Medicine, AZT-CON
Humans have long sought to find cures for the ailments and injuries that befall them. This has led to a long history of diverse attempted treatments, including herbal remedies, leeching, hydrotherapy, acupuncture, homeopathy, and more, all the way up to the most recent science-based treatments that have come into use during the development of today's modern medicine. Medical research and the study of the causes of disease have led to rapid and significant advances in medicine, improving both the efficacy of treatments and our understanding of illnesses and how they operate. The importance of preventive medicine has grown, and the field of medicine has become increasingly specialized as medical disciplines and branches such as endocrinology, immunology, psychiatry, radiology, epidemiology, and nanomedicine have emerged.
Medicine Encyclopedia Articles By Title
AZT, drug used to delay development of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in patients infected with HIV......
ballistocardiography, graphic recording of the stroke volume of the heart for the purpose of calculating cardiac......
barbiturate, any of a class of organic compounds used in medicine as sedatives (to produce a calming effect), as......
basal metabolic rate (bmr), index of the general level of activity of an individual’s body metabolism, determined......
battlefield medicine, field of medicine concerned with the prompt treatment of wounded military personnel within......
Bayer, German chemical and pharmaceutical company founded in 1863 by Friedrich Bayer (1825–80), who was a chemical......
BCG vaccine, vaccine against tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine is prepared from a weakened strain of Mycobacterium......
behaviour therapy, the application of experimentally derived principles of learning to the treatment of psychological......
benzodiazepine, any of a class of therapeutic agents capable of producing a calming, sedative effect and used in......
beta-blocker, any of a group of synthetic drugs used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases and conditions......
Betel chewing is a habit of an estimated one-tenth of the world’s population, and betel is the fourth most common......
biochip, small-scale device, analogous to an integrated circuit, constructed of or used to analyze organic molecules......
bioengineering, the application of engineering knowledge to the fields of medicine and biology. The bioengineer......
biofeedback, information supplied instantaneously about an individual’s own physiological processes. Data concerning......
biomarker, a measurable and quantifiable biological parameter that serves as an indicator of a particular physiological......
biomonitoring, the measurement of chemical compounds or their metabolites (versions of the compounds that are transformed......
bionic eye, electrical prosthesis surgically implanted into a human eye in order to allow for the transduction......
bionics, science of constructing artificial systems that have some of the characteristics of living systems. Bionics......
biopsy, medical diagnostic procedure in which cells or tissues are removed from a patient and examined visually,......
biotechnology, the use of biology to solve problems and make useful products. The most prominent area of biotechnology......
birth control, the voluntary limiting of human reproduction, using such means as sexual abstinence, contraception,......
- Introduction
- History of birth control
- Contraceptives, Sterilization, Abstinence
- Contraception, Reproduction, Fertility
- Social, Political, Aspects
- Contraception, Health, Safety
- Medical Methods, Hormonal, Barrier
- Male Contraception
- Family Planning, Reproductive Health, Contraception
- Ethics, Religion, Systems
- Contraception, Reproduction, Health
blood analysis, laboratory examination of a sample of blood used to obtain information about its physical and chemical......
blood bank, organization that collects, stores, processes, and transfuses blood. During World War I it was demonstrated......
blood count, laboratory test that determines the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells......
blood pressure, force originating in the pumping action of the heart, exerted by the blood against the walls of......
blood transfusion, the transfer of blood into the vein of a human or animal recipient. The blood either is taken......
blood typing, classification of blood in terms of distinctive inherited characteristics that are associated with......
Bloodletting is the removal of blood from a person with the intent, by means of that process, to manage diseases......
body mass index (BMI), an estimate of total body fat. The BMI is defined as weight in kilograms divided by the......
bone marrow aspiration, direct removal of a small amount (about 1–5 millilitres) of bone marrow by suction through......
bone marrow transplant, the transfer of bone marrow from a healthy donor to a recipient whose own bone marrow is......
Botox, trade name of a drug based on the toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that causes severe......
brain scanning, any of a number of diagnostic methods for detecting intracranial abnormalities. The oldest of the......
Breast Cancer Awareness Month, international health campaign lasting the month of October that is intended to increase......
breath analyzer, device used to determine the amount of alcohol in the system of persons suspected of being intoxicated......
brilliant green, a triphenylmethane dye of the malachite-green series (see malachite green) used in dilute solution......
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, American biopharmaceutical company resulting from a merger in 1989 and dating to......
Britannic, British ocean liner that was a sister ship of the Olympic and the Titanic. Having never operated as......
British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine (BASEM), organization founded in 1953 by a group of doctors,......
bronchoscopy, medical examination of the bronchial tissues using a lighted instrument known as a bronchoscope.......
bufotenine, weak hallucinogenic agent active by intravenous injection, isolated from several natural sources or......
bupropion, drug that is used to treat depression, to prevent depression in persons with seasonal affective disorder,......
caffeine, nitrogenous organic compound of the alkaloid group, substances that have marked physiological effects.......
calomel (Hg2Cl2), a very heavy, soft, white, odourless, and tasteless halide mineral formed by the alteration of......
cancer registry, surveillance system that allows for the collection, storage, and analysis of information on cancer......
cardiac catheterization, medical procedure by which a flexible plastic tube (catheter) is inserted into an artery......
