Pre-Columbian Americas
- Key People:
- Peter Paul Rubens
- Raphael
- Francisco Goya
- Joan Miró
- Charles Le Brun
- Related Topics:
- verdure tapestry
- Beauvais tapestry
- kesi
- tsuzure
- toile peinte
The most skilled weaving in pre-Columbian America was achieved by the Andean Indian cultures of ancient Peru. The origins of tapestry weaving among these peoples are believed to date as early as the beginnings of the Christian Era. By the 6th and 7th centuries the technique of tapestry weaving was established, and a large number of pieces in this medium have survived, particularly from the 8th to the 12th centuries. Most of these tapestry weavings have been found in Peruvian coastal burial sites, where the dry desert climate prevented their deterioration. The dead were buried in clothes that display some of the most varied and skilled techniques of weaving and needlework ever current in any culture. Tapestry weaving was used principally to make garment decorations that were usually integral to the garment fabric. Narrow strips to ornament the edges of clothing were common, as were panels covering the entire surface of the cuzma, a poncho-like Indian shirt. Fragments of tapestry wall hangings have also survived.
According to chronicles written by Spanish colonizers and scenes painted on ancient Peruvian pottery, weaving was generally done by women whose great manual skill made up for the simplicity of the looms, which are still used by Indian craftsmen. The workmanship was extremely fine. Certain tapestry fragments have been found with 150 to 250 weft threads per square inch (60 to 100 per square centimetre). The warps of the tapestries are of undyed cotton, being, therefore, either white or brown. The wefts are of wool from the llama, guanaco, alpaca, or vicuña, with cotton sometimes used to obtain bright white. The tapestries are usually polychrome, for the range of available colours made with natural dyes was large. Strong colour contrasts were preferred to the use of subtly graded tones of colours, especially in the Inca period (c. 13th to 16th century). Compositions tended to bold conventionalized designs often of human or animal figures and elaborate geometric patterns. Plant motifs are comparatively rare.
After the Spanish conquest, looms from Spain were imported by the viceroyalty of Peru, and the weaving of tapestry was continued during the colonial period. The skilled Inca and later mestizo weavers evolved a curious blending of European influences and Indian traditions.
Tapestry may also have been current in other developed pre-Columbian cultures of Central America and Mexico. Climatic conditions, however, have been destructive to textiles.