Banking & Business, NEW-POL
This general category includes a selection of more specific topics.
Banking & Business Encyclopedia Articles By Title
New York Central Railroad Company, one of the major American railroads that connected the East Coast with the interior.......
On May 30, 2024, Donald Trump became the first former U.S. president to be convicted of criminal charges after......
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), one of the world’s largest marketplaces for securities and other exchange-traded......
New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad Company, American railroad that began operations between Buffalo, N.Y.,......
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company, American railroad operating in southern New England and New......
New Zealand Company, (1839–58), British joint-stock company responsible for much of the early settlement of New......
New Zealand Labour Party, political party established in 1916 in a merger of various socialist and trade-union......
News Corporation (“News Corp”) is a multinational media and information services conglomerate that was originally......
Nike, Inc., is one of the largest and best-recognized global sports and athleticwear brands. Its extensive lineup......
Nikkatsu Motion Picture Company, Japan’s oldest motion-picture company. Established as an independent company in......
Nikkei, Japan’s most widely respected daily business-oriented newspaper. It deals principally with commerce, industry,......
Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK), public radio and television system of Japan. It operates two television and three radio......
Nippon Steel Corporation, Japanese corporation created by the 1970 merger of Yawata Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., and......
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT), Japanese telecommunications company that almost monopolizes Japan’s......
Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. is a Japanese industrial corporation that manufactures automobiles, trucks, and buses under......
NKK Corporation, major Japanese industrial company and one of the country’s largest steelmakers. Headquarters are......
Nobel Foundation, private institution founded in 1900 to coordinate the various provisions of the will of Alfred......
Nonimportation Agreements, (1765–75), in U.S. colonial history, attempts to force British recognition of political......
Nonpartisan League, in U.S. history, alliance of farmers to secure state control of marketing facilities by endorsing......
Norfolk and Western Railway Company, former American railroad that originated as an eight-mile single-track line......
North West Company, Canadian fur-trading company, once the chief rival of the powerful Hudson’s Bay Company. The......
Northern Pacific Railway Company, one of the northern transcontinental railroads of the United States, operating......
Northrop Grumman Corporation, major American manufacturer specializing in defense and commercial aerospace, electronics,......
Northwest Airlines, Inc., American airline founded in 1926 as Northwest Airways, Inc., and incorporated on April......
Norwest Corporation, former American holding company that owned subsidiary commercial banks in a number of western......
In financial instruments, the notional value (also called the notional amount and the principal amount) is the......
Novartis AG, Swiss company that is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of pharmaceuticals. It was formed in......
Novo Nordisk A/S is an international pharmaceutical research, development, and manufacturing corporation established......
NRW.BANK, major German commercial and investment bank. Its owners (guarantors) are the state of North Rhine–Westphalia,......
nuevo sol, monetary unit of Peru. It is divided into 100 centimos. The sol was introduced as the currency of Peru......
NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA) is an American semiconductor company and a leading global manufacturer of high-end graphics......
NYSE Amex Equities, major U.S. stock exchange that also handles trades in options, exchange-traded funds (ETFs),......
Occidental Petroleum Corporation, major American petroleum-producing company. Headquarters are in Los Angeles.......
octroi, tax levied by a local political unit, normally the commune or municipal authority, on certain categories......
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), U.S. government bureau that regulates national banks and federal......
offshoring, the practice of outsourcing operations overseas, usually by companies from industrialized countries......
Ohio Company, in U.S. colonial history, organization of Englishmen and Virginians, established in 1748, to promote......
oil crisis, a sudden rise in the price of oil that is often accompanied by decreased supply. Since oil provides......
Olivetti & C. SpA, Italian multinational firm that manufactures office equipment and information systems. Headquarters......
Olympic Airlines, Greek airline, formerly known as Olympic Airways, founded on April 6, 1957, by the Greek shipowner......
Opel AG, German automotive company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Stellantis NV, specializing in the manufacture......
open-market operation, any of the purchases and sales of government securities and sometimes commercial paper by......
opium trade, in Chinese history, the traffic that developed in the 18th and 19th centuries in which Western countries,......
optimum currency area, a currency area in which the benefits of using a common currency outweigh the costs of individual......
Oracle, global corporation and brand that develops and markets software applications for business. The company......
Orange SA (formerly France Télécom) is a Paris-based telecommunications company that held a monopoly in France’s......
organized labour, association and activities of workers in a trade or industry for the purpose of obtaining or......
- Introduction
- Crisis 1890s, New Unions, Political Action
- Union Expansion, Voluntary System
- US, Canada, Unions
- Industrial Unionism, Workers' Rights, Collective Bargaining
- Western Europe, Unions, Workers
- Institutionalization, Unions, Bargaining
- Inflation, Neocorporatism, Restructuring
- Eastern Europe, Unions, Workers
- Poland, Strikes, Unions
- Developing World, Unions, Workers
Ostend Company, trading company that operated from the Austrian Netherlands from 1722 to 1731. Founded by the Holy......
