During the apartheid era, South Africa maintained an extensive and effective intelligence community. The National Intelligence Service and the Department of Military Intelligence were responsible for foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, and covert action. South Africa’s military intelligence supported and trained guerrilla movements in Angola, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique. One particularly notorious branch of South Africa’s apartheid-era intelligence network was the Directorate of Covert Collection (reformed following the dismantling of the country’s apartheid system in 1994), a secretive organization that fomented pro-government violence. The Bureau of State Security—often referred to as BOSS—was an aggressive security service that placed agents in black communities, arrested dissidents, and assassinated real and suspected enemies of the regime. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission, established after the peaceful transition to democratic rule in the 1990s and led by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, brought many of BOSS’s crimes to light. Despite major reforms and changes, the South African intelligence system is still considered the best in Africa and is still the only service in Africa capable of conducting operations outside the region, including in Europe, the Middle East, and North America.