.
R. Paul Singh