Ottawa Agreements, trade policies, based on the system of imperial preference, negotiated between the United Kingdom......
Out of the money (OTM) is a term used in options trading to describe an option that has no intrinsic value. That......
outsourcing, work arrangement made by an employer who hires an outside contractor to perform work that could be......
over-the-counter market, trading in stocks and bonds that does not take place on stock exchanges. It is most significant......
Pacific Railway Acts, (1862, 1864), two measures that provided federal subsidies in land and loans for the construction......
Pacific Scandal, (1872–73), charges of corruption against Canadian prime minister Sir John A. Macdonald in awarding......
packaging, the technology and art of preparing a commodity for convenient transport, storage, and sale. Though......
Pan American World Airways, Inc., former American airline that was founded in 1927 and, up until the final two......
Panama Papers, documents from the database of the Panama-based law firm Mossack Fonseca that were made public in......
Panasonic Holdings is a major Japanese manufacturer of electric appliances, consumer electronics, rechargeable......
panic, in economics, acute financial disturbance, such as widespread bank failures, feverish stock speculation......
Paramount Communications Inc., American corporation that was acquired by Viacom Inc. (q.v.) in...
Paramount Pictures, one of the first and most successful of the Hollywood film studios. It became a subsidiary......
PARC, research company established in 1970 as a division of Xerox Corporation in Palo Alto, California, U.S., to......
parental leave, employee benefit that provides job-protected leave from employment to care for a child following......
parity, in economics, equality in price, rate of exchange, purchasing power, or wages. In international exchange,......
partnership, voluntary association of two or more persons for the purpose of managing a business enterprise and......
patent troll, pejorative term for a company, found most often in the American information technology industry,......
paulette, in pre-Revolutionary France, royal edict of 1604 that resulted in making offices hereditary, a step in......
pawnbroking, business of advancing loans to customers who have pledged household goods or personal effects as security......
Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1909 in response to a call from Republican Pres. William......
PayPal is an American e-commerce company formed in March 2000 that specializes in making money transfers over the......
payroll tax, levy imposed on wages and salaries. In contrast to income taxes, payroll taxes do not include income......
Pechiney, French state-owned, multinational holding company formed in December 1971 as Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann......
Penguin Random House, publishing house formed by the merger of Penguin and Random House in 2013. It is one of the......
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, largest of the trunkline railroads that connected the East Coast of the United States......
Pennzoil Company, American petroleum corporation that became an important producer of crude oil and natural gas......
peonage, form of involuntary servitude, the origins of which have been traced as far back as the Spanish conquest......
PepsiCo, Inc., based in Purchase, New York, is one of the world’s largest food and beverage companies. PepsiCo......
Perplexity AI is a conversational search engine that uses large language models (LLMs) to provide direct answers......
personal income tax, a tax imposed by public authorities on the incomes of individuals or family units. See income...
Peruzzi Family, leading family of medieval Italian financiers whose bankruptcy in the 14th century contributed......
peseta, former monetary unit of Spain. The peseta ceased to be legal tender in 2002, when the euro, the monetary......
peso, the monetary unit of several Latin American countries and the Philippines; it is divided into 100 centavos.......
Peter’s Pence, in medieval England, an annual tax of a penny paid by landowners to the papal treasury in Rome.......
Petrobras, Brazilian oil and gas company that was founded in 1953 to engage in the exploration, production, refining,......
Petrofina SA, former Belgian petroleum conglomerate that was acquired in 1999 by Total, a French oil firm, to create......
Petróleos de Venezuela, SA, state-owned Venezuelan company created through the nationalization of the petroleum......
Petróleos Mexicanos, state-owned Mexican company, a producer, refiner, and distributor of crude oil, natural gas,......
Pfizer Inc. is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical and biomedical companies, known for developing,......
The Sound of Philadelphia in the 1970s was the bridge between Memphis soul and international disco and between......
Royal Philips (formerly Philips Electronics) is a major Dutch manufacturer of consumer electronics, electronic......
The Phillips curve visualizes the economic relationship between unemployment rates and changes in money wages.......
Phillips Petroleum Company, former U.S. petroleum company that merged with Conoco in August 2002 to form ConocoPhillips.......
Piccolomini Family, noble family prominent in Sienese politics from the 12th century as leaders of the Guelf (papal)......
picketing, Act by workers of standing in front of or near a workplace to call attention to their grievances, discourage......
Pillsbury Company, former American flour miller and food products manufacturer that was acquired by its rival,......
Pinterest is a social media platform on which users can “pin” photos and videos to virtual inspiration boards.......
Pirelli SpA, international holding company and major Italian manufacturer of tires and other rubber products. It......
Pixar, motion-picture studio, from 2006 a wholly owned subsidiary of the Disney Company, that was instrumental......
Plymouth Company, commercial trading company chartered by the English crown in 1606 to colonize the eastern coast......
Polaroid Corporation, American manufacturer of cameras, film, and optical equipment founded by Edwin Herbert Land......