Architecture, FRY-HOW
Architecture is a sphere of art and design in which functionality and aesthetics can combine to produce visually stunning structures that manage to both catch the eye and serve a functional purpose. The expansive variety of architectural styles that have been employed throughout the ages underscores the fact that not every building need look the same, a principle that is readily apparent when comparing Gothic cathedrals with igloos or pagodas with cliff dwellings. Although architecture is commonly associated first and foremost with the design and construction of buildings, landscape architects may work with gardens, parks, and other planned outdoor areas, aiding in the development and decorative planning of such spaces.
Architecture Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Maxwell Fry was a British architect who, with his wife, Jane Drew, pioneered in the field of modern tropical building......
Sou Fujimoto is a Japanese architect whose innovative residential structures and institutional projects represented......
R. Buckminster Fuller was an American engineer, architect, and futurist who developed the geodesic dome—the only......
Functionalism, in architecture, the doctrine that the form of a building should be determined by practical considerations......
Frank Heyling Furness was a U.S. architect, significant for the forceful originality of his buildings and for his......
Futurism, early 20th-century artistic movement centered in Italy that emphasized the dynamism, speed, energy, and......
Ange-Jacques Gabriel was a French architect who built or enlarged many châteaus and palaces during the reign of......
galilee, a large porch or narthex, originally for penitents, at the west end of a church. The galilee was developed......
Jeanne Gang is an American architect known for her innovative responses to issues of environmental and ecological......
garden city, the ideal of a planned residential community, as devised by the English town planner Ebenezer Howard......
gargoyle, in architecture, waterspout designed to drain water from the parapet gutter. Originally the term referred......
Charles Garnier was a French architect of the Beaux-Arts style, famed as the creator of the Paris Opera House.......
Tony Garnier was a forerunner of 20th-century French architects, notable for his Cité Industrielle, a farsighted......
Antoni Gaudí was a Catalan architect, whose distinctive style is characterized by freedom of form, voluptuous color......
Sir Patrick Geddes was a Scottish biologist and sociologist who was one of the modern pioneers of the concept of......
Frank Gehry is a Canadian American architect and designer whose original, sculptural, often audacious work won......
General Grant National Memorial, mausoleum of U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant in New York City, standing on a bluff......
Georgian style, the various styles in the architecture, interior design, and decorative arts of Britain during......
Nikolaus Gerhaert von Leyden was a master sculptor who was one of the most significant artists of his time in the......
James Gibbs was a Scottish architect whose synthesis of Italian and English modes, exemplified in his church of......
Juan Gil de Hontañón was a celebrated Spanish architect who was the maestro mayor (official architect) of the Segovia......
Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón was a celebrated Spanish architect who is perhaps best known for his treatise on architecture.......
Cass Gilbert was an architect, designer of the Woolworth Building (1908–13) in New York City and of the United......
Irving John Gill was an American architect important for introducing a severe, geometric style of architecture......
gingerbread, in architecture and design, elaborately detailed embellishment, either lavish or superfluous. Although......
Fra Giovanni Giocondo was an Italian humanist, architect, and engineer, whose designs and written works signal......
Alexander Girard was an American architect and furniture, textile, graphic, and industrial designer whose vibrant,......
François Girardon was the most representative sculptor employed on the great sculptural project of decorating Versailles......
Giulio Romano was a late Renaissance painter and architect, the principal heir of Raphael, and one of the initiators......
Edward Godwin was a British architect, designer, and writer notable for his contributions to the English Aesthetic......
Golden House of Nero, palace in ancient Rome that was constructed by the emperor Nero between ad 65 and 68, after......
Ilya Aleksandrovich Golosov was a Russian architect who worked in various styles but attained his highest distinction......
gopura, in south Indian architecture, the entrance gateway to a Hindu temple enclosure. Relatively small at first,......
Gothic architecture, architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid-12th century to the 16th century, particularly......
Gothic Revival, architectural style that drew its inspiration from medieval architecture and competed with the......
Graceland, mansion that was Elvis Presley’s home from 1957 to 1977. Today it is a major tourist attraction in Memphis,......
Grand Palace, complex of buildings within walls in Bangkok, Thailand. It has been the official and ceremonial residence......
Grand Palais, exhibition hall and museum complex built between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine River in Paris......
Michael Graves was an American architect and designer, one of the principal figures in the postmodernist movement.......
Greek Revival, architectural style, based on 5th-century-bc Greek temples, which spread throughout Europe and the......
Greek-cross plan, church plan in the form of a Greek cross, with a square central mass and four arms of equal length.......
green architecture, philosophy of architecture that advocates sustainable energy sources, the conservation of energy,......
Greene and Greene, American firm established by the Greene brothers, architects who pioneered the California bungalow,......
Horatio Greenough was a Neoclassical sculptor and writer on art. He was the first known American artist to pursue......
Walter Burley Griffin was an American architect, landscape designer, and city planner whose most ambitious work......
Walter Gropius was a German American architect and educator who, particularly as director of the Bauhaus (1919–28),......
Victor Gruen was an Austrian-born American architect and city planner best known as a pioneer of the regional shopping......
Guarino Guarini was an Italian architect, priest, mathematician, and theologian whose designs and books on architecture......