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), three-dimensional diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize the......
cardiology, medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and abnormalities involving......
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), emergency procedure for providing artificial respiration and blood circulation......
cardiovascular drug, any agent that affects the function of the heart and blood vessels. Drugs that act on the......
cascara sagrada, (Spanish: “sacred bark”), the dried bark of the buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana (order Rosales) used......
case definition, in epidemiology, set of criteria used in making a decision as to whether an individual has a disease......
case-control study, in epidemiology, observational (nonexperimental) study design used to ascertain information......
castration, Removal of the testes. The procedure stops most production of the hormone testosterone. If done before......
catheterization, Threading of a flexible tube (catheter) through a channel in the body to inject drugs or a contrast......
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, headquartered......
cephalin-cholesterol flocculation, laboratory test for the nonspecific measurement of blood globulins, a group......
cephalosporin, any of a group of β-lactam antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of a structural component of the......
cerebral angiography, X-ray examination of intracranial blood vessels after injection of radiopaque dye into the......
cesarean section, surgical removal of a fetus from the uterus through an abdominal incision. Little is known of......
Charaka-samhita, comprehensive text on ancient Indian medicine credited to Charaka, who was a practitioner of the......
Sisters of Charity, any of numerous Roman Catholic congregations of non-cloistered women religious who are engaged......
chemical castration, the use of drugs to suppress the production of sex hormones. Chemical castration differs from......
chemotherapy, the treatment of diseases by chemical compounds. Chemotherapeutic drugs were originally those employed......
child psychiatry, branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral......
Chiron, in Greek mythology, one of the Centaurs, the son of the Titan Cronus and Philyra, an Oceanid or sea nymph.......
chiropractic, a system of healing based on the theory that disease in the human body results from a lack of normal......
chloral hydrate, the first synthetically produced sedative-hypnotic drug, commonly used in the late 19th century......
chloramphenicol, antibiotic drug once commonly used in the treatment of infections caused by various bacteria,......
chlordiazepoxide, tranquilizing drug used in the treatment of anxiety. The drug was introduced in the 1960s under......
chloroform (CHCl3), nonflammable, clear, colourless liquid that is denser than water and has a pleasant etherlike......
chloroquine, synthetic drug used in the treatment of malaria. Chloroquine, discovered in 1934 and introduced into......
chlorpheniramine, synthetic drug used to counteract the histamine reaction, as in allergies. Chlorpheniramine,......
chlorpromazine, potent synthetic tranquilizing drug that acts selectively upon the higher centres in the brain......
cholecystography, X ray of the gallbladder and biliary channels, following the administration of a radiopaque dye,......
cholinergic drug, any of various drugs that inhibit, enhance, or mimic the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine,......
Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, nonprofit organization focused on advancing scientific knowledge of spinal......
Ciba-Geigy AG, Former Swiss pharmaceutical company formed in 1970 from the merger of Ciba AG and J.R. Geigy SA.......
circumcision, the operation of cutting away all or part of the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis. The origin of the......
Clean Air Act (CAA), U.S. federal law, passed in 1970 and later amended, to prevent air pollution and thereby protect......
clinic, an organized medical service offering diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive outpatient services. Often,......
clinical trial, formal testing of a specific treatment or other health-related intervention to determine its role......
clonazepam, drug used to treat panic disorder and certain seizure disorders. Clonazepam is classified as a benzodiazepine,......
cloning, the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. Cloning happens often......
cocaine, white crystalline alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca), a bush......
cochlear implant, electrical device inserted surgically into the human ear that enables the detection of sound......
codeine, naturally occurring alkaloid of opium, the dried milky exudate of the unripe seed capsule of the poppy......
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), a common form of psychotherapy used to help people become aware of and to change......
cohoba, hallucinogenic snuff made from the seeds of a tropical American tree (Piptadenia peregrina) and used by......
colchicine, drug used in the treatment of gout, a disease that is characterized by severe inflammation in one or......
colonoscopy, a medical examination of the interior of the colon (large intestine), rectum, and anus, by the insertion......
colostomy, the surgical formation of an artificial anus by making an opening from the colon through the abdominal......
colposcopy, medical examination of the epithelial tissues of the cervix, vagina, and vulva with a special lighted......
community-based rehabilitation, consumer-driven effort to restore independence and agency in persons with sensory,......
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), any of various approaches intended to improve or maintain human health......
complementation test, in genetics, test for determining whether two mutations associated with a specific phenotype......
computed tomography (CT), diagnostic imaging method using a low-dose beam of X-rays that crosses the body in a......
condom, contraceptive and prophylactic device consisting of a sheath that fits over the penis or inside the vagina......
contact lens, thin artificial lens worn on the surface of the eye to correct refractive defects of vision. The......
contraception, in human physiology, birth control through the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation.......