Juan Guas was an architect, the central figure of the group of Spanish architects who developed the Isabelline......
Guildhall, administrative centre of the City of London. Within its halls are the offices and meeting rooms of the......
Hector Guimard was an architect, decorator, and furniture designer, probably the best-known French representative......
gurdwara, in Sikhism, a place of worship in India and overseas. The gurdwara contains—on a cot under a canopy—a......
gymnasium, large room used and equipped for the performance of various sports. The history of the gymnasium dates......
Gūr-e Amīr, mausoleum of the 14th-century Mongol conqueror Timur, or Tamerlane, in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Though......
Zaha Hadid was an Iraqi-born British architect known for her radical deconstructivist designs. In 2004 she became......
Hagia Sophia, an important Byzantine structure in Istanbul and one of the world’s great monuments. It was built......
hagioscope, in architecture, any opening, usually oblique, cut through a wall or a pier in the chancel of a church......
hall church, church in which the aisles are approximately equal in height to the nave. The interior is typically......
Hampton Court, Tudor palace in the Greater London borough of Richmond upon Thames. It overlooks the north bank......
Peter Harrison was a British-American architect who became popular through his adaptations of designs by the great......
Wallace K. Harrison was an American architect best known as head of the group of architects that designed the United......
Hatfield House, a large and impressive Jacobean house in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England, set close to the Great......
Georges-Eugène, Baron Haussmann was a French administrator responsible for the transformation of Paris from its......
Hawa Mahal, palace in the Indian city of Jaipur that was designed by Lal Chand Ustad for Maharaja Sawai Pratap......
Nicholas Hawksmoor was an English architect whose association with Sir Christopher Wren and Sir John Vanbrugh long......
Sophia Hayden was an American architect who fought for the aesthetic integrity of her design for the Woman’s Building......
Hearst Castle, main residence of an estate in San Simeon, California, that originally belonged to William Randolph......
Hellenic Parliament Building, ochre-coloured Neoclassical building on the east side of Síntagma Square in Athens,......
Helsinki Olympic Stadium, stadium in Helsinki that was designed by architects Yrjö Lindegren and Toivo Jäntti.......
Henry IV style, French art and architecture during the reign of King Henry IV of France (1589–1610). Henry’s chief......
Heraeum, in ancient Greece, a temple or sanctuary dedicated to Hera, queen of the Olympian gods. The most important......
Herod was the Roman-appointed king of Judaea (37–4 bce), who built many fortresses, aqueducts, theaters, and other......
Francisco Herrera, the Younger was a painter and architect who figured prominently in the development of the Spanish......
Juan de Herrera was an architect, principal designer of the monumental Escorial, a structure that expressed the......
Ludwig Hilberseimer was a German-born U.S. city planner who founded in 1928 the Department of City Planning at......
József Hild was a Hungarian architect, one of the leading exponents of Neoclassical architecture in Hungary. Hild......
Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt was an Austrian Baroque architect and military engineer whose work strongly influenced......
Hindu temple, sacred space in Hinduism for devotional worship of Hindu deities. Temples are considered to be homes......
hippodrome, ancient Greek stadium designed for horse racing and especially chariot racing. Its Roman counterpart......
James Hoban was a U.S. architect who was the designer and builder of the White House in Washington, D.C. Hoban......
Hofburg, vast complex of buildings in the center of Vienna, Austria, that was the former imperial palace and winter......
Josef Hoffmann was a German architect whose work was important in the early development of modern architecture......
hogan, traditional dwelling and ceremonial structure of the Navajo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. Early hogans......
William Holabird was an American architect who, with his partner, Martin Roche, was a leading exponent of the influential......
Holkham Hall, country house located in Wells-next-the-Sea, Norfolk, England, that was built by Thomas Coke, 1st......
Steven Holl is an American architect and artist whose built work draws on contemporary theories of phenomenology.......
Henry Holland was an English architect whose elegant, simple Neoclassicism contrasted with the more lavish Neoclassical......
Hans Hollein was an Austrian architect and Pritzker Architecture Prize winner whose designs came to symbolize Modernist......
Raymond M. Hood was an American architect noted for his designs of skyscrapers in Chicago and New York City. Educated......
hoodmold, molding projecting from the face of the wall, immediately above an arch or opening whose curvature or......
Horiguchi Sutemi was one of the first Japanese architects to introduce modern European architectural forms to Japan.......
Victor, Baron Horta was an outstanding architect of the Art Nouveau style, who ranks with Henry van de Velde and......
hospital, an institution that is built, staffed, and equipped for the diagnosis of disease; for the treatment,......
hostile architecture, urban design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to guide or restrict certain......
hotel, building that provides lodging, meals, and other services to the traveling public on a commercial basis.......
houseboat, in its simplest form, a cabin of one or two rooms built on a flat-bottomed scow, drawing only from 12......
The Eiffel Tower was constructed using advanced engineering techniques and a small labor force over a period of......
The Great Wall of China was constructed using a variety of materials and techniques, evolving over centuries to......
The Roman Colosseum was constructed using a combination of innovative engineering techniques and a variety of materials,......
Sir Ebenezer Howard was the founder of the English garden-city movement, which influenced urban planning throughout......